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12/4/2006
Contents
Index IEC_FAULT i
12/4/2006
1 IEC 60909_FAULT Study
This chapter examines the short-circuit current calculation procedures used in the
IEC_FAULT Short Circuit Study. The chapter includes a systematic methodology and
applies the methodology to numerous practical examples. You can also run a
Comprehensive Short Circuit Study (in PTW-DAPPER) or an ANSI Short Circuit Study
(in A_FAULT). The A_FAULT Short Circuit Study and Comprehensive Short Circuit
Study chapters discuss the Short Circuit Methodology applied by each Study, and the
standards followed by each; the A_FAULT Study is based on the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), while the Comprehensive Short Circuit Study is based on
Thevenin equivalent circuit representation and Ohm’s Law.
• Engineering Methodology.
• Examples.
IN THIS CHAPTER
Electrical equipment manufactured in Europe is predominately tested and rated against the
IEC equipment standards; therefore, IEC Standard 909 is the preferred method for
calculating fault duties when specifying European equipment. Equipment must withstand
the thermal and mechanical stresses of short circuit currents as described in the Standard.
Both rms and peak short circuit withstand and interrupting duties (referred to as making
and breaking short circuit current duties, respectively) must be calculated and then
compared to the protective device and electrical apparatus ratings. Both maximum and
minimum short circuit currents are available for specifying equipment in accordance with
IEC Standard 909.
Study Setup
Cable Library Run IEC_FAULT Study
Transformer Library
Study Setup
Saved in Database
Three-phase fault currents Used by Time Current
Unbalanced fault currents Coordination (CAPTOR)
Calculated IEC fault currents
Datablocks
Reports
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-3
Section Two of the Standard, “Systems With Short Circuit Currents Having Decaying
A.C. Components (Near-To-Generator Short Circuits),” examines machines that are
considered near the fault; they exhibit an ac decrement throughout the duration of the fault
condition. Different source types (network feeders, synchronous motors and generators,
and asynchronous motors) are defined differently based on how their ac decrement is
modeled.
Both Sections One and Two discuss the implications of how the short circuit current
arrives at the fault location, and the impact of the dc decay on the short circuit current.
The Standard defines a contribution as coming from a meshed topology if a contribution
current flow splits into two or more currents between the source of supply and the fault
location. The concept of a meshed network is more complex than merely defining the
system as having loops or parallel connections; special procedures are required when
modeling meshed contributions. In addition, careful attention must be paid when
calculating their dc decay currents, regardless of whether the source of the short circuit
contribution is near or far from the fault location.
IEC Standard 909 is a derivative of the German VDE Short Circuit Standard. As such,
both standards were developed to assist engineers with hand calculations. Some of the
simplifying assumptions necessary for practical hand calculations are not necessarily well-
suited for computerized methods. The computer allows for removal of many of the
limiting assumptions in the hand calculation methods. Whenever PTW identifies a
simplifying assumption in the IEC Standard 909, or if the Standard uses the term “may be
considered,” the IEC_FAULT Study evaluates the assumption and takes the most
conservative implementation approach⎯that is, the Study calculates a larger short circuit
current.
The first major difference involves calculating the dc decay component. ANSI requires
calculation of a Thevenin equivalent fault point X/R ratio, based on separately derived R
and X values at the fault point. From that X/R ratio, a single equivalent dc decay can be
determined for multiple sources at the fault location. The IEC Standard uses a unique R/X
ratio, calculated from the complex form of the R and X values at the fault location for
each contribution, and uses this unique ratio for calculating the asymmetrical fault currents
from each machine to the fault point. It could be argued that the IEC Standard is current
based, while the ANSI Standard is impedance based.
The second major difference involves the dc offset current. Both standards recognize that
calculating the dc offset (the transient solution to the short circuit current calculation) must
be uniquely accomplished when parallel or meshed paths are involved. Both standards
consider the nature of meshed or parallel paths when concerned with the dc offset;
however, the two standards use completely different procedures for calculating this dc
offset current when meshed or parallel paths are involved.
The third major difference involves the ac decrement. The ANSI method globally adjusts
the machine sub-transient impedances when considering different moments of time during
the fault. The IEC method modifies the prospective short circuit currents available from
each machine based on the transfer impedance between the active source and the specific
fault location in question. Clearly, the IEC methodology is more computationally
intensive than the ANSI methodology.
The results from IEC and ANSI calculations cannot be directly compared. While both
calculate a withstand duty, the IEC and ANSI methodologies are fundamentally different.
In sample projects, the ANSI closing and latching duty can, at times, be larger than the
IEC peak current duty. However, in other sections of the same project, the opposite is
true. A similar disparity can be found between the IEC’s breaking current and the ANSI’s
symmetrical current interrupting duty. Thus, it can be concluded that when equipment is
rated in accordance with the IEC Standard, then the IEC methodology must be used to
calculate the fault duties; and when equipment is rated in accordance with the ANSI
Standard, then the ANSI methodology must be used to calculate the fault duties.
The initial symmetrical short circuit current duty is the ratio of the driving point line-to-
neutral voltage to the system impedance at the fault point. Special consideration is given
to defining driving point voltages. A voltage factor (c) is introduced in the Standard,
which is intended to take into account the uncertainties associated with transformer
voltage taps, line capacitance, and so on. Additionally, the network feeder or the source
generator impedances, or both, are specially modified.
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-5
dc Current
An aperiodic dc current duty ( I dc ) is not necessarily required in the calculation in order to
specify electrical equipment, but knowledge of the dc decay is critical to determining the
other short circuit current duties specified in the Standard. As stated above, the dc current
is influenced by the R/X ratio seen between each contribution and the fault location.
Conceivably, each contribution can have a unique R/X ratio and hence its own unique dc
decay component. The Standard allows superposition in order to form the Thevenin
equivalent impedance at the fault location, but the dc current contributions are
individually calculated for each source of fault current and those dc fault currents are then
added together at the fault location. This means that any computerized modeling must
calculate and retain the fault point R/X ratio for each source to each fault location.
Peak Current
Given knowledge of the initial symmetrical and I dc duties, a peak or crest one-half cycle
short circuit duty can be defined. The theoretical maximum peak current of a fully offset
waveform is 2 2 I ′′k (X/R ratio approaching infinity).
When calculating the peak current duty ( I p ) in meshed networks, the Standard provides
three methods: Method A, Method B, and Method C. While Method A is simple, it is
also the least accurate procedure; it uses the R/X of the smallest meshed branch. Method
B uses the R/X ratio from a meshed network formulated by using the complex (vector)
impedances, and adds a 15% safety factor to allow for inaccuracies. Method C uses
equivalent frequencies to calculate the special multiplying factor used. The IEC_FAULT
Study uses Method B.
The peak current also takes into account any dc decay that exists at one-half cycle into the
onset of the fault condition.
Breaking Current
The IEC Standard 909 breaking current duty ( I b ) depends on the time for contact parting
of the protective device. This is roughly equivalent to the interrupting duties in the ANSI
Standard. If far contributions are considered, the breaking duty equals the initial
symmetrical duty. If near contributions are considered, special multipliers are required to
define the ac decrement component of the short circuit duty. I b does not include dc offset
or decay. I b asym includes both ac and dc decay.
c Voltage factor;
cU n Equivalent voltage source (rms);
f Frequency (Hz);
Ib Symmetrical short circuit breaking current (rms) voltage;
I b asym Asymmetrical short circuit breaking current;
Ik Steady-state short circuit current (rms);
I ′′k Initial symmetrical short circuit current (rms);
I ′′kG Initial symmetrical short circuit current at synchronous machine;
I ′′kM Initial symmetrical short circuit current at asynchronous motor;
I G rated Rated current of synchronous machine;
I M rated Rated current of asynchronous motor;
I LR Locked-rotor current of an asynchronous motor;
I dc Decaying aperiodic component of short circuit current;
Ip Peak short circuit current;
KG Correction factor for synchronous machines;
µ Factor of the calculation of breaking currents;
q Factor for the calculation of breaking currents of asynchronous motors;
Sk Steady state symmetrical short circuit power (apparent power);
S′′k Initial symmetrical short circuit power (apparent power);
t min Minimum time delay;
Un Nominal system voltage, line-to-line (rms);
U rG Rated machine voltage;
X ′′d Direct axis sub-transient reactance (saturated) of synchronous machine;
X q′′ Quadrature axis sub-transient reactance (saturated) of synchronous machine;
X ′′d sat Reciprocal of the short circuit ratio;
λ Factor for the calculation of the steady-state short circuit current;
φ rG Rated machine power factor angle in degrees.
Conventional short circuit analysis techniques do not satisfy IEC Standard 909
methodology. First, IEC Standard 909 disallows complete network reduction techniques
(that is, calculating a single Thevenin equivalent impedance) for determining the peak
short circuit current because the meshed/non-meshed information between each
contributing source and each fault location must be retained. Second, the methodology is
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-7
aimed at adjusting contribution currents at the fault point location, and not simply
adjusting the contribution impedances at the machine buses. IEC Standard 909 is further
complicated by the requirement to model transformers whose turns ratios may not be the
same as the system base voltages, as illustrated in examples A1, A2, and A3 in the IEC
Standard 909 Appendix.
1.2.7 Equations
A summary of the important equations and associated graphs applied in IEC_FAULT
follows. Note that all of the numbered equations used in this section refer to the equations
as numbered in the IEC Standard 909, 1988 edition.
For each short circuit location, IEC_FAULT calculates the Thevenin equivalent and total
initial symmetrical short circuit duty ( I ′′k ). Also, each individual machine’s I ′′kG
contribution to the fault location is calculated.
cU 2nQ
ZQ = Eq. 5a
S′′kQ
1
ZM = I LR
Eq. 34
I M rated
b
Z Gk = K G R G + jX ′′d g Eq. 35
where
Un c MAX
KG = × Eq. 36
U rG 1 + X ′′d sin φ rG
I ′′k calculated as in Section 1, Article 9, taking into account the voltage factor and the
synchronous machine K G factor:
cU n
I ′′k = Eq. 14
3 R 2k + X 2k
cU n
I ′′k =
3Z k
I dc is calculated as:
where R/X is calculated knowing the complex (vector) form of the Thevenin equivalent
impedance.
e
I p = 2 I ′′k 1.02 + 0.98e −3
R
X
j Eq. 16
I dc MESH = 115
. × e 2 I ′′k e −2πf t min
R
X
j Eq. 21
I p MESH = 115
. × e
2 I ′′k 1.02 + 0.98e −3
R
X
j
For contributions considered far from the fault location:
I k = I b = I ′′k Eq. 15
I b = µI ′′k Eq. 46
where:
−0.26I ′′kG I rG
µ = 0.84 + 0.26e for t min = 0.02s Eq. 47
−0.30I ′′kG I rG
µ = 0.71 + 0.51e for t min = 0.05s
−0.32I ′′kG I rG
µ = 0.62 + 0.72e for t min = 0.10s
−0.38I ′′kG I rG
µ = 0.56 + 0.94e for t min = 0.25s
If the t min is not as explicitly defined above, interpolation is used between equations.
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-9
I b = µq I ′′k Eq. 71
q = 1.03+ 0.12 ln d MW
Pole Pair i for t
min = 0.02s Eq. 67
q = 0.79 + 0.12 ln d MW
Pole Pair i for t
min = 0.05s
q = 0.57 + 0.12 ln d MW
Pole Pair i for t min = 0.10s
q = 0.26 + 0.12 ln d MW
Pole Pair i for t min = 0.25s
I basym = I b + I dc
2 2
Eq. A2.4
Calculation of short circuit current duties of asynchronous motors in the case of a short
circuit at the terminals is defined in Sub-Clause 13.2.1, Table II.
The steady state contribution for synchronous machines assumes that the fault current
contribution is considered (as entered in the synchronous generator or motor data boxes of
the Component Editor’s IEC Contribution subview). Calculation is as follows:
I k max = λ max I G rated Eq. 48
where:
I max and I min are taken from Figures 17 and 18 of Sub-Clause 12.2.1.4, and depend on
whether the machines are turbine generators (round rotor) or salient pole generators.
Positive- and zero-sequence impedances can be entered for all branch elements.
Transformer neutral impedances also can be entered. It is important to correctly identify
the transformer winding connections for proper modeling of the zero-sequence network.
X ′′d + X q′′
X ′′2 =
2
bg bg
If X q′′ data is missing or zero, then X ′′d = X q′′ is assumed and Z G 2 = Z G 1 . Refer to
IEC Standard 909, Section 11.5.3.6.
The negative- and zero-sequence impedance of synchronous motors and generators, like
the positive-sequence impedance, is multiplied by the correction factor K G . Refer to
Equations 37 and 38 in Section 11.5.3.6.
bg b
Z G 1 = K G R G + jX ′′d g
ZG b2g = K FGH R G G +j
X ′′d + X q′′
2
IJ
K
ZG b0g = K (R G 0 + jX 0 )
bg bg
For asynchronous motors, Z M 1 = Z M 2 , as defined in Section 11.5.3.5, and Z M 0 is bg
assumed to be infinite, and not user-definable. Finally, unbalanced short circuits near-to-
generator are treated as far ( I ′′k = I b = I k ), as defined in Sections 11.3 and 12.3.
Two options are provided for calculating the unbalanced short circuit components: I dc and
Ip .
• The first option uses equivalent three-phase factors. The equivalent is derived by
dividing the sum of individual contribution components by the absolute value of the
b g
total initial symmetrical short circuit current I ′′k . Refer to Sections 9.2.1.2 and
9.2.3.2.
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-11
• The second option uses factors developed from short circuit-type dependent
combinations of reduced sequence networks to establish a short circuit equivalent
R/X. If any three-phase contribution contributes through a meshed network, the
Method B 15% safety factor is applied to the total short circuit current.
Depending on the option selected, the minimum or maximum voltage factor (c) is applied
to the single equivalent positive-sequence voltage used in determining unbalanced short
circuit currents.
Report Type
There are three report types. Both the Standard Report With Calculation Details and the
Time Varying Report options produce extensive reports. If the Time Varying Report
option is selected, then you need to define the specific times at which you want to study
the I dc and I b duties. Typically, you will want to see the duty at specific times, such as
1/2 cycle, and at specific breaker opening times, such as 5 cycles. Time varying entries
are in cycles. The Standard Report, No Calculation Details option, which is the default, is
more concise.
All or Selected
You can study a fault at a single bus or all buses. If a fault is to be studied at a single bus,
then the faulted bus must be specified. The default is to study the fault currents at all
buses.
Faulted Bus
If Selected Bus is selected in the previous box, use this box to specify the faulted bus.
System Modeling
These options further customize the Study.
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-13
The second option uses equivalent three-phase factors. The equivalent is derived by
dividing the sum of the individual positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence contribution
components by the absolute value of the total initial symmetrical current, in accordance
with Sub-Clause 9.2.
Pre-Fault Voltage
The driving point voltage established by the network feeder connection will be modified
by the voltage factors established in the Study setup. The default is to use the c factor.
Otherwise, you may select the driving point voltage calculated as the load flow voltage.
The driving point impedance is not affected by the utility (swing bus) voltage if the
voltage factors are selected.
System Frequency
The system frequency must be defined, along with t min , in order to calculate the breaking
current. The system frequency must be specified because the t min is expressed in the
Standard in seconds. The IEC fault frequency default is 50 hz.
Voltage Factors
Voltage factors are used to define system pre-fault voltages used for fault current
calculations. The voltages can be entered as a range and for specific voltages. Specific
voltage values override voltage range values. The voltage factors are used only if the pre-
fault voltage was selected as Use Voltage Factor (c).
When determining the near/far status of each machine, IEC_FAULT determines the
following:
1. Network feeders are always modeled as far from the short circuit location, as
suggested by Section 1, Clause 7. Network feeders are always defined by the utility
component in PTW. In general, if the network feeder’s transformer reactance
b g
referenced on its low side X tlv is less than twice the equivalent reactance of the
d i
network feeder X q , then the network feeder is considered near the fault; thus it
requires that more of the network feeder system be modeled.
2. Any machine directly connected to a fault location is considered a near contribution.
3. A synchronous machine whose I ′′kG contribution at the fault location is greater than
twice its rated current is considered a near contribution.
4. If the sum of all motors’ (synchronous and asynchronous) I ′′k contribution at the fault
location is greater than 5% of the total I ′′k combination at the fault location excluding
all motors, then all motor contribution (as a group) at the fault location is considered
near.
5. Any machine which has not been determined to be near the above is then considered
far, and thus no ac decrement is considered.
The following sections describe the minimum data required for the IEC_FAULT Study to
run.
Contribution Data
Contribution data must be defined for network feeders, synchronous generators,
synchronous motors, and asynchronous motors.
Network Feeders
Network feeders are modeled as Utility components. The driving point voltage and
voltage angle may be specified, but are not used in the IEC_FAULT calculation. The
short circuit contribution data must be specified for this component. It is important to note
that the utility driving point voltage and the equivalent generator source driving point
voltage, if the generator is modeled as a swing bus generator, are not used in the
IEC_FAULT Study. The driving point voltage is controlled only by the c factor identified
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-15
in the IEC_FAULT Study setup for the voltage range of the bus which is faulted. Refer to
Table 1 of the Standard for recommended voltage ranges. The short circuit contribution
can be entered in amperes, or apparent power in units of kVA or MVA. Three-phase and
single-line-to-earth short circuit contribution values may be entered. A zero single-line-
to-earth short circuit contribution is acceptable, as PTW will assume an infinite zero
sequence impedance if the single-line-to-earth fault current is zero. The default values are
zero for the short circuit contribution magnitude, and 0.067 for the X/R ratio (X/R of 15).
You can also model the driving point voltages as calculated from the Load Flow Study.
When so modeled, no c factors are used.
Enter the X ′′d and X q′′ values; PTW assumes the machine is a salient pole machine if the
two values are not equal. Unique machine stator resistance for the positive- and negative-
sequence, and the zero-sequence component must be entered. You must define these
resistance values; they are not established as a percentage of the machine X ′′d values. The
default values for X ′′d , X q′′ and X 0 are 0.15 pu on the machine base, and both rg and r0
have a default of 0.01 pu on the same machine base. Thus, synchronous machines are by
default star-earthed.
PTW calculates the machine kVA and voltage base using the data you enter in the first
subview of the Component Editor. The motor rated size is in mechanical units of work
(output) when entered as horsepower, but in equivalent electrical units of work (input)
when entered as electrical quantities of kVA, MVA or kW. Motor efficiency is used to
convert horsepower to electrical units of work, and power factor is used to convert kW to
kVA. If the rated kVA base in the IEC Contribution subview is zero, then PTW calculates
the equivalent kVA base from the machine rated size shown in the first subview of the
Component Editor. If the rated kVA base is not zero, PTW will not change it, even if you
enter a revised rated size in the motor’s first subview. Also, if the rated voltage is not zero,
PTW will not change it. Therefore, you may want to modify the rated machine kVA and
kVA base together; if you do modify them together, the kVA base will remain unchanged,
even if you change the rated size on the first subview of the Component Editor.
IEC_FAULT assumes the machine is salient pole if the X q′′ does not equal the X ′′d . Also,
the machine is defined as having a Series One or Series Two excitation characteristic as
follows:
The preceding table of Excitation Limits and machine types (turbine generator or salient
pole generator) is used along with Figures 17 and 18 in the Standard for calculating the
steady state contribution from synchronous machines. Fault current calculations for
unbalanced fault conditions follow the same procedures as for three-phase fault currents.
All three sequence impedance models (positive-sequence or Z1 , negative-sequence or
Z 2 , and zero-sequence or Z 0 ) are modeled.
The synchronous machine or motor can be grounded through an earthing impedance, and
this value is entered in ohms. PTW automatically multiplies the impedance value by three
when calculating the zero-sequence currents. Do not enter the earthing impedance as
three-times the actual impedance selected, since PTW will perform that calculation. The
default is no earthing impedance.
When calculating the steady-state short circuit current, you should identify whether or not
the machine should be considered a fault current contribution; by default, PTW does
consider the machine in the I k calculation. Also, the steady-state current is based on the
saturated reactance (Xd-sat) and the ratio of the I ′′k to the machine rated current. The
default transient reactance is 1.6 pu on the machine base. Finally, the steady-state current
contribution of the machine is dependent on the type of excitation and the type of
machine, either turbine generator (round rotor) or salient pole generator; the default
assumes a Series One machine with a turbine generator. Thus, the excitation limit of 1.3
times the rated field voltage is used.
In order to fully model a synchronous machine, the rated size of the machine must be
defined, along with the power factor. Motors can be defined in the Component Editor as
either a single motor (the default) or as multiple motors. PTW will calculate the power for
multiple motors modeled at the bus.
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-17
The rated current to lock rotor current ratio must be defined; the default is 0.17 pu on the
machine base. This is an impedance (vice reactance) value. The associated motor R/X
ratio must be defined; the default is 0.067.
The motor rated size is in mechanical units of work (output) when entered as horsepower,
but is in equivalent electrical units of work (input) when entered as electrical quantities of
kVA, MVA or kW. Motor efficiency is used to convert horsepower to electrical units of
work, and power factor is used to convert kW to kVA. If the rated kVA base is zero, then
PTW calculates the equivalent kVA base using the machine rated size as defined in the
first subview of the Component Editor. The number of pole pairs, combined with the rated
kW of asynchronous machines, is used to calculate the breaking current duty. If multiple
motors are modeled in a single motor object, PTW will model the MW/pp of each of the
individual motors which comprise the group. Asynchronous motors are modeled as delta-
connected.
Transformers also are modeled with a positive- and zero-sequence impedance value. The
zero-sequence impedance path is dependent on the transformer connection. Only shell-
wound three-phase and single-phase transformers modeled in three-phase banks are
modeled in PTW.
The transformer may be earthed through an earthing impedance, and this value must be
entered in ohms. PTW automatically multiplies the impedance value by three when
calculating the zero-sequence currents. Do not enter the earthing impedance as three-
times the actual impedance selected, since PTW performs that calculation. The default is
no earthing impedance. The earthing impedance is modeled only on the star-connection.
A warning message is shown on the status bar if an earthing impedance is entered for a
non-star (delta connection). If the transformer is connected star-star, an earthing
impedance may be modeled on either or both sides of the transformer, unless the load flow
voltages are used instead of the Voltage Factors.
Transformer primary taps may be modeled. A negative primary tap raises the secondary
voltage. Secondary transformer taps are not modeled in IEC_FAULT. Taps will only be
considered if the IEC_FAULT Study Setup dialog box is set to model them. The driving
point voltages are defined by the Voltage Factors and are not modified by the transformer
tap settings.
Transformer off-nominal voltage ratios, as compared to the primary and secondary bus
system nominal voltages, are modeled when the Model Transformer Taps check box is
selected in the Study setup dialog box. Essentially, PTW will create a fictitious primary
and/or secondary tap to ensure that the voltage ratios are properly matched.
It involves the entry of single-line-to-easrth short circuit contribution data. PTW uses the
three-phase fault data and the single-line-to-earth fault data to calculate the positive-,
negative- and zero-sequence impedances from the following per-unit equations:
Z1 = Z 2
1.0
Z1 =
I f3Φ
3 × b1.0g
I fsle =
bZ + Z + Z g
1 2 0
3
Z0 = − Z1 − Z 2
I fsle
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-19
kV
kVA1Φ = I fsle ×
3
where
kV line-to-line voltage.
You cannot use the three-phase equivalent rating of a single-line-to-ground short circuit
contribution. If you do, PTW may attempt to calculate the zero-sequence impedance as a
negative value. The actual apparent power to be entered into PTW is the utility equivalent
single-line-to-earth duty divided by three. Enter the single-line-to-ground fault current
X/R ratio, not the zero sequence impedance X/R ratio.
1.3.7 Reports
For each fault location, IEC_FAULT reports:
• I ′′k ;
NETWORK FDR
GEN 1 GEN 2
95% PF 75% PF
NETWORK BUS
Ik" 20.86 kA
Ip 58.13 kA
Ib 20.86 kA
Ik 14.86 kA
T H R E E P H A S E
I E C 9 0 9 F A U L T R E P O R T
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
FREQUENCY (HZ): 50.
CALC. MAX. FAULT CURRENTS
==============================================================================
NETWORK BUS 11.000 kV Voltage (PU):1.1000 Tmin: 0.02 Sec.
Sk": 397354. kVA Sk: 283064. kVA Ib asym.: 28.610 kA
Ik"(kA) idc(kA) ip(kA) Ib(kA) Ik(kA)
COMPLEX TOTALS 20.856 27.698 58.134 20.856 14.857
BRANCH CONTRIBUTIONS-----------------------------------------------
GEN 1 6.887 9.147 19.198 6.887 6.464
NETWORK FEEDER 5.249 6.971 14.630 5.249 5.249
GEN 2 8.720 11.581 24.306 8.720 7.383
CONTRIBUTIONS AT SOURCES-------referred to 11000. voltage---------
NETWORK FEEDER 5.249 6.971 14.630 5.249 5.249
GEN 1 6.887 9.147 19.198 6.887 6.464
GEN 2 8.720 11.581 24.306 8.720 7.383
DETAILED SOURCE INFORMATION----------------------------------------
NETWORK FEEDER NETWORK FEEDER STATUS: FAR, NON-MESHED
R/X: 0.010
GEN 1 GENERATOR STATUS: NEAR, NON-MESHED
R/X: 0.010
I"kG/IG rated: 1.31
u: 1.000
LAMBDA: 1.32
GEN 2 GENERATOR STATUS: NEAR, NON-MESHED
R/X: 0.010
I"kG/IG rated: 1.66
u: 1.000
LAMBDA: 1.46
Examine the short circuit current contribution from the network feeder. The short circuit
contribution is 100 MVA with an R/X ratio of 0.01. The network is serviced from
11 kV⎯ therefore the voltage factor is 1.1., based on Table 1 of the Standard. Using the
impedance of the network feeder from Equation 5a of the Standard:
cU 2nQ
ZQ =
S′′kQ
= 1.1
b11 kVg 2
100 MVA
= 1.331 Ω
The initial symmetrical short circuit current available from the network feeder is from Eq.
14, and is:
cU q
Ik =
3Zq
1.1 × 11 kV
=
b
3 1.331 Ω g
= 5.2486 kA
The network feeder is defined as far from the network bus, thus I ′′k , I b and I k are the
same value since there is no ac decrement.
Incidentally, if you run the Comprehensive Short Circuit Study on this example, assuming
a driving point voltage at the source of 1.0 pu voltage, the network feeder produces the
same short circuit current as calculated by the IEC_FAULT Study.
However, note that the magnitude of fault current generated by the two generators is
different than the fault current produced by the network feeder; each of the two generators
produces a different I ′′k . Following are the reasons this occurs.
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-21
First, examine generator GEN 1. Note that the rated power factor of the machine is 95%
lagging. Using Equation 36, the generator K G factor is calculated as:
Un c max
KG = ×
U rG 1+ X d sinφ rg
11 1.1
= ×
e b
11 1+ 1.0 × sin cos-1 0.95°gj
= 0.83825
Thus, the short circuit current contribution from this machine is:
cU N
IK =
KG Xd
=
b g
1.1 1.0
0.83825 × 1.0
= 1.3122 pu A
100,000 kVA
I base =
311 kV
= 5248.63 A
Thus, the generator produces an initial symmetrical short circuit of:
Because generator GEN 2 has a different power factor than generator GEN 1, the K G for
generator GEN 2 is different than that of generator GEN 1. This is why generator GEN 2
has a different (and larger) short-current current contribution to the network bus.The rated
current of generators GEN 1 and GEN 2 is:
100,000 kVA
Ir G =
3 × 11 kV
= 5248.63 A
Thus the ratio of I ′′k to I r for generator GEN 1 is:
I ′′k 6887.53 A
I r = 5248.63 A
= 1.3122
This matches the calculated value in the preceding Report.
This value is used to determine the breaking current, using Figure 16 of the Standard. The
factor µ is 1.0, since the ratio is less than 2. Therefore the breaking current is equal to
the I ′′k .
I b = µI k
= 1.0 × 6887.53 A
= 6887.53 A
The scalar sum of the three initial symmetrical short circuit currents is:
This matches the reported complex value because the three contributions are nearly in
phase with one another.
b
S′′k = 3 20,865 A × 11 kV g
= 397.6 MVA
Again, this matches the value in the Report.
NETWORK FDR
NETWORK BUS
TX1 TX2
CBL-0001
TX 1 SEC BUS
A portion of the Report is shown for a fault at transformer TX1 SEC BUS:
TX 1 SEC BUS 0.400 kV Voltage (PU):1.0000 Tmin: 0.02 Sec.
Sk": 58062. kVA Sk: 58062. kVA Ib asym.: 85.105 kA
Ik"(kA) idc(kA) ip(kA) Ib(kA) Ik(kA)
COMPLEX TOTALS 83.806 20.951 193.648 83.806 83.806
BRANCH CONTRIBUTIONS-----------------------------------------------
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-23
Clearly, fault current flows through two different paths from the same source⎯therefore
the system is meshed. Since the source is defined as a network feeder, its contribution is
always considered far and no ac decrement is considered. I ′′k is calculated as 83.806 kA.
The complex form of the R/X ratio at this bus is 0.298, and the peak current is calculated
using the following equation from Method B:
I p = 1.15 2 χI ′′k
Therefore:
I p = 1.15 × 2 × 14208
. × 83806
. kA
= 193.65 kA
However, now the meshed nature of the network will be removed by placing cable CBL-
0001 out of service. The resulting Report is:
TX 1 SEC BUS 0.400 kV Voltage (PU):1.0000 Tmin: 0.02 Sec.
Sk": 48925. kVA Sk: 48925. kVA Ib asym.: 72.165 kA
Ik"(kA) idc(kA) ip(kA) Ib(kA) Ik(kA)
COMPLEX TOTALS 70.617 21.027 148.378 70.617 70.617
BRANCH CONTRIBUTIONS-----------------------------------------------
NETWORK BUS 70.617 21.027 148.378 70.617 70.617
CONTRIBUTIONS AT SOURCES-------referred to 400. voltage---------
NETWORK FDR 70.617 21.027 148.378 70.617 70.617
DETAILED SOURCE INFORMATION----------------------------------------
NETWORK FDR NETWORK FEEDER STATUS: FAR, NON-MESHED
R/X: 0.248
The Report shows that first the R/X ratio decreased and the network feeder contribution is
non-meshed.
I p = 2 × 1.486 × 70.617 kA
= 148.38 kA
The 15 % safety factor is not used because contribution currents do not flow through
either a mesh or parallel branches between the source of supply and the fault point.
GEN 1
NETWORK BUS
TX1 TX2
CBL-0001
TX 1 SEC BUS
The generator sub-transient reactance is set at 0.5 pu on its own base of 100 MVA. The
impedances of the branch impedance components are 0.5 pu on a 100 MVA base. The
Report for this case is:
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-25
The I"kG ratio is less than 2; therefore, the generator is considered electrically far from
IG
the fault location. The breaking current and steady state current equal the initial
symmetrical current.
The machine’s X ′′d is reduced to 0.3 pu, thereby increasing its short circuit capacity. A
portion of the Report is shown:
TX 1 SEC BUS 0.400 kV Voltage (PU):1.0000 Tmin: 0.02 Sec.
Sk": 269468. kVA Sk: 163173. kVA Ib asym.: 534.882 kA
Ik"(kA) idc(kA) ip(kA) Ib(kA) Ik(kA)
COMPLEX TOTALS 388.943 533.477 1100.097 379.210 235.520
BRANCH CONTRIBUTIONS-----------------------------------------------
NETWORK BUS 269.268 369.330 761.606 262.530 163.052
TX2 SEC BUS 119.675 164.147 338.491 116.680 72.468
CONTRIBUTIONS AT SOURCES-------referred to 400. voltage---------
GEN 1 388.943 533.477 1100.097 379.210 235.520
DETAILED SOURCE INFORMATION----------------------------------------
GEN 1 GENERATOR STATUS: NEAR, MESHED
R/X: 0.027
I"kG/IG rated: 2.69
u: 0.969
LAMBDA: 1.63
Now the I"kG ratio is greater than 2 and the machine is considered electrically near the
IG
fault location. The breaking and steady-state current are less than the initial symmetrical
current.
12/4/2006
CB1
TXL1
002-TX A PRI
R2
CB2
TX A
IEC 60909_FAULT 1-26
R5
R M8 R M10
R3 R6
CB5 SW1
CB3 CB6 CB M8 CB M10
C1 C2 C3
TX 3WND
F TX C R G1
TX C
CB G1
F5
011-TX3 SEC 012-TX3 TER
WG1
024-MV SWG
Reference Manual
G3 C10
G2
C5 C6 C7 C8
R G2
PRI
CB G2 CB G3
F TX 3 026-TX G PRI 025-MTR 25
010-MTR 10
013-DS SWG2 020-DS SWG3
F2
TX3 MCP5
M4
M3
M5 C9
PD-0011 F4
R G3 L1
TX G
SWBD 1
L3
TX6
C14
C16
C13 A
C17 C13 B
016-H2A
005-TXD PRI
022-DSB 2 LVP4 LVP5
MCC 15A
017-H1A
TX4 MCP M28 #3
MCP
The following figure shows a portion of the Plant project, including IEC_FAULT results.
C19
M7 M9
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-27
Ik" 8.14 kA
I peak 19.81 kA
Ib (asym) 8.61 kA
C10 C11
TX G
M25
027-DSB 3
The total bus initial symmetrical short circuit current is 21.867 kA, with the majority of
the current flowing from the network feeder. The motors connected in MCC 28 contribute
5.229 kA in short circuit current.
More details are provided if the Standard Report with Calculation Details Report format is
selected, as shown below:
T H R E E P H A S E I E C 9 0 9 F A U L T R E P O R T
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
FREQUENCY (HZ): 50.
CALC. MAX. FAULT CURRENTS
==============================================================================
12/4/2006
IEC 60909_FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 1-29
The third Report format, Time Varying Balanced Report, depicts the time varying nature
of the fault current at the bus, and the contributions in each branch. For a fault at Bus 27
the report is:
T H R E E P H A S E I E C 9 0 9 F A U L T R E P O R T
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
FREQUENCY (HZ): 50.
CALC. MAX. FAULT CURRENTS
==============================================================================
12/4/2006
Index
for machines, 1-16
A
F
ac Decrement, 1-3, 1-4
required in computer solutions, 1-7 Factor for the Calculation of Breaking Currents of Asynchronous
ANSI Methodology Motors
compared to IEC methodology, 1-3 IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Aperiodic dc Current Duty. See Decaying Aperiodic Component Factor for the Calculation of the Steady-State Short Circuit
of Short Circuit Current Current
Assumptions of the IEC_FAULT Study, 1-14 IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Asymmetrical Short Circuit Breaking Current, 1-9 Factor of the Calculation of Breaking Currents
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6 IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Far Status of Machines
in IEC_FAULT Study, 1-14
B Frequency (Hz)
Breaking Current, 1-5 IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
C I
Computer Requirements IEC Methodology
when solving short circuit current duties, 1-7 compared to ANSI methodology, 1-3
Contribution Data, 1-14 IEC Standard 909, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-7
Conventional Short Circuit Methodology, 1-6 calculating unbalanced short circuits using, 1-9
Correction Factor for Synchronous Machines methods A, B, & C in, 1-5
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6 terms, 1-6
IEC_FAULT Study
assumptions of, 1-14
D contribution data, 1-14
dc Current, 1-5 definition of, 1-2
dc Decay, 1-3, 1-4 equations used by, 1-7
dc Offset Current, 1-4 error messages, 1-18
Decaying Aperiodic Component of Short Circuit Current, 1-5 examples, 1-19
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6 far versus near considerations, 1-24
Direct Axis Sub-Transient Reactance (Saturated) of Synchronous generator and network feeders, 1-19
Machine meshed network considerations, 1-22
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6 Plant project, 1-25
far status of machines, 1-14
line-to-earth, line-to-line, and line-to-line-to-earth calculations,
E 1-10
methodology, 1-3
Equations
near status of machines, 1-14
for aynchronous machines, 1-7
network feeder modeling, 1-14
for motor impedance, 1-7
running the Study, 1-11
for network feeders, 1-7
Study options, 1-11
for synchronous generators, 1-7
Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Current (rms), 1-4
used by IEC_FAULT, 1-7
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Equivalent Voltage Source (rms)
required in computer solutions, 1-7
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Current at Asynchronous Motor
Error Messages
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
IEC_FAULT Study, 1-18
Exciter Type
Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Current at Synchronous IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Machine Rated Machine Power Factor Angle in Degrees
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6 IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Initial symmetrical Short Circuit Duty, 1-7 Rated Machine Voltage
Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Power (Apparent Power) IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6 Reciprocal of the Short Circuit Ratio
Interrupting Fault Duty, 1-2 IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
L S
Locked-Rotor current of an Asynchronous Motor Salient Pole Generators, 1-9
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6 in IEC_FAULT Study, 1-16
Short Circuit Current Breaking Duties, 1-9
Short Circuit Current Duty
M computer requirements in solving, 1-7
Machine of asynchronous motors, 1-9
exciter type, 1-16 Standard Terms. See IEC Standard 909
Meshed Network. See Meshed Topology Steady State Contribution
Meshed Topology, 1-3 for synchronous motors, 1-9
required in computer solutions, 1-7 Steady State Current, 1-5
Methodology Steady State Short Circuit Current
IEC_FAULT Study, 1-3 calculating properly, 1-16
Methods A, B, & C. See IEC Standard 909 Steady State Symmetrical Short Circuit Power (Apparent Power)
Minimum Time Delay IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6 Steady-State Short Circuit Current (rms)
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Symmetrical Component Impedance Networks
N positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence, 1-10
Near Status of Machines Symmetrical Short Circuit Breaking Current (rms) Voltage
in IEC_FAULT Study, 1-14 IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Negative-Sequence Impedance. See Symmetrical Component
Impedance Network T
Network Feeders
modeling in IEC_FAULT Study, 1-14 Terms. See IEC Standard 909
Nominal System Voltage, Line-to-Line (rms) Thevenin equivalent, 1-7
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6 Thevenin Equivalent Fault Point X/R Ratio, 1-4
Non-Meshed Network. See Non-Meshed Topology Thevenin Equivalent Impedance, 1-8
Non-Meshed Topology, 1-8 Transformer
required in computer solutions, 1-7 turns ratios, 1-7
Turbine Generators (Round Rotor), 1-9
Turns Ratios, 1-7
P
Peak Short Circuit Current, 1-5 U
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Positive-Sequence Impedance. See Symmetrical Component Unbalanced Short Circuits Calculation
Impedance Network using IEC Standard 909, 1-9
Q V
Quadrature Axis Sub-Transient Reactance (Saturated) of Variables. See IEC Standard 909: terms
Synchronous Machine Voltage Factor
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6 IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
minimum and maximum, 1-11
R
W
R/X Ratio, 1-5, 1-19
required in computer solutions, 1-7 Withstand Fault Duty, 1-2
Rated Current of Asynchronous Motor
IEC Standard 909 notation of, 1-6
Rated Current of Synchronous Machine
12/4/2006
Z Zero-Sequence Impedance. See Symmetrical Component
Impedance Network