Composite Structures 229 (2019) 111430

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Non-linear vibration response of functionally graded circular cylindrical T

shells subjected to thermo-mechanical loading
Amit Yadava, Marco Amabilib, Sarat Kumar Pandaa, , Tanish Deya
⁎

a
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The analysis of the non-linear vibration response is carried out for functionally graded (FG) circular cylindrical
Functionally graded material shells subjected to thermal environment along with mechanical in-plane non-uniformly distributed loading along
Non-linear vibration the edges and harmonic radial force. The temperature dependent material properties of the simply supported
Frequency-amplitude response shell are assumed to vary in the radial direction according to power-law distribution. Based on the first-order
Incremental harmonic balance method
shear deformation theory and von-Kármán type geometric nonlinearity, the strain-displacement relationships
Circular cylindrical shells
are established for circular cylindrical shells. The coupled governing equations of motion for functionally graded
cylindrical shells are then derived using Hamilton’s principle. Employing Galerkin’s method, the coupled partial
differential equations of motions are reduced to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations. In order to
obtain the free and forced vibration response of the FG shell, the incremental harmonic balance method, in
conjunction with the arc-length method, is used. The non-uniform in-plane loading is converted to Fourier series
and the pre-buckling analysis is performed to determine the stress distribution within the shell. The non-linear
frequency-amplitude response is studied to examine the effects of volume fractions of the constituents, static
partial edge loadings, thermal loads, and radial periodic loadings.

1. Introduction
The first approach towards a holistic study for thermal load resisting
material began in 1984 with the introduction of functionally graded
material (FGM). FGM belongs to a class of advanced inhomogeneous
composite material characterized by a smooth and continuous variation
of material properties in the thickness direction. Such spatial variation
of the constituents eliminates the stress concentration and delamina-
tion, which are the major limitations of laminated composites. Usually,
FGMs are made from a mixture of ceramic and metal. The ceramic
constituent of the material provides the high-temperature resistance
due to its low thermal conductivity. On the other hand, the ductile
metal constituent prevents fracture caused by stresses.
Functionally graded cylindrical shells find widespread application
in space vehicles, nuclear plants, and chemical vessels due to its ability
to withstand high-temperature environment without losing structural
integrity [1,2]. These structural components are often subjected to
harmonic loadings. The instability of FG cylindrical shell under certain
specific relationships between loading amplitude, forcing frequency of
the load and frequency of the structural elements may occur even if the
static part of the applied harmonic load is less than that of the critical
load [3–5]. Hence vibration analysis of functionally graded cylindrical
shell in a thermal environment is a matter of considerable importance
in order to assess the structural failure.
Non-linear vibration and dynamic instability analysis of cylindrical
shells have been investigated extensively in the past few years. Few
authors reported the hardening type of non-linear behavior for the
cylindrical shell [6–11] as they did not consider the axisymmetric terms
in the assumed displacement functions. However, the experimental
investigation indicated the softening type of non-linear behavior for
cylindrical shell [12,13]. Amabili et al. [14] improved mode shape
function by incorporating the axisymmetric terms in addition to the
driven and companion modes for accurately predicting the behavior of
a circular cylindrical shell. Later, Amabili [15] presented a comparative
study of five different non-linear shell theories known as Donnell’s
shallow-shell, Donnell’s with in-plane inertia, Sanders-Koiter, Flügge-
Lur’e-Byrne, and Novozhilov’s theories. Based on numerical results it
was reported that the response obtained from Sanders-Koiter, Flügge-
Lur’e-Byrne and Novozhilov’s theories are extremely close. However, a
small difference was noticed between above mentioned three theories

Corresponding author.
⁎

E-mail addresses: amit.17dr000399@cve.ism.ac.in (A. Yadav), marco.amabili@mcgill.ca (M. Amabili), sarat@iitism.ac.in (S.K. Panda),
tanish@iitism.ac.in (T. Dey).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111430
Received 5 May 2019; Received in revised form 29 June 2019; Accepted 11 September 2019
Available online 14 September 2019
0263-8223/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Yadav, et al.
Nomenclature
E Young’s modulus of elasticity
F applied periodic radial point load
h thickness of shell
k curvature of shell
Kc shear correction factor
L length of the shell
M moment resultant
N internal force
PFGM effective material property of FGM
R mean radius of the shell
T temperature in Kelvin
t time
and Donnell’s shell theory with in-plane inertia.
Wu et al. [16] determined the thermal buckling capacity of func-
tionally graded cylindrical shell subjected to thermal loadings. The
authors used three different types of thermal loadings and suggested to
check the buckling temperature for the functionally graded cylindrical
shell as it generally has low buckling temperature than the corre-
sponding homogeneous cylindrical shell, although FGM has other ad-
vantages as a heat resistant material. Kadoli and Ganesan [17] de-
termined the thermal buckling load of the functionally graded
cylindrical shell having clamped–clamped end conditions. The authors
presented finite element method based on the first order shear de-
formation theory to analyze the system. Huang and Han [18] in-
vestigated the nonlinear buckling and post-buckling of functionally
graded cylindrical shell under the combined action of longitudinal and
lateral loading. The nonlinear strain–displacement relationship in
conjunction with Ritz energy method had been used to derive the
governing partial differential equations. Zhao et al. [19] used a mesh-
less method to examine the static response and free vibration char-
acteristics of the functionally graded cylindrical shell. Zhang et al. [20]
performed a nonlinear dynamical analysis of clamped–clamped func-
tionally graded cylindrical shell in the thermal environment. von-
Kármán nonlinear strain–displacement relationship followed by Ha-
milton’s principle has been used to derive the non-linear governing
differential equations. Thereafter, these equations had been reduced to
ordinary differential equations by using Galerkin’s method. Rafiee et al.
[21] analyzed the nonlinear vibration and dynamic behavior of piezo-
electric functionally graded shells under axial and lateral loading in
conjunction with thermal, electrical and aerodynamic loads. Beni et al.
[22] developed a formulation based on first-order shear deformation
and the modified couple stress theory to analyze functionally graded
cylindrical nanoshell. Sofiyev [23] investigated the nonlinear free vi-
bration of the functionally graded orthotropic shell. The mathematical
model of the problem had been constructed in the framework of shear
deformation theory. Song et al. [24] carried out an analysis to de-
termine the vibration characteristics of the Carbon Nanotube (CNT) –
reinforced functionally graded cylindrical shell using Reddy’s higher
order shear deformation theory. Wang et al. [25] proposed a formula-
tion to analyze the functionally graded CNT-reinforced composite
shallow shell having the ability to deal with general end conditions.
Asadi [26] carried out an instability analysis of functionally graded
CNT reinforced composite cylindrical shell exposed to supersonic air-
flow.
After an extensive review on nonlinear vibration analysis of cy-
lindrical shell, it is observed that the non-linear analysis of functionally
graded cylindrical shell is scarcely available. Moreover, to the best of
the authors’ knowledge, the works on the nonlinear dynamic response
of functionally graded circular cylindrical shell under the combined
action of static axial partial loading, harmonic radial point loading, and
thermal loading are not available in the open literature. In this
2
Composite Structures 229 (2019) 111430
u, v, and w displacements in x, θ and z direction
Vf volume fraction
α thermal expansion coefficient
γ shear strain
δ Dirac delta function
ε normal strain
κ thermal conductivity coefficient
ν Poisson’s ratio
ρ mass density
σ stress
Φ power-law exponent
x, rotation of the cross-sections about θ and x-axis
ω excitation frequency
ω1,n fundamental frequency
investigation, the asymmetric (driven and companion mode) and ax-
isymmetric modes of vibrations are taken into account to study the
nonlinear response of FG cylindrical shell. The mechanical properties of
functionally graded materials are tailored by using the power-law dis-
tribution. The nonlinear strain-displacement and constitutive relation-
ships are established using first-order shear deformation shell theory
along with von-Kármán type kinematic nonlinearities, and then the
non-linear coupled partial differential equations are derived using
Hamilton's principle. Following multi-term Galerkin’s method, these
partial differential equations are reduced to a set of ordinary differ-
ential equations. To obtain the frequency-amplitude response of the FG
cylindrical shell, the incremental harmonic balance method accom-
panied by arc-length method is used. As the static loading is applied
partially along the circumference of the shell, Ritz method is used to
obtain the pre-buckling stresses within the cylindrical shell. The time
history responses are also computed by using Newmark’s method.
2. Functionally graded circular cylindrical shell
FGMs are frequently used as thermal shields and thus exposed to
extreme temperatures. Since the material properties are a function of
temperature T(K), a typical material property P (e.g. Young’s modulus
of elasticity E, mass density ρ or thermal expansion coefficient α) of the
constituent material may be expressed as [27].
P = P0 (P 1 T 1 + 1 + P1 T + P2 T 2 + P3 T 3). (1)
where, P0, P-1, P1, P2 and P3 are the temperature dependent coefficients
and specific for each material. The functionally graded cylindrical shell
is assumed to be graded along the thickness direction.
The material properties of FGMs (PFGM) have been tailored by
changing the volume fraction (Vf) of ceramic at the inner surface of the
cylinder to metal at the outer surface.
PFGM = Pm V fm + Pc V fc, (2)
where, subscript m and c denotes metal and ceramic constituents of the
FG cylindrical shell, respectively. The volume fraction may be ex-
pressed using the power-law function as,
z
V fm = + 0.5 and V fm + V fc = 1
h (3)
Using the relation expressed in Eq. (2) and Eq. (3), the material
properties of FGM can be expressed as,
z
PFGM = Pc + (Pm Pc ) + 0.5 ,
h (4)
where, Φ is the power-law exponent and a positive real number. The
radial direction z and thickness h of FG cylindrical shell are shown in
Fig. 1.
A. Yadav, et al. Composite Structures 229 (2019) 111430

Q11 Q12 0 0 0
Q21 Q22 0 0 0
Q= 0 0 Q66 0 0 .
0 0 0 Q44 0
0 0 0 0 Q55 (9)
For FGM, the elements of stiffness matrix Qij can be defined as,
EFGM FGM EFGM FGM EFGM
Q11 = 1 2 , Q12 = 1 2 , Q21 = 1 2 ,
FGM FGM FGM
EFGM EFGM
Q22 = , Q66 = Q44 = Q55 = .
1 2
FGM 2(1 + FGM ) (10)
The resultant force and moment vectors can be determined as,

Nxx Mxx
N M
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the functionally graded, circular cylindrical shell Nx Mx
under static axial partial loading and adopted coordinate system.
h xx h xx (z )
2 2 Pxx
= h (1, z ) dz h Qij T (z ) (1, z ) dz and P
3. Governing equations 2 x 2
0
h
A functionally graded cylindrical shell is considered with mean ra- 2 xz
= h dz.
z (11)
dius R, length L, and uniform thickness h (see Fig. 1). The displacements 2

of a generic point of the shell in axial, circumferential and transverse The resultant force and moments can be expressed using A, B and D
directions are indicated as u, v and w in the direction x , θ, and z, re- matrix as follows,
spectively. In this investigation, the governing equations of FG circular
cylindrical shells, describing the vibration characteristics under lateral
loading, are obtained by using a first-order shear deformation shell
{MN } = ( AB DB ) { k } NT
MT
and P = K c Hf
(12a)
theory that retains only nonlinear terms in the transverse displacement where, A, B and D are the elastic matrix, coupling matrix, and flexural
w. This is an approximation that is valid for the moderate amplitude of stiffness matrix, respectively. Kc is the shear correction factor for first
w/h. More accurate formulations are introduced in [28–31]. The order shear deformation theory and the value is 5/6.
normal and shear strains at distance z from the middle surface are ex- The elements of A, B and D matrices can be defined as,
pressed as,
h
2
0
(Aij , Bij , Dij ) = h Qij (1, z, z 2) dz (i = 1, 2, 6) and (Hij)
xx xx k xx 2
0 h
= +z k , 2
= h Qij dz (i = 4, 5)
x 0 kx (12b)
x (5) 2

The shell is assumed to be stress-free at room temperature (Tm) and

where, ij , ij and kij are the normal strains, shear strain, and curvatures, the temperature rises only in the thickness direction. The temperature
respectively. The superscript ‘0’ indicates the middle surface strains and distribution can be obtained by solving the following steady-state heat
can be expressed as, transfer equation and boundary conditions

1 2 d dT
u,0x + 2 w ,0x (z ) = 0, T = Tc at z = h/2 and T = Tm at z = h/2.
0
xx 2 k xx dz dz (13a)
0 v,0 w0 w ,0
{ i0} = = + + {ki} = k where
R R 2R2
kx
( )
0 z 1
x u,0 w,0x w ,0 (z ) = cm h + 2 + c and cm = m c.
+ v ,0x +
R R The following expression for the temperature distribution in the
x ,x thickness direction can be obtained [32].

=
,
(i = 1, 2, 6), T (z ) = Tc + (Tm Tc ) (z ), (13b)
R
x,
R
+ ,x (6) 1 2z + h cm 2z + h +1
(z ) =
2h ( + 1) m 2h
2 2 +1 3
2z + h
0
x + w ,0x + cm
2
+ cm
3
{ i} =
xz
= (i = 4, 5), (2 + 1) m 2h (3 + 1) m
0 w,0
z + R (7) 2z + h 3 +1 4
2z + h 4 +1 5
cm cm
+ 3
+ 5
2h (4 + 1) m 2h (5 + 1) m
where, x and are the rotations of the cross-sections about θ and x- 2z + h 5 +1
axis, respectively, and subscript (,) denotes the partial differentiation. ,
2h (13c)
The constitutive relations for FG cylindrical shell subjected to a
uniform temperature T can be written as, cm
2
cm
3
cm
4
cm
5
cm
=1 + 2 3
+ 4 5
.
( + 1) cm (2 + 1) cm (3 + 1) cm (4 + 1) cm (5 + 1) cm
=Q t. (8)
(13d)
Here, Q is the stiffness matrix, = { xx , , x , xz , z and }T The non-linear equations of motion for a FG cylindrical shell have
t= { txx , t , tx , txz , t z }T are the stress and temperature stress vec- been derived based on first – order shear deformation theory and via
tors. Hamilton’s principle. The governing partial differential equations of FG

3
A. Yadav, et al. Composite Structures 229 (2019) 111430

cylindrical shells in terms of force and moment resultants can be 4. Solution procedure
written as,
4.1. Boundary conditions
Nx ,
Nxx , x + = I1 u¨ + I2 ¨x ,
R (14) The boundary conditions of FG circular cylindrical shell having both
ends simply supported are as follows,
N , atx = 0, LNxx = Nxx , w = Mxx = v = = 0. (19)
+ Nx = I1 v¨ + I2 ¨ ,
R
,x
(15)
The displacement functions consisting of asymmetric modes (driven
mode and companion mode) and axisymmetric modes satisfying the
2Mx , x M , N Nx w , geometric boundary conditions are assumed as given below [30]
Mxx , xx + + + Nxx w, x +
R R2 R R
,x
u (x , , t )
Nx w, x N w, M1 N
+ + = I1 w¨ + f (x , , t ), = [um, j, c (t ) cos (j ) + um, j, s (t ) sin(j )] cos(
R R2 m x) +
, (16) m =1 j=1
M2

1 um,0 (t ) cos( m x ),
Mxx , x + Mx Pxx = I2 u¨ + I3 ¨x , (20)
R
,
(17) m=1

3M1 2N
1 v (x , , t ) = [vm, j, c (t ) sin(j ) + vm, j, s (t ) cos(j )] sin( m x ),
Mx + M P = I2 v¨ + I3 ¨ , (21)
,x
R
,
(18) m=1 j =1

where, w (x , , t )
Nxx = (Nxx n xx ); N = (N n ) and Nx = (Nx nx ). M1 N

The internal stress resultants caused by imposed in-plane loading = [wm, j, c (t ) cos(j ) + wm, j, s (t ) sin(j )] sin( m x) +
m =1 j=1
are represented by nxx, nθθ and nxθ. While, Nxx, Nθθ, and Nxθ are the M2
secondary stress resultant induced due to large deformation into FG wm,0 (t ) sin( m x ),
cylindrical shell. In addition to dynamic radial point loading, the static m=1 (22)
axial partial loadings are also applied to the FG cylindrical shell in this
investigation. In order to carry out the analysis, the circumference of x (x , , t)
the shell is divided into four strips and each strip is represented by two M1 N

angles indicating the starting and end point (see Fig. 2). Three different = [ xm, j, c (t ) cos(j ) + xm, j, s (t ) sin(j )] cos( m x) +
spatial distributions of applied loading along the circumference of the
m =1 j=1
M2
shell are considered and shown in Fig. 2. The partial loading is ex-
(t ) cos( m x ),
pressed as an infinite series of harmonic functions using Fourier series. m=1
xm,0
(23)
The pre-buckling analysis is conducted as the applied load is partially
applied along the circumference. The mathematical expressions for M1 N
(x , , t ) = [ (t ) sin(j ) + (t ) cos(j )] sin( m x ),
partial loading and pre-buckling analysis have been presented in Ap- m, j, c m, j, s
m =1 j=1
pendix A.
The notations Nij , Mij are adopted here to represent internal stress (24)
and moment resultants, respectively, and Pij is the additional moment where, m = m /l , m and j are the numbers of longitudinal half-waves
caused by the curvature effect. and circumferential waves, respectively. um, j (t ) , vm, j (t ) , wm, j (t ) , xm,j (t )

Fig. 2. Spatial distribution of partial edge loading on the circumference of the functionally graded circular cylindrical shell.

4
A. Yadav, et al. Composite Structures 229 (2019) 111430

and m, j (t ) are the generalized coordinates that are function of time. ¨ + [KL + KNL2 + KNL3 ] X = F cos t ,
MX (31)
The additional subscript c or s indicates if the generalized coordinate is
where, M, KL, KNL2, KNL3 are the mass, linear elastic stiffness, quadratic
associated with cosine or sine function except for v, for which the no-
non-linear stiffness matrix and cubic non-linear stiffness matrix, re-
tations are reversed. To get better accuracy with minimum degrees of
spectively. Increment Harmonic Balance (IHB) method in conjunction
freedom, the integers N, M1 and M2 are selected based on the con-
with arc-length method is adopted to investigate the non-linear free and
vergence study and are presented as given below.
forced vibration responses of FG cylindrical shell.
u (x , , t )
4.3. Incremental harmonic balance (IHB) formulation
= [u1, k, c (t ) cos(k ) + u1, k, s (t ) sin(k )] cos( 1 x ) +
k = 2,4, n
3 The non-dimensional time scale in Eq. (31) is introduced and the
u2m 1,0 (t ) cos( 2m 1 x ), non-linear ordinary differential equations can be rewritten in the fol-
m=1 (25) lowing form,
2 MX + [KL + KNL2 + KNL3 ] X = F cos , (32)
v (x , , t )
= [v1, k, c (t ) sin(k ) + v1, k, s (t ) cos(k )] sin( 1 x ) + [v3,2n, c where, the dimensionless time scale = t and the prime ( ) represents
k = 2,4, n,2n the differentiation with respect to . Let Xj0 and 0 denote a state of
vibration of Eq. (32), the neighboring state can be written by adding the
(t ) sin(2n ) + v3,2n, s cos(2n )] sin( 3 x ), (26)
corresponding increments as,
w (x , , t ) Xj = Xj0 + X and = 0 + (33)
= [w1, k, c (t ) cos(k ) + w1, k, s (t ) sin(k )] sin( 1 x ) + Substituting the Eq. (33) into Eq. (32) and eliminating the higher
k = 2,4, n
3
order incremental terms, the Eq. (32) is reduced to the linearized in-
w 2m cremental form as
1,0 (t ) sin( 2m 1 x ),
m=1 (27) 2
0M X +[KL + 2KNL2 + 3KNL3] X = Re [2 0 MX 0 ] , (34)

x (x , , t ) where, Re = F cos ( + KLX 0 + KNL2X 0 + KNL3X 0) .

2
0 MX 0
Here, Re denotes the residue and becomes zero as the solution ap-
= [ (t ) cos(k ) + (t ) sin(k )] cos( 1 x ) +
proaches the exact value. The approximate steady-state response of the
x 1, k, c x1, k, s
k = 2,4, n
3 system can be assumed as a truncated Fourier series,
x2m 1,0 (t ) cos( 2m 1 x ), nc ns
m=1 (28) Xj0 = ajk cos(2k 1) + bjk sin(2k 1) = Tc A j,
k=1 k=1 (35)
(x , , t ) = [ 1, k , c
(t ) sin(k ) + 1, k, s
(t ) cos(k )] sin( 1 x ). nc ns
k = 2,4, n
Xj = ajk cos(2k 1) + bjk sin(2k 1) = Tc A j,
(29) k=1 k=1 (36)
The non-linear vibration characteristics of the FG cylindrical shell where, Tc = {cos , cos 3 , ...cos(2nc 1) , sin , sin 3 , ...sin(2ns 1) } ,
subjected to the thermal environment along with mechanical edge A j = {aj1, aj2, ...ajnc , bj1, bj2, ...bjns }T ,
loading and harmonic radial point loading are analyzed by using 43 A j = { aj1, aj2, ... ajnc , bj1, bj2, ... bjns }T , ajk, bjk are the Fourier
degrees of freedom with the following terms in Eqs. (25)–(29): coefficients and nc, ns are the numbers of cosine and sine terms taken
u1,2, c , u1,2, s , u1,4, c , u1,4, s , u1, n, c , u1, n, s , u1,0 , u3,0 , u5,0 , v1,2, c , v1,2, s, v1,4, c , v1,4, s, into account during the expansion of Fourier series. Based on the above
v1, n, c , v1, n, s, v1,2n, c , v1,2n, s, v3,2n, c , v3,2n, s, w1,2, c , w1,2, s, w1,4, c , w1,4, s , w1, n, c , expressions of A and ΔA, the vectors X0 and ΔX can be represented as,
w1, n, s, w1,0, w3,0, w5,0, x1,2,c , x1,2, s , x1,4, c , x1,4, s , x1, n,c , x1,n, s , 1,0 , 3,0 ,
X 0 = SA , X = S A , (37)
5,0 , 1,2, c
, 1,2, s , 1,4,c , 1,4, s , 1, n, c and 1, n, s
. Based on the con-
vergence study, the generalized coordinates with k = 2 and 4 are Tc 0
considered in addition to k = 0 and n to account for the deflection Tc
where, S = . .
corresponding the applied partial edge loading in Case II and Case III .
for better accuracy. 0 Tc
Now, after modifying the Eq. (34) by replacing the vectors X0 and
ΔX as given in Eq. (37), Galerkin’s method is used for linearizing in
4.2. Non-linear vibration analysis terms of ΔA and Δω as given below

The FG cylindrical shell is also subjected to periodic radial point Kmc A = R R mc . (38)
loading. The mathematical expression of this mechanical loading can be where, Kmc =
2
ST [ 2
0 0 MS +(KL + 2KNL2 + 3KNL3) S] d ,
expressed as,
2
2
~ ~ R= ST [Fcos 0 MS (KL + KNL2 + KNL3) S] d A ,
F = F (R R ) (x x~) cos( t ). (30) 0

~ 2
Here, represents Dirac delta function, F is the magnitude of ap- Rmc = ST [2 0 MS ] d A.
~
plied periodic point loading. The notations and x~ are the point of 0

application of loadings in the circumferential direction and longitudinal
direction, respectively. The periodic mechanical loading is applied to
~
FG cylindrical shell at = 0 and x~ = L /2 . Adopting the Galerkin
method, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) of the
functionally graded cylindrical shell which is subjected harmonic radial
point loading along with static axial partial loading and thermal en-
vironment are converted into coupled ordinary differential equations
(ODEs) with quadratic and cubic non-linearities.
The frequency-amplitude response of functionally graded circular
cylindrical shell is determined by solving the Eq. (38) using the arc-
length method.
5. Results and discussions
Non-linear vibration analysis of functionally graded circular cy-
lindrical shell which is subjected to mechanical loading and thermal

5
A. Yadav, et al. Composite Structures 229 (2019) 111430

5.1. Validation

The literature on the non-linear vibrations of FG circular cylindrical

shell subjected to thermo-mechanical loading is sparse. To ascertain the
validity and accuracy of the present model, the results are determined
by simplifying the FGM to the isotropic material. The geometrical and
material properties of cylindrical shell given in the published literature
of Amabili [15] are used to validate the present mathematical model.
The assumed properties are as given below,
L/R = 2, h/R = 0.00247, Φ = 0, Em = 7.1 × 1010N/m2,
3
ρm = 2796 kg/m, νm = 0.31
The frequency amplitude response obtained from the present
mathematical model has been plotted in Fig. 3 and found to be con-
verged with a very good degree of accuracy with Amabili [15]. Another
validation with respect to thermal buckling temperature is also carried
out to demonstrate the accuracy of the analysis of functionally graded
cylindrical shell exposed to the thermal environment by making a
comparison with the published results of Wu et al. [16]. The following
properties of FG cylindrical shell that consist of aluminum (metal) and
Fig. 3. Frequency amplitude response of an isotropic circular cylindrical shell
alumina (ceramic) has been considered for validating the thermal
(Φ = 0) subjected to periodic radial loading (L/R = 2, h/R = 0.00247).
buckling temperature of FG cylindrical shell in Fig. 4.
L/R = 1, h/R = 0.01, Φ = 1, Ec = 380 × 109N/m2,
αc = 7.4 × 10−6 /°C , Em = 70 × 109N/m2, αm = 23 × 10−6 /°C , and
νm = 0.3.
It is observed that the results obtained using present model shows a
close agreement with that of Wu et al. [16].

5.2. Frequency-amplitude response

The functionally graded cylindrical shell composed of stainless steel

Fig. 4. Thermal buckling temperature (Tcr) versus power-law exponent for a
simply supported functionally graded cylindrical shell (L/R = 1, h/R = 0.01).
environment is presented. The shell is considered as simply supported
on both the ends and exposed to thermal environment. Three different
distributions of static axial loadings as shown in Fig. 2 are considered
along with the harmonic radial point loading at mid-height of the cy-
linder.
(metal) and silicon nitride (ceramic) is considered to investigate the
non-linear vibration characteristics. The temperature dependent mate-
rial properties of FGM are evaluated by using Eq. (1) and substituting
the properties of two constituent materials as given in Table 1.
The free vibration analysis of simply supported FG cylindrical shell
(L/R = 2) exposed to the thermal environment (Tc = 400 K and
Tm = 300 K) is carried out and the non-linear frequency-amplitude re-
sponse is plotted as shown in Fig. 5. Three different height-to- radius
ratios i.e., h/R = 0.1, 0.3, and 0.4 are considered to examine the effect
of these ratios on the non-linear response of the FG cylindrical shell.
The free vibration response (backbone curve) of the cylindrical shell
having h/R ratios of 0.1 shows softening type of non-linear behavior,
whereas, for h/R ratio of 0.4 shows hardening behavior. For the shell
with h/R ratios of 0.3, it initially shows mild softening type non-linear
behavior which changes to hardening type for higher values of trans-
verse displacements. Hence, it is noticed that as the thickness of the FG
cylindrical shell increases, the softening type behavior becomes a
hardening type.
Fig. 6 presents the effect of temperature difference across the

Table 1
The properties of two constituent materials [33].
P0 P-1 P1 P2 P3

Stainless steel (Metal) E (N/m2) 201.04 × 109 0 3.079 × 10−4 −6.534 × 10−7 0
α (/K ) 12.330 × 10−6 0 8.086 × 10−4 0 0
ν 0.3262 0 −2.002 × 10−4 3.797 × 10−7 0
(W/mK) 15.379 0 −1.264 × 10−3 2.092 × 10−6 −7.223 × 10− 10
ρ (kg/m3) 8166 0 0 0 0
Silicon nitride (Ceramic) E (N/m2) 348.43 × 109 0 −3.070 × 10−4 2.160 × 10−7 −8.946 × 10−11
α (/K ) 5.8723 × 10−6 0 9.095 × 10−4 0 0
ν 0.2400 0 0 0 0
(W/mK) 13.723 0 −1.032 × 10−3 5.466 × 10−7 −7.876 × 10−11
ρ (kg/m3) 2370 0 0 0 0

6
A. Yadav, et al. Composite Structures 229 (2019) 111430

Fig. 7. Influence of different magnitude periodic radial loading (F) on the non-
Fig. 5. Effect of height-to- radius (h/R) ratio on the free vibration response
linear behavior of FG circular cylindrical shells (L/R = 2, h/R = 0.1, Φ = 1,
(backbone curve) of functionally graded cylindrical shell (L/R = 2, Φ = 1,
Tc = 400 K and Tm = 300 K).
Tc = 400 K and Tm = 300 K).

thickness (L/R = 2, h/R = 0.1) on the forced vibration response when it

is subjected to periodic radial point loading of 3000 N. Along with this
radial point load, the shell is subjected to different thermal environ-
ment with temperature difference of ΔT = 0, 100, 200 and 300 across
the thickness of the shell. The shell exposed to higher temperature
gradient exhibits more softening type non-linear behavior as compared
to the shell with a lower temperature gradient. This behavior of the
shell can be justified by the fact that the shell starts losing its structural
stiffness as the temperature increases.
The frequency-amplitude response of FG cylindrical shell (L/R = 2,
h/R = 0.1) subjected to three different magnitudes of periodic radial
loadings (i.e., 300 N, 900 N and 3000 N) are shown in Fig. 7. The plots
show that two complementary response curves are close to each other
when the magnitude of the applied periodic radial load is minimum.
Moreover, the softening type of non-linear behavior for all three
loading conditions are found to be exactly similar.
Fig. 8 presents the frequency-amplitude responses of cylindrical
shells with different volume fractions of ceramic and metal subjected to Fig. 8. Effect of different power-law exponents (Φ) on frequency-amplitude
thermo-mechanical loading. Shells of different volume fractions are response of functionally graded cylindrical shells (L/R = 2, h/R = 0.1,
configured by tailoring the composition of two constituents in the radial F = 2000 N, Tc = 500 K and Tm = 300 K).

Fig. 6. Effect of temperature difference across the thickness (ΔT) on forced Fig. 9. Influence of different load cases on the non-linear behavior of func-
vibration response of FG circular cylindrical shell (L/R = 2, h/R = 0.1, Φ = 1, tionally graded cylindrical shells (L/R = 2, h/R = 0.01, Φ = 1, F = 30 N).
F = 3000 N).

7
A. Yadav, et al.
Fig. 10. Effect of axial compressive pre-loadings on the non-linear behavior of
functionally graded cylindrical shells (L/R = 2, h/R = 0.01, Φ = 1, F = 10 N).
direction with the help of power-law exponent (Φ). Since, the power-
law exponent (Φ) governs the mechanical properties of the FG cylind-
rical shell, the influence of this mechanical property on the responses of
FG cylindrical shells are noticed in Fig. 8. The shell with a lower value
of power-law exponent (Φ) shows more softening behavior as the metal
part covers more volume and make the shell less stiff. It is also observed
Fig. 11. Forced vibration response of different modes of FG circular cylindrical shell (L/R = 2, h/R = 0.1, Φ = 1) subjected to periodic point loading (F = 3000 N).
8
Composite Structures 229 (2019) 111430
that the complementary response curve are close to each other when
the power law exponent is maximum.
Fig. 9 represents the effect of three different static axial loadings on
the frequency-response curves. Three load cases are considered by
changing the spatial distribution of applied static axial loadings on the
circumference of the FG circular cylindrical shell as shown in Fig. 2. It is
noticed that the response curve corresponding to Load case I (complete
loading) shows more softening behavior than that of the other two
cases. Moreover, no significant difference is found in the behavior of
Load case II and III. Hence, the total amplitude of the load is a matter of
concern in the analysis of FG cylindrical shell, not the manner in which
the load is applied.
The frequency-amplitude responses of FG cylindrical shell (L/R = 2,
h/R = 0.01) subjected to three different axial compressive pre-loadings
(Nx = 0, 0.3Nxcr, and 0.5Nxcr) along with periodic radial loading (10 N)
are shown in Fig. 10. It is observed that as the magnitude of axial
compressive loading increases, the non-linear behavior of FG shell be-
comes more and more softening type. This is due to the fact that the
shell becomes less stiff when it is subjected to higher compressive load.
In order to investigate the participation of driven mode (w1, n, c ),
companion mode (w1, n, s ) and axisymmetric modes (w1,0 , w3,0 and w5,0 ),
the forced vibration responses of FG cylindrical shell (L/R = 2, h/
R = 0.1) subjected to periodic radial point loading (3000 N) are plotted
in Fig. 11(a–d). It is noticed from Fig. 11(a–d) that the amplitude of first
asymmetric mode (w1, n, c ) is much higher than that of first axisymmetric
mode (w1,0 ). It is also observed that the first axisymmetric mode (w1,0 )
undergoes a negative amplitude of vibration i.e., radially inward di-
rection.
A. Yadav, et al.
Fig. 12. Time history response of different modes of FG circular cylindrical shell (L/R = 2, h/R = 0.1, Φ = 1) subjected to periodic point loading (F = 3000 N).
The corresponding time responses of the same FG cylindrical shell
are given in Fig. 12(a) to (d) for the excitation frequency / 1, n = 0.99 .
From Fig. 12(a) and (b), it is noticed that these two modes of vibration
are having the same frequency. However, there is a phase difference of
π/2 between these two modes of vibration resulting in a traveling wave
response. From frequencies of asymmetric and axisymmetric modes, it
is evident that the frequencies of axisymmetric modes are much higher
than that of asymmetric mode. For two particular cylindrical FG shell, it
is observed that the frequency of asymmetric mode is approximately 1.5
times the frequency of axisymmetric mode.
6. Conclusions
The nonlinear free and forced vibration analysis is carried out for FG
cylindrical shell which is subjected to a thermal environment along
with mechanical edge loading and periodic mechanical transverse
loading. The mechanical properties of functionally graded materials are
varied by changing the volume fraction of metal and ceramic by using
the power-law distribution. The nonlinear partial differential equations
are derived using Donnell type shell theory along with first-order shear
deformation. The approximate displacement fields consisting of driven,
companion and axisymmetric modes are assumed and Galerkin’s
method is employed to obtain a set of ordinary differential equations.
Following the incremental harmonic balance method along with arc-
length method, the free and forced vibration responses of functionally
graded cylindrical shell are determined. Since the static load is partial
and applied using four strips along the circumference, the pre-buckling
analysis using Ritz method is performed and the exact stress distribu-
tion within the shell is determined.
9
Composite Structures 229 (2019) 111430
The free vibration response of thin FG cylindrical shell with h/
R = 0.1 shows softening type of nonlinear behaviour, whereas, the shell
with h/R = 0.1 shows hardening behaviour. For the shell with h/
R = 0.3, it initially shows mild softening which changes to hardening
type for a higher value of transverse displacements. With regards to the
different thermal environment, it is observed that the shell subjected to
higher temperature along the thickness of the shell exhibits more
softening type non-linear behaviour because of losing its structural
stiffness. For the different magnitude of applied periodic radial point
loading, the softening behavior of FG cylindrical shell does not change.
However, two complementary response curves get closer to each other
as the magnitude of applied periodic load decreases. It is also observed
that the increment in the volume fraction of ceramic causes less soft-
ening behaviour of FG cylindrical shell. Moreover, two complementary
response curves get closer to each other when the value of power-law
exponent increases. The frequency amplitude-response does not change
as the distribution of the load along the circumference of the shell is
modified The results reveal that the softening type of non-linear be-
havior increases as the axial compressive loading is increased due to the
fact that the shell becomes less stiff when it is subjected to higher
compressive forces. It is also concluded that frequency of the axisym-
metric modes of the vibration is much higher than the frequency of
asymmetric modes.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support for
present work under Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB),
India having sanction no: SR/S3/MERC/0098/2012.
A. Yadav, et al. Composite Structures 229 (2019) 111430

Appendix A

The expression for the membrane strain energy of functionally graded cylindrical shell with thickness h is expressed as given below.
1
n xx A11 A12 A16 n xx
h
V= n A21 A22 A26 n dxd ,
2 A
nx nx
A61 A62 A66 (A1)

1 2 2 1 2 h /2
n xx = , n = , nx = , Aij = Qij dz
R2 2 x2 R x h /2 (A2)
Adopting Ritz method, the membrane strain energy is minimized to determine the exact stress distribution within the FG circular cylindrical
shell. The end conditions of the cylindrical shell subjected to partial edge loading are considered as,
~
x = 0, L N¯x = 0; N¯xx = Nxx . (A3)
Using Fourier series expansion, the final expression of applied partial edge load as a function of 1, 2. .. 8 is derived and given below.

sin k ( ) cos k (
2
2
1 2+ 1
2 )
+sin k ( ) cos k (
4
2
3 4+ 3
2 )
2
+ cos(k )
+ sin k ( ) cos k ( )
k=1 k
6 5 6+ 5
2 2

+ sin k ( ) cos k (
8 7 8+ 7
)
~ N¯ ( 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 1 3 5 7)
2 2
Nxx = + N¯ .
2
sin k ( ) sin k (
2
2
1 2+ 1
2 )
+sin k ( ) sin k (
4
2
3 4+ 3
2 )
2
+ sin(k )
+ sin k ( ) sin k ( )
k=1 k
6 5 6+ 5
2 2

+ sin k ( ) sin k (
8 7 8+ 7
)
2 2
(A4)
The stress function is assumed in the following form of a series,
= 0 + 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + ... (A5)
The constants ( i ) in Eq. (A3) are determined by imposing the boundary conditions and minimizing the membrane strain energy of FG circular
cylindrical shell. The first four terms in the expansion of are considered in this paper. Hence, the stress function ( ) for partial edge loading can be
expressed as,

sin k ( ) cos k ( 2
2
1 2+ 1
2 )
+ sin k ( ) cos k ( 4
2
3 4+ 3
2 )
2
+ k = 1 k3
cos(k )
+ sin k ( ) cos k ( 6
2
5 6+ 5
2 )
+ sin k ( ) cos k ( 8 7 8+ 7
)
N¯ ( 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 1 3 5 7)
2 2 2
= N¯ + (x 2 + Lx )2 ( 1 + 2x + 3 ).
4
sin k ( ) sin k ( 2
2
1 2+ 1
2 )
+ sin k ( ) sin k ( 4
2
3 4+ 3
2 )
2
+ k = 1 k3
sin(k )
+ sin k ( ) sin k ( 6
2
5 6+ 5
2 )
+ sin k ( ) sin k ( 8 7 8+ 7
)
2 2
(A6)
The unknowns ( 0, 1, 2, and 3) in Eq. (A4) are determined by applying the boundary conditions and satisfying the compatibility conditions.

Appendix B

1 A62 ( w,
R2
w,
+
v,
R
+
w,
R )+A ( 66
u,
R
+
w,
R
w, x
+
w, w, x
R
+ v,x )+A 61 (u, x + w, x w, x )
+ A12
w , w, x
+
v,x
+
w,x
+ A16
R B62 w , 2B66 w , x
B61 w , xx R2 R R
R2 R

u, x w,x w,x w, w, xx B12 w, x 2B16 w , xx

+ + + v , xx + A11 (u, xx + w, x w , xx ) B11 w, = I1 u¨ + I2 ¨x ,
R R R R2 R (B1)

10
A. Yadav, et al. Composite Structures 229 (2019) 111430

1 A22
,
R2(, w w
+ ,R + R, + A26 ,R +
v w
) ( u w,
R
w, x
+
w, w, x
R
+ v,x ) + A62
w , w, x
+
v,x
+
w,x
+ A66
u, x
+
w, x w, x
+
w, w , xx
+ v , xx + A61
R + A21 (u, x + w , x w , x )
B22 w , 2B 26 w, x
B21 w, xx R2 R R R R R
2 R R
B62 w , x 2B66 w, xx
(u, xx + w, x w, xx ) B61 w, xxx = I1 v¨ + I2 ¨ ,
R2 R (B2)

w ,2
A12 w, x ( w,x
R
+
v, x
R
+
w , w, x
R2 )+A 12 2R2
+
w
R
+
v,
R
w, xx

+ A16 ( u,
R
+ v, x +
w , w, x
R )w , xx + A11 ( 1 2
w
2 ,x
+ u, x w, xx )
w,2
A22 +
w
+
v, B22 w ,
+ A26 ( u,
+ v,x +
w, w, x
)
+ w , xx ( B12 w ,
R2
2B16 w, x
R
B11 w, xx + ) 1
w
R2 ,
2R2 R R R2 R R

+ A21 ( 1 2
w
2 ,x
+ u, x ) 2B26 w , x
R
B21 w , xx

w,2
1
R
A22
2R2
+
w
R
+
v,
R
B22 w ,
R2
+ A26 ( u,
R
+ v,x +
w, w, x
R )+A ( 21
1 2
w
2 ,x
+ u, x ) 2B26 w x
R
B21 w , xx

( )+A ( )
2 w2 w v, B62 w , u, w, w, x 1 2 2B66 w, x
+ R w, x A62 + + + A66 + v,x + 61 w
2 ,x
+ u, x B61 w , xx
2R 2 R R R2 R R R

+ A16 w , x ( u, x
R
+
w, x w,x
R
+ v , xx +
w , w , xx
R )+A 11 w , x (u, xx + w, x w, xx )

+
1
w
A22 ( w,
R2
w,
+
w,
R
+
v,
R ) B 22 w,
R2
+ A26 ( u,
R
+
w,
R
w,x
+ v,x +
w, w , x
R )+A 21 (u, x + w,x + w,x )
R2 , 2B26 w , x
R
B21 w, xx

+
1
w
A62 ( w,
R2
w,
+
w,
R
+
v,
R ) B62 w ,
R2
+ A66 ( u,
R
+
w,
R
w, x
+ v,x +
w, w, x
R )+A 61 (u, x + w,x w,x )
R ,x 2B66 w, x
R
B61 w, xx

w,2 w, v, w, w, D22 w ,
B22 R2
+ R
+ R
+ R2 R2
w ,2x w , xx v, xx w , w , xx D12 w, xx 1
+ B12 R2
+ R
+ R
+ R2 R2
+ R2 + B26 ( u,
R
+
w,
R
w, x
+
2w ,
R
w, x
+ v,x +
w , w, x
R )
2D26 w, x
+ B21 (w ,2x + u, x + w,x w,x ) R
D21 w , xx

A62 ( w, x
R
+
v, x
R
+
w, w, x
R2 ) B62 w, x
R2

+ w,x ( B12 w, x
R2
2B16 w, xx
R
B11 w , xxx + ) 1
w
R , + A66 ( u, x
R
+
w, x
R
+ v , xx +
w , w , xx
R )
2B66 w , xx
+ A61 (u, xx + w, x w, xx ) R
B61 w, xxx

2w , x w, xx u, xx w, x w, xx w, w, xxx 2D16 w, xxx 2

+ B16 + + + v , xxx + + B11 (w ,2xx + u, xxx + w , x w , xxx ) +
R R R R R R
B62 ( w,
R2
w, x
+
w, x
R
+
v, x
R
+
w, w , x
R2 ) D62 w , x
R2
w,2x u, x w, x w,x w, w, xx w, w , xx
+ B66 + + + + v , xx + D11 w , xxxx = I1 w¨ + f (x , , t ),
R R R R R

2D66 w , xx
+ B61 (w, x w, xx + u, xx + w , x w , xx ) R
D61 w, xxx (B3)

1 B62 ( w, w,
R2
+
v,
R
+
w,
R )+B ( 66
u,
R
+
w,
R
w, x
+
w, w , x
R
+ v,x )+B 61 (u, x + w,x w,x )
+ B16
u, x
+
w,x w,x
+
w, w, xx
+ v , xx + B11
R D62 w , 2D66 w , x
D61 w , xx R R R
R2 R

w, D12 w, x 2D16 w , xx
(u, xx + w, x w, xx ) K c H54 + + H44 (w , x + x) D11 w, xxx = I2 u¨ + I3 ¨x ,
R R2 R (B4)

1 B22 ( w, w,
R2
+
v,
R
+
w,
R )+B ( 26
u,
R
+
w,
R
w, x
+
w, w , x
R
+ v,x )+B 21 (u, x + w,x w,x )
+ B62
w, w ,x
+
v, x
+
w, x
+ B66
R D22 w , 2D26 w , x
D21 w , xx R2 R R
R2 R

u, x w,x w,x w, w, xx w, D62 w , x 2D66 w, xx

+ + + v , xx + B61 (u, xx + w, x w, xx ) K c H55 + + H45 (w , x + ,x) D61 w, xxx = I2 v¨ + I3 ¨ ,
R R R R R2 R
(B5)

Appendix C. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111430.

11
A. Yadav, et al.
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