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ÞC9>8: 13
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  &#& 9ZgZX]dhndWa^\VX^dcZhYZadhhdX^dh#######################################################################################')(
  &#' HdX^dhnigVWV_VYdgZhedgXjZciVV_ZcV#######################################################################################')*
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  '#& 6hVbWaZV<ZcZgVa##########################################################################################################################')-
  '#' 8dchZ_dGZXidg################################################################################################################################'*'
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  '#* 8dchZ_dYZ9^gZXX^‹cn<ZgZcX^V#################################################################################################'*.
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  '#&JcVXdchiZaVX^‹c^YZda‹\^XVegdWaZbVi^oVYV################################################################################'.*
  '#'8VbW^dhhdX^VaZhZceZgheZXi^kV]^hi‹g^XV###############################################################################'.+
  '#(9ZaVXdbjc^YVYXddeZgVi^kVVaVVhdX^VX^‹cXdgedgVi^kV#######################################################'.-
  '#)IgVch[dgbVX^dcZhZcaVZbegZhVXVe^iVa^hiV!Xg^h^hYZ^YZci^YVY###############################################(%%
  '#*9‚[^X^iZYjXVi^kd##############################################################################################################################(%&
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14 A6:ME:G>:C8>68DDE:G6I>K69:BDC9G6<DC/JC6HÞCI:H>H<:C:G6A
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ÞC9>8: 15
Introducción
Introducción

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25
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26 A6:ME:G>:C8>68DDE:G6I>K69:BDC9G6<DC/JC6HÞCI:H>H<:C:G6A
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E6GI:>/E:CH6B>:CIDq%&/6G>OB:C9>6GG>:I6 31
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82 A6:ME:G>:C8>68DDE:G6I>K69:BDC9G6<DC/JC6HÞCI:H>H<:C:G6A
II. Parte
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86 A6:ME:G>:C8>68DDE:G6I>K69:BDC9G6<DC/JC6HÞCI:H>H<:C:G6A
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1. Antecedentes cooperativos


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2. Talleres Arrasate Cooperativa Industrial:
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3. Caja Laboral Popular:
cooperativizando el ahorro
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150 A6:ME:G>:C8>68DDE:G6I>K69:BDC9G6<DC/JC6HÞCI:H>H<:C:G6A
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110.000
103.731
100.000

90.000
83.601
80.000

70.000
60.200
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50.000

40.000
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23.010
20.000
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1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2007

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2. La organización cooperativa: Mondragón
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70

Nº de cooperativas
60
50
40
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20
10
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1994 1999 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
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Claves de la experiencia
cooperativa de Mondragon
Índice
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176 A6:ME:G>:C8>68DDE:G6I>K69:BDC9G6<DC/JC6HÞCI:H>H<:C:G6A
Introducción
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III. Parte
Realidad
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Articulación
Intercooperativa
Índice
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6. La reestructuración del Área Industria


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7. Estructura orgánica de Mondragon


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3. Opciones para una autogestión integral


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4. Un modelo democrático basado


en la participación integral
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5. La participación sostenible:
trabajo, familia y tiempo libre
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Introducción
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8. Transformación social
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Los sentidos colectivos


y su evolución
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290 A6:ME:G>:C8>68DDE:G6I>K69:BDC9G6<DC/JC6HÞCI:H>H<:C:G6A
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™#AMBIO DEL MARCO Y DE LAS REGLAS DEL JUEGO ECONØMI


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310 A6:ME:G>:C8>68DDE:G6I>K69:BDC9G6<DC/JC6HÞCI:H>H<:C:G6A
Introducción
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E6GI:>>>/G:6A>969q&'/8DBEGDB>HDHD8>6A 311
1. El compromiso de las cooperativas
y la agenda de la responsabilidad social
corporativa

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5. La dialéctica entre cooperativas


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6. Hacia una fórmula propia


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E6GI:>>>/G:6A>969q&)/BDC9G6<DC:CJCCJ:KDH><AD 357
1. ¿Tiene futuro este paradigma?
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9. Cultivar la cultura cooperativa

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10. Un modelo para el espacio internacional


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11. Integralidad y ámbito comarcal


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12. Situar la educación en su lugar


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13. Articular visiones


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