2.1. Construction of DC Motor PDF

1
Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Content
 Constructional features of a DC machine
 Principle of Operation of DC generator
 EMF equation
 Methods of Excitation
 Types of generator
 No load and Load characteristics of DC generators
 Commutation
 Armature Reaction and its effects
 Parallel operation of DC shunt generators
 Applications
2
Maxwell’s Cork screw Rule :

Maxwell’s Cork screw Rule :
Hold the cork screw in your right hand and rotate it in
clockwise in such a way that it advances in the direction of
current.
Then the direction in which the hand rotates will be the

direction of magnetic lines of force .

Fleming’s left hand rule

Fleming’s left hand rule
Used to determine the direction of force acting on a current
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field .
The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of the left
hand are kept at right angles to one another .
The middle finger represent the direction of current
The fore finger represent the direction of magnetic field
The thumb will indicate the direction of force acting on the
conductor .
This rule is used in motors.
Fleming’s Right hand rule
Used to determine the direction of emf induced
in a conductor
The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of
the left hand are kept at right angles to one another.
The fore finger represent the direction of
magnetic field
This rule is The thumb represent the direction of motion
used in DC of the conductor
Generators The middle finger will indicate the direction
of the inducted emf .
D.C. GENERATORS PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 DC generator converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy.
 when a conductor move in a magnetic field in such a way

conductors cuts across a magnetic flux of lines and e.m.f.
produces in a generator
 It is defined by faradays law of electromagnetic induction

e.m.f. causes current to flow if the conductor circuit is
closed.

First Law :
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes,
an e.m.f. is always induced in it.
or
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is
induced in that conductor.
Second Law :
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of
change of flux linkages.

Len’s Law
The direction of induced emf is given by Lenz’s law
.
According to this law, the induced emf will be
acting in such a way so as to oppose the very cause
of production of it .
e = -N (dØ/dt) volts

Content
 Constructional features of a DC machine
 Principle of Operation of DC generator
 EMF equation
 Methods of Excitation
 Types of generator
 No load and Load characteristics of DC generators
 Commutation
 Armature Reaction and its effects
 Parallel operation of DC shunt generators
 Applications
13
DC Generator
Mechanical energy is converted to electrical
energy
Three requirements are essential

1. Conductors
2. Magnetic field
3. Mechanical energy
The following are the basic requirements to be satisfied for
generation of E.M.F
1.A uniform Magnetic field
2.A System of conductors
3.Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors
Magnetic field :-
Permanent Magnet
(or)
Electro Magnet (practical)
Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in
slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical
rotor
Relative motion:-
By Prime Mover
Turbine
I.C Engine (Internal combustion)
DC Generator Construction
• The main parts of a DC machine are
– Yoke
– Poles, pole shoes
– Field Coils
– Armature
– Commutator
– Brushes & bearings
16
Field system consists of the following parts
Yoke
Pole cores
Pole shoes
Field coils or pole coils

YOKE
• Gives mechanical support for
poles
• Protects whole machine as a
protecting cover
• Provides path for the circulation
of magnetic flux
• Small generators – cast iron
• Large machines – cast steel
18
Pole cores & Pole shoes
• Field magnets has two parts
– Pole cores
– Pole shoes
• Pole shoes: spread out the flux in
the air gap & reduce the reluctance
– Support the exciting coils
• Pole cores: solid piece made of cast
iron & cast steel
• Pole shoes are laminated to the
pole face by screws.
20
Field Winding
• Function : To carry current due to which
pole core behaves as an
ELECTROMAGNET, producing necessary
flux.
• It helps in producing magnetic flux.
• Field winding is divided into various coils
called field coils. These are connected in
series with each other and wound in such
a direction that an alternated ‘N’ and ‘S’
poles are created.
21
Field system
It is for uniform magnetic field within which the
armature rotates.
Electromagnets are preferred in comparison with
permanent magnets
They are cheap , smaller in size , produce greater
magnetic effect and
Field strength can be varied

Armature
23
Armature
 More loops of wire = higher rectified voltage
 In practical, loops are generally placed in slots of an iron core
 The iron acts as a magnetic conductor by providing a low-

reluctance path for magnetic lines of flux to increase the
inductance of the loops and provide a higher induced voltage.
 The commutator is connected to the slotted iron core.
 The entire assembly of iron core, commutator, and windings is

called the armature.
 The windings of armatures are connected in different ways
depending on the requirements of the machine. 24
Armature core
The armature core is cylindrical
High permeability silicon steel stampings
Impregnated Lamination is to reduce the eddy
current loss

• It houses the armature conductors or coils and
causes them to rotate and hence cut the
magnetic flux of the field magnets
• In addition to this, its most important function is

to provide a path of very low reluctance to the
flux through the armature from a N-pole to a S-
pole.

• It is cylindrical or drum-shaped and is built up
of usually circular sheet steel discs or
laminations approximately 0.5 mm thick

• A complete circular lamination is made up of four or six
or even eight segmental laminations.
• Usually, two keyways are notched in each segment and
are dove-tailed or wedge-shaped to make the
laminations self-locking in position.
• The purpose of using laminations is to reduce the loss
due to eddy currents. Thinner the2 laminations, greater
I R
is the resistance offered to the induced e.m.f., smaller
the current and hence lesser the loss in the core.
Armature Winding
Armature Winding is classified into two types:
Lap winding
Wave windings

Armature windings

Lap Winding:
 are used in machines designed for low voltage and high current
armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current
Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles
The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel. This
permits the current capacity of each winding to be added and provides a
higher operating current.
No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles

Wave winding:
 are used in machines designed for high voltage and low current
 their windings connected in series
 When the windings are connected in series, the voltage of each winding
adds, but the current capacity remains the same
 are used is in the small generator.
 No of parallel path, A=2,

Armature winding
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding
Lap winding Wave winding
A=P A=2
The armature windings Itis used in low

are divided into no. of current output
sections equal to the and high voltage.
no of poles
Commutator
• To facilitate collection of current from the
armature conductors. & it rectified.
• i.e. converts the alternating current

induced in the armature conductors in
unidirectional current in the external load
circuit.
• It is of cylindrical and made up of copper.
38
Commutator
Connect with external circuit
Converts ac into unidirectional current
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper segments
Segments are insulated from each other
Each commutator segment is connected to armature
conductors by means of a cu strip called riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
Brushes & bearings
• Brushes : To collect current from
commutator
• Made-up by carbon or graphite
with in rectangular shape.
• Bearing is used for friction less
smooth operation of DC Machine
40
Carbon brush
•Carbon brushes are used in DC machines because they are
soft materials
•It does not generate spikes when they contact commutator
•To deliver the current thro armature
•Carbon is used for brushes because it has negative
temperature coefficient of resistance
•Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving area of contact

Brush rock and holder

Armature winding

DC Machine Construction
Rotor of a dc machine
DC Machine Construction
Cutaway view of a dc machine

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1

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Then the direction in which the hand rotates will be the

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

 DC generator converts mechanical energy into

 when a conductor move in a magnetic field in such a way

 It is defined by faradays law of electromagnetic induction

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Three requirements are essential

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

 In practical, loops are generally placed in slots of an iron core

 The iron acts as a magnetic conductor by providing a low-

 The commutator is connected to the slotted iron core.

 The entire assembly of iron core, commutator, and windings is

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

• In addition to this, its most important function is

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Armature Winding is classified into two types:

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

 their windings connected in series

 No of parallel path, A=2,

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

The armature windings Itis used in low

• i.e. converts the alternating current

• It is of cylindrical and made up of copper.

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

Cutaway view of a dc machine

Course Instructor || Dr. C.K.Aravind, Dept. of EEE, MSEC

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