Gy , Webpage creator YN'T 45 ) Webpages are documents designed for use on the which is an Internet service that allows users to view linked webpages stored on , computers. A set of documents stored on a Web server is Known as @ ¥ and the starting webpage of a website is to as ‘the using a program called a - Many websites with a particular area of interest or topic. Some websites users to download files.Files available for downloading include that allow the user to perform specific tasks such as wordprocessing, to programs that add features or fix _____(faults in the program), development tools (software that can be used for ____ programs or material such as webpages). programs that are free to download and use are known as - Programs that are to download and try but should be paid for if the user wishes to continue to use them, are known as 7 Websites can be created by anyone who has the Programs and equipment. When the website creator his website, he it. (Copies it to a Web server computer). This is referred fo in the text as « >. After a website has been created and published, it is important that the creator 7 the webpages frequently to vary and ita is a website that does not change its content. The website needs to be planned if it is to be a success. This involves a number of including analysing the demand and other related websites, designing the webpages and the structure of the website,publishing and the website including registering it on search engines and evaluating the site by using user and statistics on the use of the website.wessiTes ( ig 1) LFind and write down key words in each paragraph of the text on pages 100 and 101 «XML Takes on HTML» 2.Provide a short summary of the text using those key words. 3.Fill in the missing words in the table below: NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE SYN. OPPOSITE 1, accuracy 2 to spice (up) ; 3. irrelevant 4. to overwhelm to spawn 6. derivation to parse 8. extensible 14, Complete each gap in this text with a suitable word from this st, No search engine covers the ee-vewnec! WED. best Keywords search entire linked cannot exclude sites combination news web database index ca wich The scale is too enormous. Meta search tools may cover forty per cent at 2. When you use a search ., you are searching a database. Keyword search engines build t OWN nnn OF Search items. They depend vn? Search robots which Web, stopping at each site to find .. add to their indexes. Most of them... every word they find in a document. These a engines can produce a huge number OF nnnnne'® for any keyword you enter but many may have no relevance to your search. Because search engines can only find iL ™ pages that are to other websites or Usenet > articles, they cannot find... which stand alone. In addition, they “8 evaluate in any way the material they find. The result can be that you have a large amount of irrelevant and inappropriate hits and MAY cee the most helpful site Searching for phrases or a of key words is more effective than searching for : 8 words. Most search engines offer advanced search facilities. occweun!? €AN DE used to combine and 2° words and phrases from your search.THE WORLD WIDE WEB © UN'7 /2) 1.Complete each gap with the most appropriate word. ‘The World Wide Web is a on the Intemet. It consists of get of linked documents known as which can be viewed using a program called a The links on a web page (called contain the Web address of the webpage that will be displayed if the user on the link. The Web address of a webpage is also known as a hitp://www.hw.ac.uk/libWWW/invim.html. It consists of a number of separate parts e. divided by forward (D.This example indicates the following: http://is known as the and indicates that the hypertext transfer protocol should be used to the webpage across the Intemet. www indicates that this is a World Wide Web document ic. a hwac.uk is the and indicates the network domain in which the webpage is stored. ac. is the domain name and indicates the type of domain e.g. ac or edu is, an domain, uk is the : libWWW/im gives the of the directory (or folder) where the webpage is stored on the server. imhtml is the name of the ‘The extension used in webpage filenames is cither or to indicate that the file is written using HTML ( pee at 2. Rewrite these wamings and pieces of advice on netiquette according to the prompt. 1. Don't leave the email subject line blank, Avoid .. 2. You must not send very large attachments without asking the recipient’ s permission. Never 3.Don't use the same passsword all the time. .... must not 4. Avoid using capital letters; it is considered shouting. Don't 5. Before joining a new online group, observe for a while. should . 3. Complete these definitions with the correct participle of the verb given. in brackets: 1. Telnet is an Intemet service (enable) users to log on to their computers at a distance, 2. FTP is an Internet service (use) to download files from a server. 3.IRC is an Intemet service (allow) users to chat in real time, 4. The Web is an Internet service (make) webpages available to millions of users. worldwide. 5. The Intemet is a huge number of computers (link) together.NETWORKS = [UNIT 7) Computers and (pieces of equipment that are connected to the CPU of a computer system) connected together form a - They allow communication between computers and the of hardware and software. A. network that. a small area is known as a LAN. The main computers that provide services on the network are called eget provides a central storage area for data files. The computers that use the services are known as A main data communications cable connecting LANs together is reffered t0 as a a Various electronic are also. used to amplify, filter and détermine the best for the signals. These include for dividing a LAN into separate parts or connecting similar networks together, for connecting different types of networks and for connecting different networks together and determining the best path (or )for the signals. A modem ( / )is used to convert signals from to digital for connection to the ordinary telephone system. Altematively, an ISDN ( ) adapter or a DSi + } modem can be used to allow digital signalsto be used without being converted to analogue signals. There are different standard methods of connecting computers in a LAN. One of the most common is known as Ethemet. All the computers are connected through another electronic device known as a - The cable normally used to connect computers to it is known as It contains two cables twisted together to interference from external signals. In future, networks will use a radio transmitter and receiver tuned to use the same radio Requency, instead of cabling. : In a client/server network, the main server computer provides the ( sharing of printers, programs of data, etc.) and the client computers can be normal computers or simple The latter require the server to do most or all of the processing. A client, such as a NetPC, has a processor that does some of the processing but a terminal does not have a processor and all the processing must be done by the computer,Computing Support Officer (UNIT 49) Computing. support setting up and maintaining computing systems, troubleshooting hardware and software and training computer users. A hard disk drive is used for storing programs and data as separate is the name of the program included with Microsof) Windows operating systems for managing stored files. The program opens in a window which is divided into two parts called - The line separating them is called a and can be moved using a to change their size. Using a program such as Windows Explorer, the user can the drive into virtual storage areas called (or ). Each folder can contain other folders called @r ). Windows Explorer dispays drives and folders on the left-hand pane (called the ) in the form of a with the folder indented below the drive they are stored in and the subfolders below the folder they are stored in. A small box called a with a + or - sign inside is displayed beside each drive and folder that contains folders or subfolders. When a + is displayed in the the folders and subfolders inside the drive or folder are (in the text the Computing Officer refers to this as the drive being ). When the user clicks on the box the folder and subfolders stored in that drive or folder are displayed with lines known as indicating what folders belong inside what drives. The toggle box sign also changes to a 7 ‘The main system's background screen is called the In Microsoft Windows OS, the desktop has a bar along the bottom of the deskiop called the At its there is a button called - Clicking on it the Start menu to open up. By Programs option users can select the Widows option on the submenu to start the Windows Explorer program,E Multimedia is the term used to refer to a combination of graphics, animation, MULTIMEDIA, (o MT 4) and video. MP3 is a standard way of storing digital audio files. Digital audio is created by sound 44,000 times a second and storing a code number-to represent each sample. The files are compressed by any sound that are to the human ear, making them much than files created using other Gigital audio storage standards, such as . The size of an audio file is commonly measured in - The frequency of a sound is measured ins" _. MP3 files have extra code added, called that give the user information about the file e.g. the performer's name, a cover. Because of their small size, MP3 files are more suitable for across the web address) or a such as an album Intemet. Some Intemet are devoted to providing MP3 files for The user can create their own music by listening to each file using a computer program, such as Windows Media Player, and choosing what to download. They can then use a computer program called an to listen to the files and control the sound. A _____ button allows the user to see the information stored in the MP3 file tag. The appearance of MP3 players can be changed using programs called (or themes). MP3 players often include a program called a ___, that lets the user (extract) a song from a CD and convert it to a standard WAV file. Another program called an is used to convert WAV files into MP3 files or - Recorder programs are also that enable the user to create audio CDs using a writable CD-ROM drive, MPEG is a method of and video signals MPEG stands for an organisation that develops standards for audio and video compression.Gul ( UNIT +) Se) A allows a user to interact with a computer. In particular, a allows the user to use a to interact with the computer. is a common GUI used on PCs. The main Windows background screen is called the Programs, files and folders are represented on it by small images called Using a mouse, the user can move a across the screen. ‘An icon can be by the left mouse button. By holding the pointer over an icon (_____), @ text box can be made to appear that explains What the icon represents. This text box is known as a the mouse causes the program, file or folder represented by the icon to open in @ rectangular box on the screen called a Tt can have vertical and horizontal to allow the user to move a document up and down or across the screen. A user can a selected item from one part of the screen to another by holding down the left mouse button while moving the pointer. The user can then the item at the new location by releasing the mouse button Commands are displayed in a along the top of the window. Clicking on a command opens a list of choices known as . Clicking on a menu item sometimes opens another related menu called A bar, knowns as a is displayed along the bottom of the desktop showing what programs, files and folders are currently open. At the far right of it is a special area called the where icons are displayed showing what resident programs are continuously running in the background. There is a at the far left of the task bar. The user can close down the operating system by choosing the option on the Start Menu. A allows the user to select icons and commands by touching the display screen with their finger instead of using a mouse22REPORTED SPEECH 2 97 Exercise 4 ~ 35): @30 ead the extract fom a meting, chaired by Claucia. Then undetline the mest aporopite reporting verbs in the writen summary teow cxauoix: Oh, hi-Take a seat ... Um, 1 like to hear your views on the talks we're having with BCP about the posible merger. Do you think we should go ahead with the discussions? sac: Well, no actully. I don’t think we should. Our company cultures are totally diferent, and 1 cant see many opportunities to cut costs in a combined operatidn. I'gysorry, but Pm against it. own, But, Nigel, can't you see that we're too small to stand alone in the global economy. There's going to be rationalisation in our market and now is the right tiie to act. ‘cuauoia: Un, right. How long do you think it would take to integrate the two companies? on: Probably about six months, maybe more. ‘ nice: That’ six months of complete chaos and filling investor confidence. Its just too risky. ‘cuwoin: Well, I don't think we have enough information 3t the moment, Perhaps we could set up a task force to look into the whole issue in more detail? tow: Hmm. cumwnia: Tony — would you be willing to chaic i? yor OK, I'll chair a taskforce, but I'll need representatives from the other departments a well. ‘cto: That shouldn't be a problem. When do you think you'll be able to get the report done? ror; Umm, in about six weeks. nicei: Six weeks! Thats ridiculous. rows OK, we'll ry to get all the information together in four weeks. ‘ctavow: Right, that’ setdled. We'll meet again a month from today, same time same place. 1 ttwas estimated /announced that it would take about six months to integrate the two companies in the event of a merger. 2 It was rumoured/suggested that we could set up a task force to produce a report on the implications of the merger. 3 Iwas proposed/claimed that the task force would be chaired by Tony, with representatives from other departments | was shown agreed that the task force should produce its report in four weeks. 5 It was claimed/decided that the next meeting would be on July 28th at 9 am in the main conference Exercise 5 Ell il & ‘Nigel (from Exercise 4) s talking to a colleague about the same meeting later in the week. Underline the correct words in his report. about96 22'REPORTED SPEECH 2 22 Practice ‘ Exercise 1 Underline the correct words. Sally told/told me that she had lost the catalogue. This is confidential, please don’t s9y/tel anything about it. ‘This is confidential, please don't say/tell anyone about it Cis said/said me he must eave early | s8id/told them about the meal, and they sad/told they would come. "You see, told/said Steve,‘ always toll/said you'd get a promation.” “You see,” told/said Steve, ‘| always tld/said you you'd get a promotion.’ “Look, told to/said to her, ‘why don you fel/say me what you mean?” Exercise 2 Match the actual words in sentences 1-12 with the reported statements a)-). ‘Well done! You've done it “Who me? No, I never di “rm really sory | didn't doit -| just forgot.” ‘WL were you, 'd do it" “Would you like to do it “Don't forget to do itt” “Oh, | see that you've done it “Oh, by the way I've done it! “Oh! I thought you hadn't done itt” 10 ‘really wouldn't doit It could be'a disaster’ [_] j) He refused to doit. 11 "il do it, you can count on me.” 1) He reminded me to do it, 12_'No, | won't doit. ts out of the question.’ _L]__He warned me not to do it 2) He advised me to do it by He apologised for not doing it 0 He congratulated me on doing it @) He invited me to doit. ©) He denied doing it. 4) He mentioned that he'd done it 9) He didn't realise I'd done it 1) He promised that he'd do it. |) He noticed that I'd done it. 0 Oo Oo oO gO QO Q QO Oo oO Exercise 3 i] EG Rewrite each sentence in reported speech. 1 “Ae you on holiday forthe whole of August? she asked me. She asked me if Zwherther. | wat on. holiday. for. the. whole of August. 2 ‘What do the letters ‘URL mean?’ asked him, Lasked fim... 3 Have you prepared the figures? my boss asted me. My boss asked me 44 When s your bith?" asked Francesa. 1 asked France8€2 onan 5 ‘Did you remember to back up the fle” she aed him She asked him . 6 ‘Why have you tuned off hear condoning” Elen asked me. len asked me 7 Do you speak halan?” they asked me atthe interview. “They asked me at the imei nn 18 ‘How much did you pay for your car?” asked Pablo. | asked PabloExercise 4 Now look at ways to report the words to a colleague. By each sentence write P/TC (f the sentence is Possible because of Tense Change rules), P/ST (ifthe sentence is Possible because iti Stil True) or | (f the sentence is Incorrect) ‘The speaker said that 1 Jack Welch was CEO of General Electric for twenty years... PTC... Jack Welch had been CEO of General Electric for twenty years Boards of companies look at their CEOs as superheroes. Boards of companies looked at their CEOs as superheroes. Boards of companies had looked at their CEOs as superheroes. Lee laccoca started it alin the 1980s, Lee laccoca had started it all in the 1980s, Lee laccoca had been started it all in the 1980s, ‘The situation is different NOW. i 10 The situation was diferent now. Exercise 5 n Friday morning you had a meeting with someone from your advertising agency at his offices. The words he spoke are on the left. The next week you tell a colleague about the discussion. Undertine the correct ‘words on the right. ‘The advertising person's words: What you say to your colleague: ‘Did you get my email I sent yesterday about this “He said he (1) hopes/haped I'd got (2) his/my email ‘campaign we've been working on? I hope so. 'm that (3) he'd send/he'd sent (4) yesterdlay/the day sorry to ask you to come here at such short notice, before about (5) the/‘this advertising campaign ‘but its quite urgent. The situation is this: we use an (6) they've/we've been working on, And he ‘outside printing company, and a few days ago the apologised for asking (7) me/you to go ‘workers there went on strike. I'm having a meeting (8) herelthere at such short notice ~ he said it with @ union representative this afternoon, but | _(3) is/was urgent. Well apparently a few days ‘thought | should talk to you fist.” (10) agorbefore the printers they use (11) have ,gone/had gone on strike, and he (12) is/was ‘meeting ther (13) this/that afternoon. He said he ‘thought he should talk to (14) me/you about it first.’‘92 21'REPORTED SPEECH 1 ; — 21 Practice 0 aie xercise 1] Write the actual words that each person sa). Use contractions where posible 1 Anna said that she had already finished (Anna's actual words) *.1've. already. Finished... 2. She sad he would be back aftr lunch 2 (Her actual words) * ie 3. He sid she was going to contact the printers (tis actual words) 4 Paul said that he wanted to make a phone call (Pauts actual Words) smn - 5. She said she was meeting the bank manager at eleven (Her actual words) * eel ite 6 Pierre said he had found out about the problem a long time ago. erre’s actual words)’. te ope 7. David said he had to be back in the office by three thirty. (Davids actual Words) * arn 8 Jan said she would let me know. (an's actual words) Exercise 2 i ‘Look at the actual words spoken. Underline the correct words in the reported version, 1 (Helen's words)“ won't do it until tomorrow.” Helen said she wouldn't do it until the previous/following day. 2 (Peters words) ts very busy in here. 1 call you later.” Peter said it was very busy here/there, and he'd call me/him later. 3 (The sales manager’s words) ‘We received your order last week.’ He said they‘d/we'd received our/their order the week after before 4 (Mel Bowen’ words) ''m sorry about the delay, deal with this now," She said she/I was sorry about the delay, and she'd deal with it right thenJlater. Exercise 3 Ef j Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Use contractions where possible, . 1 ‘1 won't put it inthe sales because its sling very well she sad She said.she. melt. put.i.in.cthe, Ales. because. it.sw8s. selling .very. well “ 2 "Tve read the report and | don’t understand section 4," he said | He 84 nn ee : 3. "When frish my presentation, 'm going to have a drink, he said He Sd that Whe voce ee - 4 4. ‘Tm preparing the figures but | won't belong, she si She said d = 5 ‘ike plying tennis, but | don’t doit very often’ she sid She sid .. Sees Ee 6 Tm going to visit our Polish subsidiary, but 'm not sure when,” she aid She said@ The difference between SAY and TELL TELL normally has to be followed by a personal direct object, i.e. we make clear who we tell. It is used only in indirect speech. SAY is used without a direct object in direct speech. ex. She told me that she would be late. She that she would be late. SAY can be used with direct speech. TELL is only used in direct speech when what is quoated is either an instruction or a piece of information: ex. Mary said;»What a nice idea» I told Martha:» Look in the black box in my bedroom.» (instruction) I told them:» I have never seen that man before.» (information)@ can/may > could/might d can swimy/»It may rainy She thought she could swim /They said it might rain. must => musthad to i «I must go.» He said he mest (had to) go. 4) The words denoting neamess in time/space are changed into corresponding words denoting distance: Direct Speech Indirect Speech this (these) that (those) here there now then today that day yesterday the previous day, the day before tomorrow the next day, the following day last night the previous night, the night before ago before. 5) If the reporting verb is present, future or present perfect the tenses used are usually the same as those in the speaker's original words: ex. «I don't want to go.» I have already told you that I don't want to go. 6) Sometimes even after past reporting verbs the tenses are the same. This happens when we are reporting people saying things that are still true when we report them. ex. Galileo proved that the earth goes round the sun. She told me the other day that she is only 28. (past tense is also possible-that she was 28) -2- os (wart, ( (AQ woe a Bovm| ‘DHT g= (cw XL CT O16 -awrQere+ynai SeTsuysniegx nde suOKgREPORTED SPEECH QUESTIONS Questions are tumed into Indirect Speech by using the verbs to ask, to inquire etc. eo a 1) WH-questions If the question starts with a question word (who, which, when,how etc.) we keep the question word +S+V. There is no inversion in indirect questions and we also have to follow the rules of the Sequence of tenses: ex. He said to me: « What are you doing?» s ov He asked me what I was doing, 2) YES-NO questions If the question does not begin with a question word who, which etc. whether ot if is used in indirect speech and we apply the rules of the sequence of tenses: ex. She said to me» Do you know the way?» She asked me whether/if I knew the way. ORDERS, REQUESTS, ADVICE etc. Orders, advice, requests and suggestions are reported by using an infinitive: ex. Mum said:» Be careful when crossing the street.» Mum told him fo be careful when crossing the street. The old lady. downstairs said: « Please be quiet after midnight» The old lady downstairs asked us fo be quiet after midnight. Negative requests, orders etc. are reported with a negative infinitive: ex. Margaret said:» Don't worry!» . Margaret told me not to worrya) REPORTED SPEECH STATEMENTS: When we change from Direct to Indirect Speech the following changes take place: io c 1) the quotation marks are omitted, the conjunction THAT is introduced (that may be omitted as well). 2) the person is changed if the speaker reports about somebody else (the person is unchanged if he reports about himself). ex.I said» I am glad to meet the guests.» I said (that) I was glad to meet the guests.» He said:»I want to see the headmaster.» He said (that) he wanted to see the headmaster. 3) When the reporting verb is in the past tense we follow the rules of the Sequence of Tenses: Direct Speech Indirect Speech Present Simple > Past Simple «l like peaches.» , He said he liked peaches. Present Continuous + Past Continuous at's raining.» He said it was raining. Past Simple > Past Perfect «d didn't recognize you.» She explained that she hadn't recognized me. Present Perfect > Past Perfect «You've annoyed the dog.» I told her that she had annoyed the. dog. Past Continuous => Past Perfect Continuous or Past Continuous «I was joking about the price.» He said he was joking (or had been joking) about the price. Past Perfect > Past Perfect «I hadn't seen her before that day.» You said you hadn't seen her before that day. shall/will > should/would «Weill be late» 1 was afraid we would be late.@u Exercise 4 13 MODALS AND RELATED VERBS 3 61 @ Match each sentence 1-8 with its meaning a)-d) 2) 95-100% probability of his arrival 'b) 80% probability of his ariva. © 40-60% probability of his arrival 6) 0% probability of his arival. He won't have arived yet. He'll have arrived by now. He can't have aitived yet. He might have arived by now. He could have arved by now. He should have arrived by now. He must have arrived by now. He couldn't have artived yet. oooo0oo0ogs} Exercise 5 EEE Complete the article with the words and phrases from the lit below. The graphs and ideas in the text will help you. definitely won't is almost certain to ietikelyte i unlikely to might will definitely Exercise 6 EEE Martin and Anne have arrived at check-in at Heathrow Airport. Complete their dialogue with must, might, can’t, must have, might have or can’t have. Use each word once only. axmis, Oh no, [ can’t find my passport. mee: You're joking. axis, No, really it's not in my briefease anne Well,it (1) Magri: Tes not there. Where on earth is it? gent, Well, don't know. Do you think you (2) ¢t...... be in your other bag. Quick have a look. vw left it at home? marr, “That impossible, I) wewnssenneedone. checked I had it with me four times before I left the house. wove: OK, calm down. What about checking your coat pockets? You never know, it (6) crnssnneee BE there maxrins No, it isnt. This is ridiculous. We're going to miss our flight. gneve: Look, you (6) snenenen be looking in the right place. ‘cneck-w arrenvexr, Excuse me, sit. Is that your passport there on the ground? anmins, Ob, yes,s0 itis. Ah, I (6) «dropped it when I was looking for the tickets.60. 13 MODALS AND RELATED VERBS 3 @) 13 Practice Exercise 1H BEE Underine the correct words Look at those clouds. | think it can/might/must rin ‘That’ impossible. It can’t be/mustn’t be/may not be true. ‘well done! You may be/must be/might be very pleased. Next Thursday is @ possibilty. | might be/can't be/must be fre in the afternoon. i'm not sure. | must not be/may not be/won't be able to get therein time. “That can‘t be/musint be/may not be David. He's away at a conference. Lisa isn't at her office. She can be/must be/mustn't be on her way here. isa hasn't arrived yet. She should befcan be/can’t be here soon. “There's someone in reception. It can be/could be/mustn't be the engineer. | 10. Somy, | can'tImey not/might come to your presentation. m busy that afternoon. 11. rm not sure where Sve i. She could be/must becan be at hunch 12. ve looked everywhere for Sve. She could be/must be/can be at lunch, Exercise 2 BEE Match each sentence 17 with a similar sentence a)-g). 1 Theyre likely to do it. '2) {rm sure that they'l doit 2. They might/could doit. O b) I'm nearly sure that they/l do it. 3. They‘te almost certain to doit. L) © They'll probably do it 4 They'l definitely do it. Oo ) Maybe they/l do it 5 Theyre unitelyodoit = LI €@) im sure they won't doit. 6 Theyre very unikely doit, — LI) 1) They probably won't do it. 7 They defritely wont doit. LI) Q) They almost certainly won't do it Exercise 3 EE Complete the second sentence so thas a similar meaning tothe ist sentence using must, might can ox cn 1 Deliver by the end of the month? Yes, I think its possible to do that. Deliver by the end of the month? Yes, | think we. do that. It's possible that we will ose this client. WA sm lose this client rm sure this isn't the right road. This seven be the right road Fm sure you work late most night. You venonem work late most nights. It's possible that I'l see you tomorrow, but 'm not sure. 1 cronies $28 YOU tOMOMTOW: It's possible for the new printer to print 20 sheets per minute, ‘The new printer. conn Pint 20 sheets per minute ''m afraid that 'm unable to go to the Trade Fair ths year {im afraid that nnn sno 90 to the Trade Fair this year. I suppose you are Kate Perry. How do you do? You von be Kate Perry. How do you do?‘12 MODALS AND RELATED VERBS 257 Exercise 4 WB) D. Look at these notes that a Personnel Manager wrote to explain company rules. Then use the notes to complete @ briefing he gave to some new employees on their fist day at work. Choose from have £0, don’t have fo, can. can’t should or shouldn't, an letter about working hours, leave building during fire drill send holiday form to personnel inouediately volunteer to work extra hours, take 3 an holiday, frcke outside building make Staff work Long hours, take all holiday time together speak to head of departuent about excessive hours, give notice to head of dept. about holidays, read fire notices Block Fire exit “um. Excuse me. Good morning. Er, good morning. I've called you to this meeting to explain to you all some ‘of the basic health and sty rules that we have here. Um, first of al, working hours its not our company policy to make staff work excessive hours — it makes people unproductive and can endanger health. Um, ana geFS (1) ren SARbamanne Make any of their staff work more than an average of 48 hours per week, although anyone (2) _ volunteer to werk more than these hours, but they ®. Sgn 2 letter from the company to say that they want to do this. Any member of staff ‘who is worried that they are working too many hours (4) speak to their head of department about it. Um, all employees (5) take a minimum of three weeks’ paid holiday per year, but you 0. take all this holiday off in one block. Staff (7). ~~» ve their head of department as much notice as possible about their holidays, although they (2) . send their holiday form off to personnel until afew weeks before they go. Next, er fire dis. We havea fire dil about once 2 month ~ don't ignore it. You (8). leave the building immediately that you hear the bell and of course you (10) fire exits. Fie notices are posted throughout the buitding. Employees (11). notices regularly. In the case ofa real fire, don't panic and follow the fire procedures. ‘And lastly, for you smokers, rm afraid that smoking s not permitted anywhere inside the building, although you (12) smoke just outside the front door. | think that covers everything. Does anyone have any questions? No... Yes." Exercise 5 343 ‘A businessman is describing his trip to Lagos, Complete the text with had fo) didn’t have to, couldn't, should ‘ave or shouldn't have. Each phrase is used twice. .. travelled on the 10 am flight, but when I got to the airport they told me that the fight was overbooked 3nd 12). Catch alate igh, Then atthe checkin desk they tld me that). take both my bags a hand lugpege 01 (4) let one of ‘them go in the hold, which was very annoying as | had my diary in it, and it delayed me by nearly an hour at ‘baggage redaim at the other end. When I got on the plane | wanted to use my laptop, but of course I ©). until after take off. The flight attendant told me to turn it off and said that | @.. known not 10 use it To be honest just forgotten, and he (7) pe been so rude. E, it was quite late when 1 finaly left Lagos aitpont, soit was lucky 1 (8) 9 to any meetings that afternoon. And, looking back at what happened, 1 (9)... so Wavelled with that airine ~ they havea lot of problems with overbooking. And my company was paying for the flight so co) choose the cheapest option.amnanseneneneneentntesnneneenetsctaemsnesesssnectcen [56 12 MODALS AND RELATED VEROS 2 &) 12 Practice Exercise 1 SEI E: Match each sentence 1-12 with one of the formal sentences a. 1 ean doit {J 2) Ws necessary. 2 mustn't doit Oo 1B) Ws not necessary,” 3 Idonthavetodoit. L) Ws alowed. 4. thave to doit. oO ©) Ws not allowed 5 leoulde't doit oO 2) Ihwas necessary. 6 Idide't have todo it. 4) iewasn't necessary. 7 Thad to doit. oO 9) ltwas alowed. 8 1 could doit oO 1) nwasn't alowed. 9 Ishould have doneit, 1. Doing it would be a good idea. 10 I shoulda’t have done it. E) 3}. Doing it would be a bad idea. 11 I shoulda’t do it QO 1) Doing it was 2 bad idea. 12_I should do it. oO Not doing it was a bad idea. Exercise 2 BY Complete the sentences with must or have f0. Both are possible each time, but one is more natural in a spoken context. _ remember to email Steve and thank him for al his help. {90 now, the meeting begins in five minutes. your tax form by 31 Jafuary. _-~ ty to be more diplomatic when you're speaking to Tim. 0 the dentist next Fidoy moxring, so be alte late. go the dentist. ve had this awful pain fortwo days. Exercise 3 AISIIGD Decide whether each pair of sentences has the same meaning. Wite | for identical or nearly identical, for similar or D for completely diferent. At the end thre wil be nine of, two of S and three of D. a a 1 You's beter go now You shou 99 non. 2 We dont have to cut the budget. We muscu the budget: 2 You thou havea rest. ‘You ough to have aes. 4 You crt smoke bere Yeu'e not alowed osmeke here { 5, We must sign he conc. We shoul sgn the contac i 6 You must be here before 8.30. ‘You have to be here before 8.30. ] 7 You must touch hat key “ou dot ave touch hat es ' 8: You did't have to ge 3 You id’ need to give ai Ponies 9 Weave 10 wodk hr’ on his We mus wrt hare 0 thi 10 100ght to leavenow V have to leve now . 1 You shoul wen 20 much You ought not ower 50 mech 12 must wie these eters now Faber write these eters now 13 coud use the ema {it need ove the ema 14 We dont have to decide yet We dort ned to deci et11 MODALS AND RELATED VERBS 1 53 Exercise 4 Bi) Dj BIG @ 18 Complete the telephone conversation using phrases from the lst below. con you send canealyou can youhear canthelpyou cant see ‘ouldizpeokto could you hold could you repeat could you speak could you tell me Tneed I putone ibe on Must go wait rM}putyou though Fl get back to you yo Good morning the Tech Store, thi i Jon speaking san (1) Cait nts te. someone in Customer Services, please ' yor Ex.Yes, of course, (2) .. Manx: Customer Services, Mark speaking, how (3) sane I'm calling abour your new Samsung. DVD players. (4) any in ttock? wane (8) snensses and 800. (6) sanz Yes, no problem, (7) ifyou have ~ the line please? Halle? 1 @) any on the shelves. (9). check the order status on the computer. (10) (Certainly. My name is Sara Hall and my telephone number Sorry, (11) ~ sa ane “ sana Is that better? (12) back? 0582 1067. up? Itt a terrible ine, Yes, thats much better. (13) -- the number please? ‘Ofcourse. Its 0582 1067. (14) this number all morning. Sorry, I can't tell you if we've got any DVDs in stock right now, but (1S samx Bs, yes, (16) manx: Of course (17) ~ 38 soon as Ihave thi formation. Was there anything else? me 2 copy of your latest catalogue? inithe post to you today. What's your addces:? . sane Ite 25 Ridley Lane, Lower . it Exercise 5 3B] a ‘This exercise introduces many of the modal verbs covered in the following units. Match each sentence 1-14 with a meaning a)-n). 1. should do it. pl 2) ts necessary to do it. 2: I shouide’t do it ) ts pot necessary todo it 3 lean doit. Oo Sony, it's impossible, 4 Vean't doit QO ©) Ws forbidden. 5 Imusta' do it 0 €) Ihave the ability to do it. 6 Idon'thavetodoit. L) 1) Fmoffering to do it 7. Uhave to doit. QO 9) Ws. a good idea 8 doit, Oo 1) tsa badidea 9 Mhdoit Oo | reinviting you 10 I might do it g D_ masking permission, 11, Would you fie to do it?) 1) 1m requesting that you o it. 12 Could you doit, please? _) D1 promise 13. May doit? vu 1) Perhaps | wil do it. 14 Shall do it? oO 1) I'm making a suggestion,cee 52. 41 MODALS AND RELATED VERBS 1 11 Practice Exercise 1 Underline the correct words. 1 Do you can/Can you come to the meeting next week? 2 Ian comell can to come to the meeting next week. 3 I won't can't/be able to come to the meeting next week. 4 Sony that 1 didn’t could! couldn't come to the meeting last week. 5. Sony that ! wasn't able to/! wasn't able come to the meeting last week. 6 7 8 9 ‘00 you will/ Will you show me how to log on to the network? What we can do/can we 60? ‘ hope f0 can/to be able to fly directly to Dusseldort {I must speak! must to speak with Mr Reiner as soon as possible. 10 Imanaged to/t could speak to Mr Reiner yesterday. 11. The hotel was OK, but / managed 10/1 could hear alot of noise from the street. 12. managed to/1 could take a boat trp on Lake Leman when | was in Geneva. Exercise 2 (3B) Complete the sentences with can, can't, could, couldn't or be able to. 1 tmatraid | : help you at the moment. 2 Udon think 1 ‘come to the meeting. ‘The negotiations broke down because we agree on the price. raw $86 you were having problems, so | didn’t interrupt. you neve MAKE 2 firm order today, we should ship by Friday ind Portuguese very difficult. «9010 the training seminar? Ym very busy. sovnsnenen COME 10 YOUF talk yesterday. had t0 Son out a problem. ski realy well when | was in my twenties, but now I'm out of practice. Exe e 3 Bi EIB Match sentences 1-8 with their uses of will a) a future fact 2 apromise 1) a belief or opinion about the future 1) ordering food © aninstant decision 9 arequest 8 anoffer of help HY offering something think aes wil probably improve in the sng Ihgive you a hand with your Bags. Wal you give me 3 hand wih these bags? OK, phone them ight now have the panied fh Ibe thereat i o'dock, Dont worn, wont be te Inthe spring we't have two new products ready to lounch, Wal you have another gas of wine?. qooo0o0008SHOULD and OUGHT TO -have very similar meanings. They are used to express obligation and duty, to give advice, and in‘ general to say-what: we think it is right or good for people to do. eg. You ought'to/ should go-and see it—it's a great film. ‘You should have seen his face. oe ‘ There is, however, a very slight difference; When we use should, we ‘give our own subjective opinion, ought to has a rather more objective force, it is used when we are talking about laws, duties and regulations. Should and ought to are used to talk about the present and future, not’ the past. MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS with PERFECT INFINITIVES All modal verbs can be used together with perfect infinitives to talk about the past. This structure is used for speculating (thinking about what possibly happened) or imagining (thinking about how things could have been different). e.g. You could have told me you were coming I think I may have annoyed Aunt Mary. The plant is dead.1 should have given it more water. You needn't have brought wine —we' ve got plenty.@ MUST/HAVE TO 7 -can express: 1) a) strong obligation (affirmative) © You must lea. (the obligation comes from the speaker) You have to leam. (the obligation comes from «outside») : for absence of obligation we use needn't or don't have to”, b) prohibition (negative) ¢g. You mustn't come here again, ) deduction e.g. It must be Mary over there. You must be hungry. PRESENT PAST FUTURE CAN CAN COULD/ WILLISHALL BE ABLE TO WAS ABLE TO CAN MUST —MUST/HAVE TO HAD To MAY MAY MIGHT Hi 1} can be used as a past form of shall. (reported speech) shall be there before ten.» said I should be there before ten. 2)-can be used in offers, suggestions, requests: ©. Should I help you with the washing-up? What do you think I should do? 3)=is very often used to talk about duty, obligation and similar ideas: © People should drive more carefully, ‘You really should ring Aunt Mary. ‘Drafter if or in case is used to suggest a less strong Possibility. ©8-If you should see Celia, give her my best wishes.MODAL VERBS -are CAN, COULD, MAY; MIGHT, MUST, WILL, WOULD, SHOULD, OUGHT TO. CAN ; ; “Tike all modal verbs it has the same form for all persons singular afd plural, it is followed by an infinitive WITHOUT to (exception is ought to). . I can swim. (in present -to be able to) I can see you tomorrow. (ability in future) ~in the past we use COULD or WAS ABLE TO , the difference: was able to is used when something was actually done, it means to manage to do something; could expresses only ability. eg. The boat sank, but as he could swim (ability) he was able to reach the bank safely. (he did reach it) 2) permission eg. Can I smoke here? (May I smoke here?) You cannot open the window. (neg. form - I don't allow!) 3) possibility (theoretical e.g. He can sometimes get very angry. It would be a good idea to bring. your coat. It can be cold in May. COULD expresses: - permanent ability ~ for a particular occasion - was able to- - conditional e.g. You could come tomorrow. (Mogli biste) MAY/MIGHT - express: 1) a) permission (affirmative and interrogative) e.g. You may go now. May we join you? b) prohibition (negative) e.g. You may not go out. (you mustn't go—direct piohibition) 2) possibility eg. It may rain, It might rain. (lesser possibility) Might is also the past form of may after a past reporting verb: eg. She asked if she might go. He said he might be late.FUTURE? 41 ‘An economist has prepared a short report about his country next year, Read it, then choose the correct alternative from A,B, C of D below to complete the report. 12 month einbmiVoréot- ‘The Central Bank CH) £ depict = inet to sl ccomic prow, id 10 : Tien that nnfeyment (3) iil prec, bu the cureicy ‘politic 'eid. The pitsident (6) eal elections ‘fbarhe cléctioa’cainpaign (7) The introduce reforms to the sic ten Sih judges ced thd tbice SE PUBL nds ore exily. When that (10) ‘nitethaiiona investor confidesige should indice rpiahy’™* °° 1 Aicwmingts Wig Cwovlditeto Deve tw 2 Apwedct Bemped C belive Dope 3 Awilbefalen ——Bwilbeen fang wlfang wi ft 4 A probit Bil probsby probably i bank 5 amet 0 soon beng Smee 6 Ade Bdueto Cade Dis dung to 7 Awilhave began Bwilbebepin Chas begun Ow begin 8 Awilte fought Bribe fighting Cll ighing = vl hve fight 9 Alsplnning B planing wo Céparedis. tik plueing 10 Anappening B vat happen renee D happen exercise 5 BEBE : str ci Ramandeh Menage cel errgany eto so mas omen Rg Ves empayes. Colle his tak by puting the vrs in brackets mo the ight tenge. Choose between the present simple.) future continuous (be ding, ftre perfec (have done) and wae gong to. "Yur appa ntervews (1 Coen March tm x hey 2) (bed in Febuary bt we had o postpone ther, Sny about ha Um, ding February your line managers @. (cole) the intoration they ned tem you, ad by the ine you meet for edie tap thl-nonopemeesmcenctidien! SEARARERT paisa dca fight. Un te iteniew you () i ice lng hr year and any ues relating to our utr neds, sch os Vang. By te endothe mesting | hope hat A foresee pss cic no, bath in ers of sales targets and prcesonal development. thal dea? Yep, OX, good Of couse Bere ‘some flexibility in the targets, in case anything (7) (happen) to the market that we Cannot predict. We may also have a budget for you to do some training, after you (8) ‘. (crm) tack goer sna hos ure wee September sat OK? Yeoh. Good Arta the next me hat we 3 (10) on (reed again wl ben Octobe when Yt sre feed your tre. ay hen any ars Dh you de (get) really busy in I (19) no (finish). 1s that OK? Yeah. 1(12) (send) you : feedback forms nearer the time. Well, er, unless you (13) have) any questions, 1 : think that’ all. Oh, no. Er, yes ~ 1 (14) 7 (have) a word with you about your holiday plans, but you probably don't know them yet. Could you email me with your request as soon as you know them" papers40. 8 FuTUREZ 8 Practice Exercise 1 BRB EE \Undedtine the correct words. ‘Tomorrow interview IL be inteniewving candidates all morning We wil have moved/ ill be moving to our new premises in August i We wil have moved/ il be moving to our new premises by August What time does your train/ wil your train leave? Don't forget to turn off the lights before you are leavng/you leave. We can’t send the goods until we've received/we wil receive a firm order. \We willbe repaying will have repaid the bank loan by December. Unless they’re/they'l be more reasonable, we'll have to break off negotiations. | wes going to write/was writing to them, but | forgot. 10. 1 hope/t will hope to be able to speak at the press conference melt 11. Our visitors are due to arive/due ariving at 10:30. 12 hope 1 won't/l don't hope Ii be late for the meeting. 13. think won't don't think rl be late for tre meeting 114 When the contract s/w be ready let you know. 15 Will we/Shall we break for coffee now? 16 Sorry, cant speak now, Il just have/m just about to have a meeting Exercise 2H BG ‘Complete each sentence 1-8. with an ending a)-h). Please take a seat until ‘They won't accept our order unless Helen wants to see you before You won't see Helen. By the time she arrives, ‘As soon as Helen arrives | can't wait! This time next week Filhave a suntan next time we meet! Sonry about this. In a few moments 2) you leave, ') Dr Rial is ready to see you. you'll have left. 0) we give a bank guarantee. ) have finished and we can talk. ) Mllask her to phone you. 19) have just come back from Greece ) be tying on a beach in Greece. ooooo00oe) Exercise 3 HEGEL Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the right tense. Choose between the present simple do), future continuous (be doing) and future perfect (have done). 1 By the time all the papers are ready, the deadiine ...will have. passed... (pass). ‘The fight... -- (leave) at 1 pm and .. (arrive) at 3.45. Tce (see) Nick tomorrow, so I can give him your message. This taxis so slow. By the time we get there the MECHING ecm _ irish). Sony, I can't see you on the 15th —1 (play) golf with a client. Hurry up! By the time we arrive, the play — (star) What ~~ (yourlearn) by the end of your course? (you/use) the conference room next Tuesday? (Gee) him, 1 ask him. 2 3 4 5 6 Lwon't do anything unt 7 8 9 0+ | | 7 FUTURE 1 37 Exercise 4 EI @ fi G14 compete wis dtoge by puting each ofthe verbs in brackets ito the future. Choose betasen wi ana going to Sometimes eter answer may be peal, but ded which forms the mont rat se contractions where posse. Jonna: Please, come in, havea seat, Would you like a drink? Coffee? Mineral water? cnec: Oh, I (1) have... ~ (have) a coffee please. youn Lucy .. could you make two coffes? (ight) Well, thanks fi coming this morning. Q. (tell) you why [asked you here. Um, at you know, there 8 (be) some big changes in the company. In fact, we . : 2 (restructure) the whole department. conec: Yes, | know. When (5) vo-enennnsnnene (i/happen)? onninsc Everything (6) wma + (be) finished by the summer. Um, the thing is, lander the new structure your job (7). : ones. Really? Is that certain? omnis: Well, we (8) and of courte I() don’ have to worry nec: Ob? (coffe arrives) Jomwuns Wella I was saying, you don’t have to worry. We (10) you 2 new job You (11) a2) swum (be) much beter enc: Thats wonderfil thank you very much, Wht exacly (13) new job involve)? Joma: Well, we (14) nn accept the job you (15) «a ie (16) cree It sounds great but I (17) Jotun: Of course, no problem. Look, I (18) ~ the next few days ~ 1 (19) 0). : exc Ye,1 21) (probably / disappear) (have) a meeting next week to finalise all the plans, (ex) you know what we decide. Anyway, you seve (Et) (have) more responsibilty, and the salary (the (expand) the whole customer services area. Ifyou wwnesanne (be) responsible for the new team. Um, (mean) 2 lot more work, of course. What do you think? (need) a day oF two to think about it. « (not/be) in the office for (visi our subsidiary in Hungary (you/have) an answer for me by next week? (Give) you my decision on Monday. Exercise 5 5 ‘Complete this email from 3 PA to her boss by putting the verbs in brackets into the future. Choose between ‘il and the present continuous. Use contractions where possible. ve Booked your fight to Slovenia. You (1) “re leaving. (leave) on Tuesday 3rd at 6.45 in the moming, 20 you @ sn (@rtive) in Yubljana before lunch. Someone (3) .. - (be) at the airport to meat ‘You. Your first moeting is with Aleksander Presekar, 39d YOU (4) cnveeunenn. (800) him at 4 pm at our local office. Ho (5) (2robably/take) you out to hunch, After lunch YOU (6) enn neve (ROUEO) anything until 4 pm, so you (7) “ess (have) time to Go to the hotel. You (8) von (Stay) at the Intercontinental, which Is in a very central location. 1 (9). ~~ (90) tothe travel agents to pick up the tickets this afternoon, s0 1 (10) s~vsss (give) heen to you tomorrow.7 Practice Exercise 1B Match sentences 1-6 with their uses a)-f). 2) a fre fact 2 future plan oitention b> an opinion about the future 6) 2 prediction with evidence inte present situation i 6 an instant dedsion 12 future rangement 11m going to ask my boss for a pay rise next week. i 3 tm sony to hea that. find out what the problem ight now. =) 3. Tm somy, but | won't be here tomorrow, be in Paris. QO ‘4 Tm meeting Angela for lunch. Do you want to join us? & Their share price wal pcbably se when the market covers. 6 Witso much competion i going to be dit to increase sales. Exercise 2 Qs untae We cone ors nec ino 1 A: Areyou free next Tuesday morning? B: Sony, I! have/Lm having @ meeting with Sue. ‘A: Oh, tight. Well, what about Thursday? 2 A: What are your plans for next year? 8: Well open/We'te going to open a new factory in Hungary. ‘A: That sounds interesting. 3. A: What do you think about their new marketing campaign? i: | think itl probably succeedit's probably succeeding. ‘A: Do you realy? 4. A: What about tomorrow at around five thirty? B: OK, Fl see you then./I'm seeing you then. A Bye. 5 A: Soas you can see, ve been thinking about this problem quite alot. 8: Yes, | see. So, what are you going to do? /what are you doing? ‘A: Resign! 6 A: It would be nice to see you next week. B: Yes it would. Are you doing anything/Will you do anything on Wednesday? ‘A: No, I'm free. Exercise 3 EL Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the most appropriate future form, Choose between will going to and the present continuous. Have you herd the news? Vivendi... i646 yn buy) Seagrom. Vo _(meet) Andrea at rine nex Thursday morning outside the station. te just had a cal from Richard ~ he (be) ate (be) the company’s centenary year. (have) an accident. sn (probably replace) many international Next year ‘This tax driver is terible. He In the future video-conferences meetings. 7 We (tes the new machine sometime next week. oo {go} to Manchester on Friday. 8 Would you mind waiting for 2 moment? | svn (HOE Be) 1009, ESE ee5. Future Continuous a) The future continuous (will/shall be....ing) can be used to say that an action will be in progress at a particular moment in the future: e.g. This time tomorrow I'll be lying on a beach in Tunisia. b) It is often used to suggest that something in the future has already been fixed or decided: F ¢.g. Professor Gorb will be giving another lecture at the, same time next week. ©) We can also use it as a polite way of asking about somebody's plans: e.g. Will you be using the car tomorrow?,If not, can I borrow it? 6. Future Perfect We use the future perfect (will/shall have + past participle) to say that something will have been completed or finished by a certain time in the future: e.g. Til have been here for seven years next February. The painters say they'll have finished the downstairs rooms by Tuesday.THE FUTURE Several different verb-forms .can be used to talk about the future: 1, shall/will future 2. the going to structure 3. the present continuous 4. the present simple 5. the future continuous 6. the future perfect L.shall/will future 2. the going to future 3. Present Continuous a) When we predict we use shall/will future or the going to future: eg. I think itl rain (or it’s going to rain) this evening. You're going to hate this party. (or You'll hate this party). b) When we talk about things that have already been decided we use the going to structure or the present continuous: e.g. Where are you going (to go) for your holidays? I'm going to work this evening. The Browns are coming tomorrow for lunch. c) If we talk about a future action at the moment when we decide to do it, we use will or ‘ll. e.g. I tired. I think I'll go to bed. «Come to supper!» -«OK, thanks, I'll bring a bottle.» I promise I'll pay you back. 4. Present Simple a) We use the present simple to talk about future events which are already «on a programme» (it is particularly common when we refer to timetables): e.g. What time does the next train leave for Worcester? The summer term starts on May 4th. b) The present simple is also common in subordinate clauses of sentences about the future, after conjunctions of time, condition. eg. I'll be happy when I'm back Tell me as soon as she arrives. I'll give a pound to anybody who washes my car. c) The present simple is often used with a future meaning after / bet and I hope: e.g.[ bet you don't get up before ten tomorrow. I hope they have a nice time in Spain next week.© 140 33 POSSESSIVES/AND COMPOUND NoUitS 33 Practice @ Exercise 1 Bi Underline the correct words. 7 1 They offer reasonable prices, but I'm not sure about their/theirs quality. 2. Excuse me, is this your/yours seat? 3. Excuse me, is this seat your/yours? 4s this pen yours/your’s or mine? 5 We do all ourselves/our own design and printing. 6 7 8 9 ‘We do all the design and printing ourselves/our own. ‘The office atthe end of the corridor is my/mine. + Mylmine offceis at the end of the contidor. Its not realy herthers decision. 10 The committee had its/ts final meeting yesterday. Exercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with apostrophes where necessary 1 Susen should know that its Mans dcson, not hers. Susan. should. know, lesision, not. hers, 2 Alices tends names Bil. Hes one of Mesil lynchs top analysts 3 Toyoas deal ont company cai beter than ours 4 I went to my doctors and hes computerised all the patients records. Exercise 3 Bl ‘Make two compound nouns from the nouns in each group. profits course taining company Senses Staff forecast meeting sales ‘ard store credit department Internet sale summer access figures price inflation range survey market hour rush technology keys car information assistant shop failure power shoptioor working worker lunch 10 insurance loan contract bank 11 features costs production product 12. market marketing budget leader training. comrse.33 POSSESSIVES AND COMPOUND NouNs 141 wy) Exercise 4 Complete the sentences with phrases from the list below. emorof flood of lack of level of method of pace of piece of range of stroke of waste-of 1 went there, but they were dosed. it was a complete... MASE OF time 2. The product launch isa disaster. There's a complete 3 You shouldn't have told them that information. it was an 4 Ourhotel offers a wide . ~~» faclties forthe business traveller. 5 We have a relatively low . +». unemployment in our country, just 4% 6 Iheard a very interesting wenn information the other day. 7. We arrived just at the right time. What fuck! + 8 The advertisement has been very successful. There’s a inquiries. 9. The results must be correct. We used a very reliable data analysis. 10 Things are moving so quick in this field. The Exercise 5 EI Rewrite the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the fist sentence, 1 il see you in the room we use for meetings in ten minutes. change is very fast. Hl see you tambeting CooR.. in ten minutes. 2 This pen doesn’t belong to me. This isn't 3 This pen doesn’t belong to me. This pen isn't ae 4 These documents belong to James. These are... 5 Margaret met one of her colleagues at the conference. Margaret met a. nat the conference, © What is your boss called? What reine AME 7. You should consult an exper in law about companies You should consut.... . law. 8 This graph shows the figures for sales for last year. This graph. for last year 9 1st sent an email to one of our customers. Ujust Sent an email 10 a anrnnninennns 10 Fm going on a course to train managers. Fm Going 00. ensnninneinnnnn Exercise 6 ross out the one word in each group that does not make a common compound noun with the Fst word in bold. 1 sales forecast/figures/trade/target 6 product _manager/range/features/share 2 market forces/sector/check/share 7 advertising slogan/campaign/line/agency 3° price offer/list/range/rise 8 production matket/line/capacity/target 4 brand image/leader/loyalty/process 9 working conditions/trend/hours/lunch 5 tax relief/benefits/output/allowance 10 stock option/decision/market/exchangeTor “7 "JH t09 a4ow pasapro aaey pInoys | TE % * gouo ae saiem owt sramoy ayy and pey au JT OF we wa9q.9AeY MOM NOA Ez asuas Aue pey nok JT gz 9 paonou Us9q pey O3t} 94 JT LZ uuad sty payee Fd aU 92 3,UOP NOK (=) TT Hz 7 ** eo Aw yBnosq aAey PL Ez + sydeaBojoyd anod "yonut os exaurea ayy ayeys 3,UPIp NOs JI. Zz *** 9pm e anoystas a quits 0} PAL Nod FITZ Tok $398 219uN 3nNof JI OZ si 4m uosied ayy ‘s9329] © Uo scureys yBnowD Ind 3,uOp TOK JI. gt "ep atu e 6131 SS9[UN) ST 191329 00] pinom sse18 941, FT dru syreys oueDIOA aU IT ET BS U99Q DABY BHU 9p JH ZT Joyaty Aue s9sts Janis 943 J] TT FABAIG 930}2q BALI A IT OT Paypal axe saves a5au2 JT 6 + jou aniq ayy uo Ay, g jf UMop UAL DABY J,UPINOM sBOD STyT. Z 2994 josted at paxDayD pey NOK JT g 0g Ye UY. BULK YBNOUD 3,ust BzBYa FT ¢ * £ z 1 “+ pours om ‘ou pastioead ays J] * J} s0yDop 942 40} puds TL.2M, *7 $89 908 NOK jy soyape Au way) poy 94 JT “sasuay 1991309 ayy asn 0} 289 Buryey ‘s2ouaTuas asaty ystutg stag 09d sadA} poxtw :seouaquas feuorpuog 99 ‘quo 24) sem 31204) “axenstus auo (aye! jaaquun snok uasfey aAzy 3,UpIMOYS |. 9¢ Punouse uns savy pinom dius a4, Se uoyd au (AQMSUE) ay; Ut B19 34 J] HE (dun) Zop Aut ‘ow payoene auodue 1 go -adAs 0} urea] nos ssajun aux 0} asn fue (oq 30U) NOX Ze “apesuag arty Jo “souenqury 20 “nok axaa J 5) wasés wwaUuer sd 30u) sodedsmou ay -porngoz}29)9 (34) nok ajaee a1i92F Aga atau nae eg ROO eRY Hot ae ee Bg 199 ySty ons upey 33 9H Ft Jansey Tem 03 (91ge 9q) ays 97 398 0} 3}qe 94 pn ajdoad s9ito} suntoyd vewn (BueU) fxn Jy ee “34 (Ang you) | sndoq00 ea 3,upjnoo nok yey) UAOUY pe TIT $2 Soto} Yom snk (@Buey> 30U) nos 31 suoUMaud 198 [,00, £2 ain aia ysy auf nas -APOGOU pre9q as[ey & (EIA) NOK J] OZ “AUMOTS B10 aA04p Tod jt sUap|ODe AuBW OF (2ABY JOU) NOA GI ‘Sur Yas (9WwOD) 94 sEapuN 380] 198 AIqEGONS TT BT “UL 0} y (99 30U) 11 20d Jo ayai0g wEYR axEYS no. “2104 Josted 30 “wopsanb Buon PaseMSuE aney 3,uPinoM nok Airgas suopanaysut a (PEL) NOK J] ZL uureye 2ey8sng 9 “Yoru os (412 260) noe j 98p1Iq Jonteq ROK Of “atau Wau 9ava| nos 3 sessepB amok Uo (8) auostI0g g “suuyd omy aaz9] 07 WHY [99 (owed) UEMIT eM JT g “NPN (998) Foy amp J payjsoue aq Kew wysiY YL y {2004} OA You ‘SBuLs as0%N Jo 2u0 no Ang 07 pa1ays0 auDaUOS JI g hens) nox azaym suey 0} 08 nos IL “uatp 10a e (2AY) [71394 209 poi0a eney PINOY | quorng siyp ssaud | 3} (uoddey) wey E “uoqeiqajao & (2AbY) om voryeurUuexd amok ssed nod IL Z “suokue 0} 3 uonuaw 3,uop Je90 94 4s & (PUY) nod jt T jaDPIQ UT SquaA ay ING "sosuay a2i09 943 O31 9-122 Oad sadAy poxtus :sauaquas [euolpuog gg 200 SI UP 3TOy e (wing you) ay vexpod sty uy 1 Bunand a20;0q did sty Ino 3nd pe Sut 9 “day 20} (HED YOU) |} =NOY ax OWL Kem s194N paDs0} BABY PINOM ABYL OE17 CONDITIONALS 1 77 ® Exercise 4 GE Paula, a marketing manager of a car manufacturing company, stalking to her colleague Luis, a production ‘manager. Complete thei conversation withthe words from the fst below. ‘will 62) won't (<2) would (2) wouldn't unless (2) be is i going to be .don’t didn't rata: Luis, Aren't you worried about the proposed strike? ws Well, sure 3 aut You see, ifthe factory workers go oin strike, we (1) ~~ nj Mose a lot of production. If wwe lose production, we (2) ww» be able to supply all our customers. ws. Yes, 1 know, but rata And ifwe (3) supply our customers, they'll probably buy other makes of car, I that happens, our market share (4)... go down, Its not looking good. wos, Well, thats right, bue nats: And what's more, in my experience, when workers go on strike there (5) bad atmosphere for months afterwards us Yes, Par So, (6) you can come to an agreement with the workers soon, there a alot of trouble ahead. If you want my advice, (8) very careful tur: Look, don't worry. riuta: Don't worry? us Yes. Look, the workers know that the success of the company depends on this new model. °) they're stupid, they (10) . go on strike, pa Oh? tus. Now, just imagine ~ if it sold really well, we (11) and our profits. If that happened, we (12) And if we (13) ‘much happier. pavta: Well, [suppose you've got a point. ~~» inerease our market share need to make so many job cuts be have to cut jobs, the trade unions (14) nnn Exercise 5 ‘You are talking to 2 friend about your new job. Use your thoughts to complete the sentences you say. Put the verb in brackets into either the present simple, past simple, imperative, will + infinitive or would + infinitive, ‘You think: People say that hard work usually results in promotion inthis company. ‘You say: (1) They say that if you .WOrK.. (work) hard, you .9@t. (get) promoted, ‘You think: / want fo show them that 'm good at my job so that I can have more job security. ‘You say: (2)1 hope that ifn euennnennns (Bo) MY Best, they (Give) me a permanent contract after a few months. ‘You think: ve been late in the moming a few times. | wish I could work atthe Leiria site whichis nearer my home. You say: (3) 'm sometimes late for werk. If (Got be) such a problem, ‘You think: One thing wos me. had heath problem afew years oe, buts ey unite tha it wal ecu You say: (4) Wonder What on (happen) if my health problem .. ov (eOCCUE? You think: Maybe is not problem, In general they sem fo be very reenable abou ilies: You say: (5) Actually if you . (iiss) one or two days because of illness, they 1» (ot Seem) to mind, You think: Goodbye. hope Il see you soon. You say: (6) f you += Fancy) a drink one evening, just wsnnnnsnnrine (ge) me a fing, swe (work) at the Leiria ste, it76 17 CONDITIONALS + 03) 17 Practice Exercise 1, BBE Underfine the correct words. 1 Hwve‘te/we would be late, they start/they‘d start without us. ‘we wail take/take a taxi, we'l arrive/we arrive sooner. tf we worked/ would work for ADC, we'llget/we'd get a betipe salary ‘When inflation will go/goes up, there would be/is usualy pressure on salaries. I we don't humy/won't hury, we would be/we'llbe late, '¥ you change/are changing your mind, give me/you will gve me a ting Unless you cick/would click on that icon, it didn't won't print out. {you ordered/order on the Net, we always will send/send an email confirmation, {fendi lend you this book, when do you return/will you return it? 10 If you heard/hear anything in the next few days, let me/letting me know. Exercise 2 Ei Bead these sentences and decide ithe events ae ely or imaginary. Complete the sentences by, Putting vert in brackets into the present simple + wl rte past simple + would. Use contracted forms where posi 1 ts not far. if you Me n« olloW) this road, you ..... Il. CEmae...... Come) to the station. an (be) on the Board of this company, |... 844... (argue) against the merger 3 you (rave) any QUESTIONS, .nnuenunee (Seal with them atthe end of m presentation 4 WARE COUN nse: (OAR) al COS from the city centre, there (oot be). ‘much potuton. 5 A: Ihave no idea what the other side are going to propose in the negotiation tomorrow, B Neither do Lf cn (KNOW, | ~ Cel) you. © A> My tain leaves in forty minutes. 8: Itonly takes ten minutes tothe station by tei. f you rene U28¥E) ROW, YOU : (catchy it. 7 A Is that the time? | realy should be going BOW nn sw (walt) @ moment, 1 -~ (ave) you a if 8 A: Would you like to go to English evening dasses with me? 8: Fm sony, but can't. really busy. tf1 vv (have) move time, I. (ove) to. Exercise 3 5 ‘Complete the sentences with the correct pair of possible forms, a)-or b). 1 the bank lends us the money... it in new machinery 8) we'll invest/we're going to invest b) we'd invest/we were investing 2 Wien...» a lot of orders, we always employ extra staff in the factory. 2) we'll get/we got b) we get/we've got 3H cus this project again, | think I'd do it citferenty, 8) Iwas starting started b) i startirve started 4 I the computer crashes, .... someone from the IT department 2) you'd cal/you are cating b) call/you'l have to call20-VERB ¢ VG OR INFINITIVE 2 G Exercise 4 (D2 _cemplete he mirctsloge wth the conc frm ofthe ven brackets On to occasions both forms ae possible, ‘rows’ Hi, Call Ne been meaning (1) $2. 888K.. speaking/to speak) to you all day. Wee trying (2) ~ (booking/to book) a table at that new Chinese restaurant tonight, ‘Would you like to come too? conse: Oh thanks, Td realy like to, but I was intending (3). ‘on my monthly sales report tonighe. Tomas Real? Would you preter (4) eumvnunmnw (COming/to Come) out with ui? Jus this once? eaux Of course I want (5). ~~~ (eing/to go) out with you tonight, but | realy have to £F¢ this report done. I'm sorry it means (6) ~~ (missing /to miss) dinner with you ‘guys tonight. Twowss: Well, pechaps next time then, fants Yeah And neat tie don't forget (7) aman (givng/to giv) me as mach notice ax 7 posible beforehand so I can keep the evening fee, wows: Oh, che rouble with you, Cars i that you never stop (8) - (working/to work). You should remember (9) ~~ (having /to have) some fun sometimes, comix Look, Thomas, you know I'd really love (10). Goining/to join) you, but I jus. mown WEE You BO 00 (11) vnnnnnn (WOHkiNg/t0 work) like You do at che moment, you start (12). Getting /to get) really tresed, and then you'll regret : (9. missing out/to miss out) on your social life. It happened to 2 friend of mine ~ in the end he went on (14) (having/to have) a nervous breakdown, : cari: Oh, come on. Stop (15) ~ (being/to be) so dramatic. I don't enjoy (18) wronennvm (king /t0 take) work home, its just that I like (17) fe Gnishing /o finish) my reports on time. Exercise 5 ij ERE (Geartingg/to start) work svn (by) things that wee a ite diferent ‘consequence of ou poiy i tha casomers wll ay more CDs an hi MEAS () ee ooo (retum) more that they don’t like, tot es weck troup bck cight CDs. om the fourcen I ad bv on he previous Vk oar srs toca ~GSeP) sacha age member, sd accu Me Of (9) wemnnnne A) the CDs hoe jut “= (€2p9) them. {strongly objected w (11) (be) weated Ike this af 1 had remembered (Cring) he recspts with me and my actions were within the ems of your guarantee Heat help (13) + hink) tat you wil lee lot of busines if you sa go on (14) Cochave) in thie WRI NH avi86 YOU (15) nee (ai) you tf (16). vw (eal) with customers ina more polite manne, Yours sincerely ban Carr88 20.VERB+-ING OR INFINITIVE 2 S i 20 Practice Exercise 1B ‘Unsietline the correct words. ‘Ym sorry | forget to.cal/caling you, but | was relly busy. | stopped in Pars for a few days fo meet/meeting Hen. ‘We've stopped to meet/meeting so often. it was a waste oFtime. Learning a language means to be/being interested in the culture as well | meant to make/making some more photocopies, but | didn't have time. Please remember to speak/speaking to Josie when you see her. | don't remember to say/saying anything lke that. * | Wied t0 open/apening the window, but it was too high to reach. | tied fo open/opening the window, but it was sil too hot in the room, . 10 il nevet forget to give/ghing my frst presentation to the Board. 11 Don't forget fo bok at/looking at the audience when you speak. 12. We regret fo announce/announcing the death of our founder, Mr Obuchi 13 regret to quit/quitng my MBA course. 14. The new product is doing really well. 1 least. 15 First I'l say a litle about the history of the company, then I'l go on to describe describing our nex range of products. -we should go on to sell/seling it for another six mon Exercise 2 Bl “Match the situations a)—d) to the sentences 1~4 below. 2) I heard part of your conversation. b) saw your whole presentation. QI saw the whole tour. passed them in tie corridor 1 Sony to interrupt, but I heard you talking about e-books. 2 I heard you talk about e-books at the Internet seminar. 3. I saw Barbara showing the visitors round the factory. 4 saw Barbara show the visitors our new production line. oo000 Exercise 3 Hl] ME Complete the sentences with being or to be. Lenjoy - taken out for expensive meals. ‘The Minister denied ... given a bribe. ‘The Minister refused . ‘questioned about the bribe. expect asked some tough questions after my presentation, Do you mind - picked up at the airport by a taxi? How avdull imagine . asked to give a presentation on a topic like that!apisioat saat © 20 Practice Exercise 1 Bi Undine the correct words. weransune 10 2 3 14 ''m sorry | forgot fo call/calling you, but | was really busy. | stopped in Paris for a few days to meet/meeting Henri ‘We've stopped fo meet/meeting so often. It was a waste oftime. Learning a language means to be/being interested in the culture as well |I meant fo make/making some more photocopies, but | didn’t have time. Please remember to speak/speaking to Josie when you see her. | don’t remember to say/saying anything ike that. * {tried f0 open opening the window, but it was too high to reach. | tried fo open opening the window, but it was stil too hot in the room. "il neve’ forget to aive/aiving my first presentation to the Board. Don't forget to look at/looking at the audience when you speak. ‘We regret fo announce/announcing the death of our founder, Mr Obuchi. [regret to quit/quitting my MBA course ‘The new product is doing really well. think we should go on to sell/selling it for another six mon least. 7 First I say a litle about the history of the company, then I'l go on to describe/describing our ne, range of products. Exercise 2 BI Match the situations a)-d) to the sentences 1~4 below. 1 2 3 4 2) I heard part of your conversation, b) saw your whole presentation. [saw the whole tour, passed them in thie corridor. Sony to interrupt, but heard you talking about e-books, C] "heard you talk about e-books atthe internet seminar. [] | saw Barbara showing the vistors round the factory. = [] | saw Barbara show the vistors our new production line. [] Exercise 3 i] IE ‘Complete the sentences with being or to be. | enjoy ....B&iNg... taken out for expensive meals. ‘The Minister denied .. given a bribe. The Minister refused .~- questioned about the bribe. expect nnn asked some tough questions after my presentation, picked up at the airport by a taxi? How awful! Imagine asked to give a presentation on a topic like that!ae ialogue by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form, using -ing or to + Exercise 4 BI EI Qrs compete hein infatve sane: Ob, no, not again, reananos: What's wrong? ‘sans: My computer’ crashed. Ie keeps (1) 824... (do) it.I have to save my documents every few minutes 0F [Fisk (2) ...ntunone- (ose) all the work Ive jug done. Fennanos: Have you got enough disk space? ssassi: Yeah, I have. 1 really don't know what's causing it (3) (rash) 50 often. Look, you'te good at computers. What do you advise me (4) -~- (do)? rerason: Well I don't know. [ haven't been trained (8) nnn.uas (ix) them. You'll have to ask an IT technician (6) -» (Come) and have a look at it ‘sage: Hah. You know, there’ no point (7). (cal) a technician - they'll be ages and . U really can't aford (8). - (wait) all day for someone to come, I'm realy busy. rexsuson Why don't you phone th helpdesk then? Thy ane you what (9) (40) over the phone. ssans: Oh, yeah. I suppose so. ‘rennanon: And if you're really that busy, have you considered (10) you, she hasn't got a lot of work at the moment. wane: Ob, hasnt she? That’ great. ' ak her (11) onan (sk) Sophie to help (type) up this report. Thanks. Exercise 5 El El ‘Complete this email that circulated in a company that makes mobile phones. Choose a verb from thelist bbelow and use the correct form, «ing or infinitive with to ‘interview be pay pretend receive refer show take talk worry Ad stalin Production department z Visit by joualist about heath risks from moble phones, ‘Alpumalis from the magazine Technology Review wants (1) ...40.isteCvifw... tomeone from Production about heath, ‘eke for mobile phone users trom radiation. I Wil INVOWE (2) cums 0 RIM OvOr Lunch one day nest weet. He's oftored (2). Any volunteers? 4 my opinion i not worth (4) foo much about tis as the latest research shows thatthe ricks seem ©. wv Minimal. But on the otter hand ne God (6) an ‘there's no problem at a | ould suggest simply (7) vs: the recent report fom the National Safety Board. Anyway, he's kindly agreed (8) v= balanced View. | look forward 10 (10) nn. “Your Comments on this matter asap,84 19 VERB + ING OR INFINITIVE 1 A ee 19 Practice Exercise 1 iE Unudetine the correct words. We can’t afford 10.miss/missing this opportunity. Do you fancy fo go/going for a drink after work? ‘Are you waiting fo use/using the phone? - Its not worth fo spend/spendiing any more time on this. We decided fo cose down/closing down the factory in Belgium. You promised to delver/delivering by April, and it's now May. | considered to call/calling him, but | decided it was better to write If we don’t decide soon, we risk fo lose/losing the whole contract. She agreed to prepare/preparing some figures before the next meeting. : 10. I'm sorry, there seems fo be/being a misunderstanding here. 11 Is MeMessier busy? OK, I don't mind to wait/waiting for a few minutes. 12. He refused to sign/signing the contract until he'd spoken to his boss. 13. May I suggest fo postpone/postponing the meeting until next week? Exercise 2 EE Complete these sentences withthe verbs from the lst below. Choose either the -ing form orto + infrt give write fly receive make recognise advertise help think speak 1 They agreed .. us thirty more days to pay the invoice. 2 He pretended ime, but I don't think he knew who I was. 3. There's no point this brand on TY, it would cost too much. 4. We're expecting some more stock early next week. 5. Fijoin you later. need to finish this report. 6 Heart... _ Portuguese when | worked in Brazil j 7. work in public relations. My job involves contact with the media 8 leant help 9 leant afford . 10 can't promise ‘that something is going to go wrong, _. business dass all the time. se You With this problem, but ldo my best. Exercise 3B Complete the following sentences with verbs from thelist below. Include an object in every case advice remind persuade expect help encourage force 1 I'm sorry | missed work yesterday. The doctor ..dvised..me,..te... stay in bed. 2A Wied 10 ‘come with us tonight, but he said he was busy. 3. Could you ‘all Head Office later? | right forget. 4H you employ a secretary, i Wl. vnsnennnne eal with all the paperwork 5. She hasn't called yet, but I. _- Contact me some time today. 6 Ii’ fel very confident, but she. sennee ABYFor the job 7 The fallin demand a nen "make some of our best workers redundantAfter see, watch, hear an -ing form suggests that we observe part of a complete action; we start looking or listening when it is already going on. The infinitive is used when we want to suggest that we observe the whole action from the béginning to end. e.g. When I walked passed his house I heard him practising the. I heard him play the Beethoven violin concerto. iolit When I glanced out of the window I saw Mary crossing the road. 1 watched him step off the pavement, cross the road and disappear ‘into the post office. - Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive): I am looking forward to (see) you. ‘He dreads (have) to retire. arranged (meet) them here. le urged us (work) faster. wish (see) the manager. "'s no use (wait). He wamed her (not touch) the wire. Don't forget (lock) the door before (go) to bed. 9.My mother told me (not speak) to anyone about it. 10.1 can't understand her (behave) like that. 11, He tried (explain) but-she refused (listen). 12, At dinner she annoyed me by (smoke) between; the courses. 13. You are expected (know) the safety regulations of the college: 14,He decided (disguise) himself by (dress) as a woman, 15. Would you mind (show) me how (work) the lift? 16. After (walk) for three hours we stopped to let others (catch up) with us. 17. He was fined for (exceed) the speed limit. 18.1 regret (inform) you that your application has been refused. 19.1 couldn't help (overhear) what you said. 20. Mrs Jones: «I don't allow (smoke) in my drawing room». Mrs Smith:»I don't allow my family (smoke) at ally. mom 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7: 8.2)-ing form is used after all prepositions (before, without, by, about, from, of...) ¢.g. What prevented you from doing it? You should check the oil before starting the car. -ING FORM OR INFINITIVE Some verbs can be followed either by an -ing form or an infinitive usually with a difference in meaning. The most important cases are: remember, forget, stop, g0 on, regret I) remember + -ing form - remember what one has done or what has happened e.g.I shall always remember meeting you for the first time. remember + infinitive —remember what one has to do e.g. Remember to go to the post office. 2) forget + -ing form —forget what one has done or what has happened eg.I shall. never forget secing the Queen. Sorget + infinitive - forget what one has to do. ‘e.g. She's always forgetting to give me my letters. Don't forget to write to Aunt Mary. 3) stop + -ing - stop what one is doing or does eg. really must stop smoking stop + infinitive - make a break or pause in order to do something e.g. Every half hour I stop work to smoke a cigarette. 4) go on + -ing—continue what one has been doing e.g. How long do you intend to go on playing these CDs? go on + infinitive — change, move on to something new. e.g. He welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations. 5) regret + -ing—be sorry for what has happened e.g. I regret telling her what I thought. regret + infinitive — be sorry for what one is going to say ¢.g.I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment. With the following verbs there is not much difference between -ing form or infinitive: like, love, hate, prefer. e.g. I like (enjoy) walking in the rain. I like to get_up early. (choose to, be in the habit of) With allow, advise, forbid, permit we put an -ing form when there is no personal object. If we say who is advised, allowed etc. the infinitive is used. ¢.g. Sorry, we don't allow smoking in the lecture room. We don't allow people to smoke in here. I wouldn't advise taking the car, there's nowhere to park, I wouldn't advise you to take the car....INFINITIVE AND -ING FORM Infinitive There are a number of forms: 1) the most common is fotinfinitive e.g. to see, 10 go... (without fo when following a model auxiliary verb e.g.can see) 2) continuous infinitive e.g. I didn't expect f0 be eating here with “fou. 3) a perfect infinitive c.g. To have won this trophy is like a dream come true. 4) passive infinitive (with transitive verbs) eg. To be awarded the Nobel Prize is always a fantastic achievement. 5) a passive perfect infinitive é eg.It is an honour fo have been invited here this evening. Infinitive can function -as the subject of a sentence ; eg. To be eating here is a wonderful experience. -as the object of a sentence e.g. 1 wanted fo have completed my work before anyone else. I promised 10 listen to him. The infinitive is usually used with the preposition fo. But it is also used without fo in the following cases: 1) with auxiliary verbs (except ought to): can-could, may-might, must, shall-should, will- would, do (when aux. verb) and usually but not always with dare and need (in neg. and interrog. sentences) eg. He dare not open the door. He need not come. He must leave now. 2) with the following verbs: see, watch, hear, let, make. eg.I see him enter the room, I will make him go there. 3) with the following phrases: had better, had rather, had sooner, rather than, cannot but. eg. You had better go home now. They determined to die rather than surrender. I had sooner stay where I am. The form of verb ending in -ing (e.g. writing) is sometimes called the present participle when it is used like a verb or adjective or it can be called the gerund when it is used more like a noun. e.g. present participle I sat smoking and wondering what. to do. gerund Smoking is bad for you. When one verb is followed by another, the second verb is not always in the infinitive. 1) The most common verbs followed by -ing form are: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, excuse, feel like, finish, give up, can't help, mind, postpone, risk, can't stand, suggest. eg. really appreciate having time to relax. They have just finished decorating the room. Excuse my interrupting -f-