Hydraulic Powered Crane with Electromagnet

Second Quarter Requirement in

Science 10

Mary Angelica A. Ecoben

Gyan Trezia B. Guizo
Theressa Thessa V. Ruaza
Members

Ms. Imee D. Mantilla

Adviser

October 2019
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Whatever powered devices we use, from table clocks to microwave ovens, have some
form of electromagnetic principle involved in their functioning. It is electromagnetism which
has given the flexibility for switching of/on electricity as required.
Electromagnets are created by having an iron core wound with a conductor carrying
current. The strength of the electromagnet depends upon the amount of current passing
through the conductor. Also the current can be easily stopped and started to form an
electromagnet and de-energize respectively as per the need of the work to be performed. This
is the principle used for moving heavy objects in the scrap yard. Electricity is connected to
the circuit to power the electromagnets when they are energized. Thus the magnets start to
attract scrap metal (junk cars), and carry them to the designated area. After locating them in a
particular location, the electricity is disconnected from the circuit, thus de-energizing the
electromagnet, making the scrap metal detach from the magnet.
Many of our electrical home appliances use electromagnetism as a basic principle of
working. If we take an example of an electric fan, the motor works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, which keeps it rotating on and on and thus making the blade hub
of the fan to rotate, blowing air. Not restricting to fan, many other appliances use
electromagnetism as a basic principle. Electric door bell works on this principle too. When
the door bell button is put on, the coil gets energized, and due to the electromagnetic forces,
the bell sounds. The working of an electric bell is discussed in detailed manner in one of our
articles.
And with all the informations known, the memebers decided to execute a hydraulic
powered crane with electromagnet. An electromagnetic crane is a crane that makes use of
the link between electricity and magnetism to produce the force required to lift heavy
objects. The link between electricity and magnetism is a great topic for science projects,
and even if a full electric crane project is a bit too hands-on for you, you can test the
principles underlying it with a simpler electromagnet experiment. Whatever approach you
want to take for the project, it will be a clear demonstration that moving charges generate
magnetic fields, one of the key principles of electromagnetism.
Review of Related Literature

Crane - A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire
ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move
them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other
places. The device uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and
thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed
in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry
for the movement of materials, and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy
equipment.

Electromagnet - Electromagnet, device consisting of a core of magnetic material surrounded

by a coil through which an electric current is passed to magnetize the core. An electromagnet
is used wherever controllable magnets are required, as in contrivances in which the magnetic
flux is to be varied, reversed, or switched on and off.
The engineering design of electromagnets is systematized by means of the concept of
the magnetic circuit. In the magnetic circuit a magnetomotive force F, or Fm, is defined as
the ampere-turns of the coil that generates the magnetic field to produce the magnetic flux in
the circuit. Thus, if a coil of n turns per metre carries a current i amperes, the field inside the
coil is ni amperes per metre and the magnetomotive force that it generates is nil ampere-turns,
where l is the length of the coil. More conveniently, the magnetomotive force
is Ni, where N is the total number of turns in the coil. The magnetic flux density B is the
equivalent, in the magnetic circuit, of the current density in an electric circuit. In the magnetic
circuit the magnetic equivalent to current is the total flux symbolized by the Greek letter
phi, ϕ, given by BA, where A is the cross-sectional area of the magnetic circuit. In an electric
circuit the electromotive force (E) is related to the current, i, in the circuit
by E = Ri, where R is the resistance of the circuit. In the magnetic circuit F = rϕ, where r is
the reluctance of the magnetic circuit and is equivalent to resistance in the electric circuit.
Reluctance is obtained by dividing the length of the magnetic path l by the permeability times
the cross-sectional area A; thus r = l/μA, the Greek letter mu, μ, symbolizing the permeability
of the medium forming the magnetic circuit. The units of reluctance are ampere-turns per
weber. These concepts can be employed to calculate the reluctance of a magnetic circuit and
thus the current required through a coil to force the desired flux through this circuit.
Several assumptions involved in this type of calculation, however, make it at best only an
approximate guide to design. The effect of a permeable medium on a magnetic field can be
visualized as being to crowd the magnetic lines of force into itself. Conversely, the lines of
force passing from a region of high to one of low permeability tend to spread out, and this
occurrence will take place at an air gap. Thus the flux density, which is proportional to the
number of lines of force per unit area, will be reduced in the air gap by the lines bulging out,
or fringing, at the sides of the gap. This effect will increase for longer gaps; rough corrections
can be made for taking the fringing effect into account.

It has also been assumed that the magnetic field is entirely confined within the coil. In fact,
there is always a certain amount of leakage flux, represented by magnetic lines of force
around the outside of the coil, which does not contribute to the magnetization of the core. The
leakage flux is generally small if the permeability of the magnetic core is relatively high.

In practice, the permeability of a magnetic material is a function of the flux density in it.
Thus, the calculation can only be done for a real material if the actual magnetization curve,
or, more usefully, a graph of μ against B, is available.

Finally, the design assumes that the magnetic core is not magnetized to saturation. If it were,
the flux density could not be increased in the air gap in this design, no matter how much
current were passed through the coil. These concepts are expanded further in following
sections on specific devices.
Objectives of the Study

The members’ general objective is to design, develop and construct a

hydraulic powered crane with electromagnet.
The specific objectives of this project are as follows:
1. The hydraulic powered crane with electromagnet must move and pick metals when
the syringes are being moved.
2. The hydraulic powered crane with electromagnet and a light must light up when the
switch is being turned on and only stops when the switch is being off .

Significance of the Study

The importance of constructing this project, the hydraulic powered crane with
electromagnet, includes having the members involved in the project further their
understanding with the concept of electromagnetism and basic robotics. With this, they will
develop their skills such as critical thinking, logic, design, technology, information, and
analyzation that are applied in many fields currently present.

Scope and Limitations

The project is expected to be completed in just a month with all the preparations,
experimentation and the trials. The members will limit themselves to the specified
requirements.

Definition of Terms
Crane - a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and
sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other
places
Electromagnet - a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric
current.
Electromagnetism - the interaction of electric currents or fields and magnetic fields.
Hydraulic - is mechanical function that operates through the force of liquid pressure.
Review of Related Studies

An electromagnetic crane is a crane that makes use of the link between electricity and
magnetism to produce the force required to lift heavy objects. The link between electricity
and magnetism is a great topic for science projects, and even if a full electric crane project is
a bit too hands-on for you, you can test the principles underlying it with a simpler
electromagnet experiment.

An electric crane project is a natural continuation of the projects covered so far. The basic
principle that a moving charge generates a magnetic field explains why it happens, and you
can use this to make an electromagnet by wrapping a current-carrying wire around a metallic
core. In addition, you’ve found that a greater voltage or more wraps of wire increases the
strength of the magnet.

Use these results to create your own electromagnetic crane. The actual construction of your
crane can vary, but the key elements are a pulley system with the electromagnet attached to
the end and a stable base for your crane (see Resources for an example). You can replicate
the experiment from the previous section with your crane, or alternatively, use what you
learned to make a more powerful crane.

You can make a basic electromagnet by wrapping the wire around the nail like a coil, and
then attaching both ends of the wire to the terminals of the battery. However, a scientist
wouldn’t be satisfied with such a simple demonstration.

The principle that allows an electromagnetic crane to work is that a moving electric charge
generates a magnetic field. You can demonstrate this easily with a magnet and a simple
electrical circuit in this experiment from the Exploratorium. Get between two and four small
disc magnets (although other magnets will also work), 2 to 3 ft (60 centimeters to 1 meter) of
wire and one or two 1.5 V batteries. The aim is to connect up the circuit with the wire
dangling off the side of a table or other raised surface. Attach the battery (or two batteries
connected in series) to the table with masking tape, near the edge, and tape the two ends of
the wire to the table near the battery (so the ends can reach the free battery terminals). The
remainder of the wire should dangle down over the edge of the table.

Connect the two ends of wire to the terminals of the battery. A current will begin to flow in
the wire. Now connect your magnets together as a cylinder and bring them close to the wire.
The wire will move as you bring the magnet close to it. This is because the current flowing
through the wire generates a magnetic field, which interacts with the magnet.
 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Project Design

The project design of the study entitled “Hydraulic Powered Crane with

Electromagnet ” was an experimental design. Experimental was made or done in order to see

how well something works relating to a scientific experiment or to scientific experiments in

general.

Project Location

The study entitled “Hydraulic Powered Crane with Electromagnet” would take place

at Caraga Regional Science High School.

Project Instruments

The materials needed for the study entitled “Hydraulic Powered Crane with

Electromagnet” are the following ; 6 syringes with rubber piston, wood, two 1.5 volt

batteries, 3 tube pipes, 12 volt lamp, long wire, screws and a switch.
Schematic Diagram

A. Collection of Materials

B. Preparation of Materials

C. Assembling of Materials

A. Collection of Materials

The members will collect 6 syringes with rubber piston, 3 tube pipes that will be
bought at a certain pharmacy. Two 1.5 volt batteries, 12 volt lamp, long wire, screws and
switch will be bought at a certain electronics shop. And lastly the wood, water , and the glue
will be collected at the members’ home.

B. Preparation of Materials

The materials will be prepared for the assembling of the project entitled “ Hydraulic
Powered Crane with Electromagnet”.

C. Assembling of Materials

After preparing the materials , it will be then assembled. First assemble the wood and
the small woods , stick it with a glue gun and screws . Next to put is the syringes, the syringes
will make the crane work and move , as you pull or push the syringes it will definitely move.
And the bulb with the batteries and the mini electromagnet will be assembled next.
PICTURES