Body systems  Spleen

 Anatomy - structure of the organs of the different body  Thymus

systems.  Tonsils
 Physiology - function of the organs of the different body Physiology
systems.  Provides immunological protection from foreign particles
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  Lymphoid tissue manufactures white blood cells which
Anatomy fight disease
 Skin or integument RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Accessory organs: blood vessels, receptors, and glands Anatomy
Physiology  Nose
 Protects from radiation, microorganisms, fluid loss  Pharynx
 Removes metabolic wastes (glands)  Larynx
 Maintains temperature  Trachea
SKELETAL SYSTEM  Bronchi
Anatomy  Lungs
 Bones (206) Physiology
 Joints  Provides for gas exchange (O2, CO2) between the exterior
Physiology and the bloodstream
 Supports  Inhalation and exhalation
 Protects vital organs DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Stores minerals (calcium and phosphorous) Anatomy
 Attachment for muscles  Mouth
 Blood cell formation  Salivary glands
MUSCULAR SYSTEM  Pharynx
Anatomy  Esophagus
 muscle  Stomach
Physiology  Pancreas
 Moves bones  Liver
 Maintains posture  Gall bladder
 Supports skeleton  Small and large intestine
 Generates heat Physiology
NERVOUS SYSTEM  Digestion: prepares food particles for their entry into the
Anatomy bloodstream
 Brain REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Spinal cord Anatomy
 Nerves  Male: testes, penis, urethra, accessory glands
 Special sense organs  Female: Ovaries, uterus, vagina
Physiology Physiology
 Receives, interprets, and responds to sensations to  Provides for procreation to sustain the species
maintain homeostasis PEDIGREE Analysis
 Monitors and controls body activities Pedigree – making use of diagrams showing the ancestral
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM relationships and transmission of genetic traits over several
Anatomy generations in a family
 Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, Proband - The individual in the pedigree that led to the
pineal construction of the pedigree.
 Pancreas - The offspring.
 Gonads Autosomal trait - A trait whose alleles that control it are found
 Thymus in the autosomes (body chromosomes/ non-
Physiology sex chromosomes)
 Hormones, released by endocrine glands, cause a genotype – the gene pair an individual carry for a particular trait
particular change in the body symbolized with a pair of letters. By convention, uppercase letter
 Maintains long-term homeostasis (e.g. A) for a dominant allele and lowercase letter (e.g. a) for the
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM recessive allele. Any letter in the alphabet may be used.
Anatomy For a diploid organism with two alleles in a given gene pair,
 Heart genotypes may be written as:
 Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries Homozygous dominant, i.e. with two dominant alleles (DD)
Physiology Heterozygous, (hybrid) i.e. with a dominant and recessive allele
 Transports substances throughout the body (Dd). The individual will show the dominant phenotype.
 The heart provides propulsion to move the blood through Homozygous recessive, i.e. with two recessive alleles (dd)
the vessels Phenotype - the observable trait of an individual based on its
 Arteries move blood away from the heart genotype
 Veins move blood back to the heart For a typical Mendelian trait, phenotypes may
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM either be: Dominant. A trait that requires at least one dominant
Anatomy allele for the trait to be expressed, e.g. Dd
 Lymphatic vessels Recessive. A trait that requires two recessive alleles for the trait to
 Lymph nodes be expressed
phenocopy – a trait is expressed due to specific environmental
conditions i.e. having hair that is dyed of a different color) and is
not due to the genotype
identical twins - Also known as monozygotic twins, which are
derived from a single fertilization event.
Fraternal twins – twins that are derived from separate fertilizations
events 9two eggs fertilized by two sperms within the fallopian tube
resulting in two separate zygotes
- Also known as dizygotic twins