Example 15.

1
Show, using Mohr’s circle, that the depth of a tension crack is zcr = 2su/sat for a saturated
clay.

Solution 15.1

Show, using Mohr’s circle, that the depth of a tension crack is for a saturated
clay.


su

sat × z 

The Mohr total stress circle for no-tension limit is as shown above.

 sat  z  0
su 
2
2s u
 z  z cr 
 sat
Example 15.2
Show that a tension crack will not appear in a saturated clay if a surface stress of
is present.

Solution 15.2

From Eq. (15.30),  x a = z  2s u  q s

If  x a  0 then q s  2s u  z cr

If no tension crack develops, z cr = 0, then q s  2s u

Example 15.3
A trench is to be excavated in a clay soil with sat = 20 kN/m3 and su = 15 kPa.

(a) Determine the theoretical maximum depth of the trench without lateral support.
(b) It was decided to use a bentonite slurry of unit weight f to fill the trench as
excavation proceeds. Show that the theoretical maximum depth of the trench is
where sat is the saturated unit weight of the soil and su is the undrained
shear strength.
(c) How much deeper can the trench be excavated by using a bentonite slurry of f = 11
kN/m3?

Solution 15.3

4s 4  15
(a) H cr   '  (20  9.8)  5.9m
' u

4s u
H '

(b) '
cr

If the trench is filled with bentonite slurry of unit weight  f then '  sat  f
4s u
 H 'cr 
 sat   f

(c)
4s u 4  15
If the trench is filled with bentonite (H cr ) bentonite    6.7m
'

 sat   f (20  11)

Additional depth of excavation by using bentonite = 6.7 -5.9 = 0.8 m

Example 15.4
Plot the variation of active and passive lateral pressures with depth for the soil profile shown in
Figure P15.4.

Solution 15.4

Active Passive
Lateral Lateral
Depth  ' ' Ka Water Depth Kp Water
Pressure Pressure
m kN/m3 kN/m3 ° kPa kPa m kPa kPa
0 0
4+ 17 17 20 0.49 0.49 x 17 x 4 = 33.3
4- 0.33 0.33 x 17 x 4 = 22.4 0
0.33 x 18 x 3 + 22.4 =
7+ 18 18 30 0.33 0
40.2
0.38 x (17 x 4 + 18 x 3)
7- 0.38 0 7 0 0
= 46.4
0.38 x 8 x 5 + 46.4 = 2.66 x 8 x 5
12 17.8 8 27 0.38 49 12 2.66 49
61.6 = 106.4
 Pressure (kPa)
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100
0

Active pressure
2
Passive pressure
4
Water pressure (Active)
Depth (m)

Water pressure 6
(Passive)

10

12

14
Example 15.5
A retaining wall 8 m high supports a soil of saturated unit weight 18 kN/m3, φ’cs = 30° .
The backfill is subjected to a surcharge of 15 kPa. Calculate the active force on the wall if
(a) the wall is smooth and (b) the wall is rough (δ = 20°). Groundwater is below the base
of the wall.

Solution 15.5
All forces are per m length of wall.
Determine K a
⎛ φ ′cs ⎞ ⎛ 30° ⎞ 1
Rankine: δ = 0, K aR = tan 2 ⎜⎜ 45° − ⎟⎟ = tan 2 ⎜ 45° − ⎟=
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3
Coulomb: δ = 20°, ϕ ′ = ϕcs′ , β = 0 and η = 0
From computer program utility Ka – Kp coefficient at www.wiley.com/college/budhu,
K a = 0.3

Determine lateral forces

Smooth wall: Use Rankine’s method

1 1 1
Rankine: PaR = K aR γ H o2 = × ×18 × 82 = 192 kN
2 2 3

1
Surcharge q s = 15kPa ; σ ′x = K aR × q s = 15 × = 5 kPa
3
Surcharge force = Ps = σ x′ × H o = 5 × 8 = 40 kN

Total lateral force = FaR = PaR + Ps = 192 + 40 = 232 kN

Rough wall: Use Coulomb’s method.

1 1
Coulomb: Pac = K ac H 2 = × 0.3 × 18 × 82 = 172.8 kN
2 2
Surcharge Ps = 15 × 0.3 × 8 = 36kN
Total lateral force = Fac = 172.8 + 36 = 208.8 kN

Horizontal component of Fac : (Fax )c = Fac cos = 208.8cos20 =196.2 kN

Vertical component of Fac : (Faz )c = Facsin =208.8sin20=71.4kN

Example 15.6
A retaining wall 5 m high was designed to stabilize a slope of 15°. The back of the wall is
inclined 10° to the vertical and may be assumed to be rough, with  = 20°. The soil
parameters are ’cs = 30° and sat = 17.5 kN/m3. After a flood, the groundwater level,
which is usually below the base of the wall, rose to the surface. Calculate the lateral force
on the wall. Neglect seepage effects.

Solution 15.6
All forces are per m length of wall.

o
15

o
10
PaC (soil)
o
20 o
H 10

Water pressure

Use Coulomb’s method. Determine K aC using the computer program utility at

www.wiley.com/college/budhu
All forces are per m length of wall.
K aC  0.48 for cs  30 ,  15,  10,   20
o

Before flood:
1 1
PaC = K a H 2 =  0.48  17.5  5 2  105kN/m
2 2
฀ component: PaC × cos( + ) = 105 × cos (20 + 10) = 90.9 kN
Horizontal
After flood:
1 1
Soil: PaC  K a  H =  0.48  (17.5  9.8)  5  46.2kN
2 2

2 2
1 1
Water: PaC   w H   9.8  5  122.5kN
2 2

2 2
Horizontal component from soil: PaC cos ( + ) = 46.2 cos (20 +10) = 40 kN
Horizontal component from water: PaC cos () = 122.5 cos (10) = 120.6 kN
Total horizontal component = 40 + 120.6 = 160.6 kN (after flood)
Exam mple 15.7
Figurre P15.7 sh hows rigid walls
w of heeight Ho witth different geometriess. Sketch thhe
distriibution of lateral earth pressures
p on each wall; iindicate the location andd direction oof
the reesultant lateral force. Sh
how on yourr diagram w what other foorces act onn the wall, foor
exammple, the weeight of the wall (Ww) and the w weight of thee soil (Ws).. You shoulld
( δ > 0 andd (b) δ = 0.
consiider two casees of soil–waall friction: (a)

Soluttion 15.7

No wall
w friction

With
h wall frictio
on
Example 15.8
Which of the two walls in Figure P15.8 gives the larger horizontal force? (Show
calculations.)

Solution 15.8

(a)
 = 18 kN m 3 , cs  30 ,   15  ,  = 0,   0

From computer program utility: Ka – Kp coefficient at www.wiley.com/college/budhu

K aC  0.3
The horizontal component is KaC x cos (15) = 0.29

(b)
 =18 kN m 3 cs  30  ,   15,   90  60  30 ,   0

From computer program utility: Ka – Kp coefficient at www.wiley.com/college/budhu

K aC = 0.686
The horizontal component is KaC x cos (45) = 0.485

Therefore (b) gives the larger horizontal force

Example 15.9
Determine the stability of the concrete gravity wall shown in Figure P15.9.

Solution 15.9

Determine the stability of the concrete gravity wall

W1
Backfill: Coarse-grained soil:
cs  32,   18 kN m 3 ,   15,  concrete  24 kN m 3

W2 Base soil: Coarse-grained soil:

 'cs  34,   19 kN m3 ,  'b  20
Step 1: Determine K aC

From computer program utility: Ka – Kp coefficient at www.wiley.com/college/budhu

K aC  0.32

Step 2: Determine lateral forces

1 1
PaC  K aC H 2   0.32  18  4 2  46.1 kN ;
2 2
PaC acts at an angle   15  to the horizontal
 Horizontal component of PaC : Pax c  PaC cos   46.1 cos15  44.5 kN
Vertical component of PaC : Paz c  Pac sin   46.1 sin15  11.9 kN

Surcharge
Fx  K aC qsH cos   0.32  10  4 cos15  12.4 kN
Fz  K aC qsH sin   0.32  10  4 sin15  3.3 kN
Total horizontal force
Rx  44.5  12.4  56.9 kN

Step 3: Determine wall stability

฀ W1  b 2 H c  0.5  4  24  48 kN
1 1
W2  b1 H c   2.5  4  24  120 kN
2 2
Total weight = 120 + 48 = 168 kN
Total vertical force: R z = 168 + 11.9 + 3.3 = 183.2 kN

M o  W1 x1  W2 x2  Paz C  B  Fz  B  Pax C za  Fx  

H
2
 0.5  2  4 4
= 48  2.5    120    2.5   11.9  3  3.3  3  44.5   12.4 
 2  3  3 2
= 293.5 kNm

293 .5
x = 1.6m
183 .2

B
e= x  1.6  1.5  0.1 m
2

Check rotational stability

B 3 B
  0.5 ; e < , therefore wall is unlikely to rotate
6 6 6

Check translation

Base resistance, T = R z tan  = 183.2  tan20 = 66.7 kN

T 66 .7
FS    1.2  1.5 ; unsatisfactory
R x 56 .9
Check bearing capacity.

R z  6e  183 .2  6  0.1 
 max  1    1    73.3kPa
A  B  3.0  1  3.0 

For strip footing, n = 2 , i = (1 – Rx/Rz)3 = (1 – 56.9/183.2)3 = 0.33

B  B  2e  3  2  0.1  2.8m

1
q ult   19  2.8  31.4  0.33  276 kPa
2
276
FS =  3.8  3 ; Bearing capacity satisfactory. Increase base width to satisfy sliding
73.3
criteria.
 Example 15.10
Determine the stability of the cantilever wall shown in Figure P15.10 and sketch a
drainage system to prevent buildup of porewater pressures behind the wall.

Solution 15.10

Step 1: Determine the active lateral force per meter and its location. From computer
program utility: Ka – Kp coefficient at www.wiley.com/college/budhu
K aC  0.33
Thickness of wall at top of base+ 0.5 + 6/20 = 0.8 m
H = 6m + 1m + 2.5 tan 8 = 7.35m

Soil mass:
Lateral force from soil mass:
1 1
Pac  K aC  satH 2   0.33  18.5  7.35 2  164.9 kN
2 2
Horizontal component: Pax  PaC cos 164.9 cos20  155 kN
Vertical component: Paz  PaC sin  164.9sin20  56.4 kN
฀
฀ the resultant vertical for per unit length and its location.
Step 2: Determine
฀
 A table is useful to keep the calculation tidy and easy to check

Part Force moment arm from moment + (kN/m)

toe(m)
1 0.5  2.5  0.35  18.5  8.1 3.67 29.7
2 2.5  6.0  18.5  277 .5 3.25 901.9
3 0.5  6.0  24  72 1.75 126
฀4 0.5  0.3  6  24  21.6 1.4 30.2
5 1  4.5  24  108 2.25 243
Paz 56.4 4.5 253.4
Rz  543.6  () 1584.2
Pax 155.0 2.45 (-) 379.8
฀  M o  1204.4
฀ ฀
Location of resultant vertical component of force from toe is:
฀
1204.4
x =  2.22m
543.6
Step 3: Determine eccentricity

B 4.5
฀ e= x =  2.22  0.03m
2 2
Step 4: Determine stability

฀ B 4 .5
  0.75  e ;
Rotation: therefore rotation is satisfactory
6 6

Translation.

T  Rz tanb  543.6 tan20 197.8 kN

T 197.8
FST    1.3  1.5; unsatisfactory
Pax 155.0
฀
Bearing capacity
฀
R z  6e  543.6  6  0.03 
( z ) max  1   = 1  125.6kPa
A  B 4.5  1  4.5 
Short term loading
qult = 5.14su = 5.14 x 94 = 483.2kPa
qult ฀ 483.4
FSB    3.8  3 ; therefore bearing capacity is satisfactory for short term
( z ) max 125.6
loading.
Long term loading
฀ For p  30, N   16.1 (assuming a layer of granular material will be placed between the
base and the foundation soil)

฀
 i = 0.37
1 1
q ult  BN i    19  4.44  16.1 0.37  251 kPa
2 2
qult 251
FSB    2  3; therefore bearing capacity is not satisfactory for long term
( z ) max 125.64
loading.

฀

A drainage system to prevent build up of pore water pressures behind the wall is shown.
Example 15.11
The drainage system of a cantilever wall shown in Figure P15.11 became blocked after a
heavy rainstorm and the groundwater level, which was originally below the base, rose to
1.5 m below the surface. Determine the stability of the wall before and after the rainfall.
Neglect seepage effects.

Solution 15.11

Step 1: Determine the active lateral force per meter and its location From computer
program utility: Ka – Kp coefficient at www.wiley.com/college/budhu
K aC  0.314

Before rainfall
Lateral force from soil mass
1 1
Pac  KaC  sat H 2   0.314  17.9  52  70.3kN
2 2
Horizontal component: Fax  Pac cos   70.3 cos 14  68.2kN

Vertical component: Faz  Pac sin   70.3sin14  17kN

 4

Surcharge:
Fx  K aC qs H cos   0.314  5  5 cos 14  7.6 kN
Fz  K aC qs H sin   0.314  5  5 sin14  1.9 kN
Vertical force from surcharge = 5 x 4.1 = 20.5 kN

Paz = 17 + 1.9 = 18.9 kN

Pax = 68.2+ 7.6 = 75.8 kN

Step 2: Determine the resultant vertical force per unit length and its locations.

Part Force kN m Moment arm from toe (m) Moment  kNm m
1 4.1×4.6×17.9 = 337.6 2.45 827.1
2 5×0.4×24 = 48 0.2 9.6
3 4.1×0.4×24 = 39.4 2.45 96.5
4 5 x 4.1 = 20.5 2.45 50.2
Paz 18.9 4.5 85.1
R z  464.4 Resisting moment=  1068.7

Pax Soil: 68.2 5/3 113.7

Surcharge: 7.6 5/2 19

disturbing moment =  132.7
Location of resultant vertical component of force from toe is
Mo 1068.5  132.7
x  2m
Rz 464.4
Step 3: Determine eccentricty

B 4.5
e x   2  0.25 m
z 2

Step 4: Determine stability

B 4.5
Rotation:   0.75  e, therefore rotation is satisfactory
6 6

Translation

  R z tan b  464.4  tan 20  169 kN

 169
 FS    2.2  1.5, therefore, translation is satisfactory
Pax 75.8

Bearing capacity

Rz  6e  464.4  6  0.25 
max  1    1    138 kPa
A  B 4.5  4.5 

For cs  32 , N  22.5

Pax n 1 75.8 3
i   (1  )  (1  )  0.59
Rz 464.4
B  B  2e  4.5  2  0.25  4 m
1 1
q ult  BN  i    19  4  22.5  0.59  504 kPa
2 2
q ult 504
 FSB    3.7  3 , therefore, bearing capacity is satisfactory
max 138

After rain fall:

Step 1: Determine the active lateral force and its location
H1 = 1.5m, H2 = 3.5m
 4 1.52 8.2 8.6 kPa

6
8

10
9
5
water

Lateral force from soil mass

1 1
Pac  K aC  sat H12  K aC  sat H1H 2  K aC H 22 =
2 2
1 1
 0.314  (17.9)  1.5 2  0.314  (17.9)  1.5  3.5   0.314  (17.9  9.8)  (3.5) 2  6.3  29.5  15.6  51.4 kN
2 2

1
Water force =  9.8  (3.5) 2  60.2 kN
2

Horizontal component: Fax  51.4  cos 14  50kN

Vertical component: Faz  51.4  sin14  12.4 kN

Faz  12.4  1.9  14.3 kN

Fax  50  60.2  7.6  117.8kN

Step 2: Determine the resultant vertical force per unit length and its location
The lateral stresses shown on the right of the figure above have been multiplied by cos
(14) because we are using Coulomb’s analysis.

Part Force Moment arm Moment

from toe(m) kNm m
1 (4.1 x 1.5 x 17.9) + [4.1 2.45 521.9
x 3.1 x (17.9 – 9.8)] =
213
2 48 0.2 9.6
3 4.1  0.4  24  9.8  23.3 2.45 57.1
*
4 5 x 4.1 = 20.5 2.25 50.2
5 0.5 x 9.8 x 12 = 4.9 1/3 16.3
Paz 14.3 4.5 64.4
 R z  319.1  Resisting moment
= 735.8
6 1.52 x 5 = 7.6 2.5 19
7 0.5 x 8.2 x 1.5 = 6.2 4.25 26.4
8 8.2 x 3.5 = 28.9 1.75 50.6
9 0.5 x 8.6 x 3.5 =15 1.17 17.6
10 0.5 x 9.8 x 3.52 = 60 1.17 70.2
 Disturbing
moment = =183.8

*Although seepage effects are neglected, this part of the base in completely bouyant.

Location of resultant vertical component of force from toe is

Mo 735.8  183.8
x   1.73
Rz 319.1

Step 3: Determine eccentricity

B 4.5
e x   1.73  0.52 m
2 2
Step 4: Determine stability

B 4.5
Rotation:   0.75 > e, therefore rotation is satisfactory
6 6

Translation
  R z tan b  319.1  tan 20  116kN kN
T 116
 FS    1  1.5 ;therefore, FS against translation is not satisfactory. Wall
Fax (117.8  4.9)
is on the verge of failure.

Bearing Capacity
R z  6e  319.1  6  0.52 
max  1    1    120 kPa
A B 4.5  4.5 
P (117.8  4.9) 3
i   (1  ax ) n 1  (1  )  0.27
Rz 319.1
B  B  2e  4.5  2  0.52  3.46 m
1 1
q ult   BN  i   19  9.8  3.46  22.5  0.27  97 kPa
2 2

q ult 97
 FSB    0.8  3 : therefore, FS against bearing capacity is not satisfactory. Wall
max 120
will fail.
Example 15.12
Determine the embedment depth, d, and maximum bending moment for the cantilever sheet
pile wall shown in Figure P15.12. Use the factored strength method (FSM) with F = 1.25.

Solution 15.12

2
4 3

Coarse –grained soil: cs  29,   17 kN m 3 , S  0.9,   0

Determine embedment depth, d, and M max using FSM


GS 
 G s  Se  w 2.7  1.735
    w , e 
   1.156
 1 e   1.735  0.9
S
w
 G e  2.7  1.156 
 sat   s  w   9.8  17 .53 kN m
3
 1 e   1  1.156 
    sat   w  (17.53  9.8)  7.73 kN m 3

 cs 29 
 design    23 .2 ;
Fs 1.25
From Appendix C: K ax  0.45, K x  2.3

Hydrostatic pressures cancel due to even water level

Part Pressure Force Moment Arm Moment
1 .45  17  1  7.65 .5  7.65  1  3.83 1.83  d o  (7.01+3.83 d o )

2 .45  17  7.65 7.65  1.5  d o   11.48  7.65d o 1.5  d o  /2 (8.61+11.48 d o  3.83d o 2 )

3 .45  7.73  1.5  d o  0.5  3.48  1.5  d o 2  1.5  d o  (1.96+3.91 d O  2.61d O  0.58d O )
2 3

=3.48 1.5  d o  3.91  5.22d o  1.74d o2

3

Active force  19.22  12.87d o  1.74d o2 Active moment = (17.58+19.22

d o  6.44d o  0.58d o
2 3
)
4 2.3  7.73  d o  17.78d o 0.5 x 17.18do = 8.89do do 2.96 d o
3

3
Moment
2.38d o  6.44d o  19.22d o  17.58  0
3 2

Solving for do we get do = 4.73m

Design depth = 1.2  4.73 = 5.68m

Ho

do = 4.73
5.25 m
m
0.95 m

Average passive pressure = K px [  1  Ho  1  1.1d o  = 2.3 [17 x 1+ 7.73  (2.5 - 1 + 1.1  4.73) =
158.3 kPa
Average active pressure = K ax    1.1d o = 0.45  7.73  1.1  4.73 =18.1 kPa
Net force = (158.3 - 18.1)  0.2  4.73 = 132.6kN
Active force = 19.22 + 12.87(4.73) + 1.74(4.73) 2 =119 kN
Passive force = 8.89(4.73) 2 =198.9 kN
R =198.9 – 119 = 79.9 kN <132.6 kN
Therefore depth of penetration satisfactory

The lateral coefficient ratios for FS=1.0 and FS=1.25 are:

 K ax FS1 0.34
K1    0.76
K ax FS1.25 0.45
K px FS1.0 3
K2    1.3
KpxFS1.25 2.3
Let z be the distance of zero shear below the excavation

Then: 0.76(19.22+12.87+1.74 z 2 ) -1.3  8.89 z 2 = 0

10.23 z 2  9.78z  14.61  0

2
 z - 0.96z - 1.43 = 0

0.96  .96 2  4(1.43)

z=  1.77 m
2
Maximum bending moment is: 0.76(17.08 + 19.22  1.77+ 6.44  1.77 2  058  1.77 3 ) -1.3 
2.96  1.77 3 =35.3 kN.m
 Example 15.13
Determine the embedment depth, d, and maximum bending moment for the cantilever
sheet pile wall shown in Figure P15.13 for long-term conditions. Use the FSM with F =
1.25, and the NPPM with (FS)r = 1.5. Compare the results.

Solution 5.13

1 hw = 1.5m
2
H

a = 1m
3
4

z
d 5
7
6
 qs 10 kPa Coefficients
H 2.5 m ' 8.4 kN/m 3
Lat. Coefficients in use
cs 27 deg js 0.9 kN/m3 Active 0.45
a 18 deg aj 9.3 kN/m 3
Passive 2.9
p 13.5 deg pj 7.5 kN/m 3
factored
uc 8.9 kPa Kax 0.45
hw 1.5 m Pw 27.8 kN Kpx 2.9
 17.2 kN/m3 y 3.81 m Unfactored
a 1 m Kax 0.36
d 5.22 m Kpx 3.9
Moment
Part Pressure Forces arm M
1 4.5 25.52 2.84 72.3
2 11.6 8.7 6.22 54.2
3 11.6 5.8 5.72 33.2
4 4.2 2.1 5.55 11.6
5 15.8 82.4 2.61 215.0
6 21.7 56.8 1.74 98.8
water 8.9 27.8 3.81 106.1
Sum of active moments 518.8
7 114.2 298.1 1.74 518.8
FS 1.00

b)
qs 10 kPa Coefficients
H 2.5 m ' 8.4 kN/m 3
Lat. Coefficients in use
cs 27 deg js 1.2 kN/m 3
Active 0.36
a 18 deg aj 9.6 kN/m 3
Passive 3.9
p 13.5 deg pj 7.2 kN/m 3
factored
uc 8.6 kPa Kax 0.45
hw 1.5 m Pw 20.0 kN Kpx 2.9
 17.2 kN/m3 y 2.76 m Unfactored
a 1 m Kax 0.36
d 3.63 m Kpx 3.9
Part Pressure Forces Moment arm M
1 3.6 14.38 2.00 28.7
2 9.3 7.0 4.63 32.3
3 9.3 4.6 4.13 19.2
4 3.5 1.7 3.97 6.8
5 12.7 46.3 1.82 84.1
6 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0
water 8.6 20.0 2.76 55.0
Sum of active moments 197.5
7 89.7 163.0 1.21 197.5
Fr 1.00
 hw = 1.5m
1
2
H

a = 1m
3
4

z
d 5
7
 Example 15.14
An anchored sheet pile wall is shown in Figure P15.14. Determine the embedment depth, the
maximum bending moment, and the force on the anchor per unit length of wall. Use either FSM
F = 1.25 or the NPPM with (FS)r = 1.5. Assume the soil above the groundwater to be saturated.

Solution 15.14(a)

hw = 2 m
1
2
H anchor

a = 4m
3
4

z
d 5
7
6
Solution 15.14 FSM
qs 10 kPa Coefficients in use
'
3
H 6 m 7.0 kN/m Kax 0.45
cs 24 deg js 1.6 kN/m3 Kpx 2.5
a aj
3
16 deg 8.6 kN/m Factored
p pj
3
12 deg 5.4 kN/m Kax 0.45
h 1 m uc 32.7 kPa Kpx 2.5
hw 2 m Pw 229.2 kN Unfactored
 16.8 kN/m3 y 8.02 m Kax 0.35
a 4 m Kpx 3.1
d 10.03 m
design d 12.0 m
Part Pressure Forces Moment arm M
1 4.5 72.1 7.01 505.8
2 15.1 15.1 0.33 5.0
3 15.1 60.5 3.00 181.4
4 15.5 62.1 3.67 227.8
5 30.7 307.3 10.01 3077.4
6 38.9 195.2 11.68 2280.6
water 229.2 229.2 7.01 1606.4
Sum of active moments 7884.4
7 134.6 674.8 11.68 7884.3
FS 1.00
anchor force 266.8 kN
Design anchor force 533.6 kN

b)

hw = 2 m
1
2
H anchor

a = 4m
3
4

z
d 5
7
Solution 15.14 NPPM
qs 10 kPa Coefficients in use
'
3
H 6 m 7.0 kN/m Kax 0.35
cs 24 deg js 1.7 kN/m3 Kpx 3.1
a aj
3
16 deg 8.7 kN/m
p 12 deg pj 5.3 kN/m3
h 1 m uc 32.3 kPa
hw 2 m Pw 214.6 kN
 16.8 kN/m3 y 7.53 m
a 4 m
d 9.30 m
design
d 11.2 m
Part Pressure Forces Moment arm M
1 3.5 53.6 6.65 356.2
2 11.8 11.8 0.33 3.9
3 11.8 47.0 3.00 141.1
4 12.2 48.9 3.67 179.3
5 24.0 223.1 9.65 2153.5

water 214.6 214.6 6.77 1452.2

Sum of active moments 4286.3
6 123.4 574.0 11.20 6429.5
Fr 1.50
anchor force 25.0 kN
Design anchor force 50.0 kN
Example 15.15
Determine the embedment depth and the anchor force per unit length of wall for the
retaining wall shown in Figure P15.15 using the FMM. Assume the soil above the
groundwater to be saturated. Use FS = 1.5 to calculate the depth.

Solution 15.15
FMM

Design depth = 8.98 m = 9 m

Design anchor force = 396.3 kN/m = 400 kN/m
Anchor force
Example 15.16
Calculate the strut loads per meter length for the braced excavation shown in Figure P15.16.

Solution 15.16

cs  31, B  5m, H o  5.8m

  
Lateral pressure value = 0.65 H tan 45  cs  = 0.65  17.5  5.8 x 0.32= 21 kPa
 2 
Calculate the forces on struts at each level
All loads are per meter length of wall.

Level 1

B1 21 kPa

MB1  0  1.5A  21  2  1  A = 28 kN
Fx  0 : A + B1 = 21  2  B1 = 14 kN

Level 2
B2

21  1.5
B2  C1  = 16 kN
2
C1
21 kPa
Level 3
C2
2.3
MC2  1.5D  21  2.3   D = 37 kN
2
Fx  0 : D  C2  21  2.3  C 2 = 11 kN
D

21 kPa
Step 4: Calculate forces on each strut.

A = 28 kN
B = B1  B 2 = 14 + 16 = 30 kN
C = C1  C 2 = 16 + 11= 27 kN
D = 37 kN
Exercise 15.17
A braced excavation is required in a soft clay, as shown in Figure P15.17. A stiff clay
layer is located 5.9 m from the surface. Determine the load on the struts per meter length
and the factor of safety against bottom heave. The length of the excavation is 12 m.

Solution 15.17

Fine-grained soil

5.9 m

Stiff soil
Calculate su,

Depth (m) (kPa) u su

(kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
2×19 = 38 0 38 9

Top of stiff clay = 5.9 m 5.9×19 = 112.2 0 112.2 26.9

Check for stability against bottom heave.

The sheeting is embedded into the stiff clay and as such a bearing capacity type of failure would not likely
occur. Assume the soft clay over the whole excavation depth.

Water level will be below excavation. Use total stress analysis.

Soil: KaHo = 0.38 × 19 × 6.1 = 44 kPa..

0.3 m 1.53 C2
A m B2

1.8 m
1.8 m
1.8 m
0.57 m
D
0.4 m
B1 44 kPa C1 44 kPa

(a) (b) 44 kPa

(c)

(Figure a)

1.8A = 43.5 kN/m

A = 24.2 kN/m
 kN/m
(Figure b)

(Figure c)
Sum of moments about D = 0

Sum of forces horizontally = 0

Calculate resultant forces on the struts.

A = 24.2 kN/m
B = B1 + B2 = 34.5+39.6 = 74.1 kN/m
C = C1 + C2 = 39.6+37.6 = 77.2 kN/m; D = 59.2 kN/m
Example 15.18
A 6-m-high geotextile wall is required to support a coarse-grained backfill with sat = 17.5 kN/m3
and ’cs = 29°. The foundation (base) soil is a clay with sat = 18 kN/m3, p = 18°, su = 72 kPa,
and ’b = 16°. The ultimate strength of the geotextile is 45 kN/m and the soil–geotextile interface
friction angle is 20°. The permanent surcharge is 15 kPa. Determine the spacing and length of
geotextile required for stability.

Solution 15.18
All calculations are per m length. Calculate the allowable tensile strength of the geotextile.
With FS ID = 1.5, FS CR = 2, FS CD = 1.3 and FS BD = 1.3
Tult 45
Ta   = 8.88 kN/m
FS ID  FS CR  FS CD  FS BD 1.5  2  1.3  1.3

Calculate the vertical spacing

  
= tan 2  45  cs   tan 2  45   = 0.35
29
K aR
 2   2
Lateral stress due to surcharge = K aR q s  0.35  15 = 5.2 kPa.
 x  K aR  z  K aR q s  0.35  z  5.2  0.35  17.5  z  5.2 = 6.13z +5.2
 x max  6.13H  5.2  6.13  6  5.2  42 kPa
From equation (12.73) with FSsp = 1.3, we get
Ta
S z min  
8.88
= 0.163m = 163mm
K aR  z  q FSsp 42  1.3

Check spacing requirement at mid-height (z=3)
 x  6.13  3  5.2 = 23.6 kPa
8.88
Sz   0.29 m  290 mm
23 .6  1.3
Use S z = 150mm for the bottom half of the wall and 300mm for the top half of the wall.

Determine length of reinforcement required at the base for translation.

From computer program utility: K aC  0.31 cs  29,   20 and

K aC x  K aC cos   0.3 cos 20  0.29
Pax 
1
K aC    H 2  K aC   q s H  1  0.29  17.5  b 2  0.29  15  b  117.5 kN
2 2
sw  0.5s u  0.5  72  34 kPa < 50 kPa, therefore use s w = 34 kPa
Pax  FS T 117.5  1.5
Lb    5.2m
sw 34
 qs   15 
 KaC  x  0.5H   FS T 0.29  0.5  6    1.5
     17.5 
Lb   = 5.85m
tan b tan 16 
Use L b = 6m
  cs 
= 6  0.3 tan 45 
29 
For top layer: L r  H  z  tan 45    = 3.36m
 2   2
KaR Sz  FS t 0.35  0.3  1.3
Le    0.19m
2 tan i 2  tan 20
L = 3.36 + 0.19 = 3.55m

Determine the total length of reinforcement at each level for internal stability

z(m) Sz LR Le L L used (m)

0.30 0.15 3.36 0.09 3.45 4
0.45 0.15 3.27 0.09 3.36 4
0.60 0.15 3.18 0.09 3.27 4
0.75 0.15 3.09 0.09 3.19 4
0.90 0.15 3.00 0.09 3.10 4
1.05 0.15 2.92 0.09 3.01 4
1.20 0.15 2.83 0.09 2.92 4
1.35 0.15 2.74 0.09 2.83 4
1.50 0.15 2.65 0.09 2.74 4
1.65 0.15 2.56 0.09 2.66 4
1.80 0.15 2.47 0.09 2.57 4
1.95 0.15 1.16 0.09 1.26 4
2.10 0.15 1.12 0.09 1.21 4
2.25 0.15 1.08 0.09 1.17 4
2.40 0.15 1.03 0.09 1.13 4
2.55 0.15 0.99 0.09 1.08 4
2.70 0.15 0.95 0.09 1.04 4
2.85 0.15 0.90 0.09 1.00 4
3.00 0.15 0.86 0.09 0.95 4
3.30 0.30 0.77 0.19 0.96 4
3.60 0.30 0.69 0.19 0.88 4
3.90 0.30 0.60 0.19 0.79 4
4.20 0.30 0.52 0.19 0.70 5
4.50 0.30 0.43 0.19 0.62 5
4.80 0.30 0.34 0.19 0.53 5
5.10 0.30 0.26 0.19 0.45 6
5.40 0.30 0.17 0.19 0.36 6
5.70 0.30 0.09 0.19 0.27 6
6.00 0.30 0.00 0.19 0.19 6
Check external stability
Stability against translation is already satisfied.

Check bearing capacity

 z max  H o  17.5  6 = 105 kPa

Short term

q ult = 5.14 s u  5.14  72 = 370 kPa

q ult 370
 FSB    3.5 > 3: okay
 x max 105

Long term:

For   28 , N = 11.5

117.5 3
i  (1  )  0.54
105  6
1 1
qult   BN i   18  6  11.5  0.54 = 335kPa
2 2
335
 FS B   3.2 > 3 ; Okay
105
Example 15.19
Redo Exercise using galvanized steel ties 75 mm wide with a yield strength 2.5 x 105 kPa, ties–
soil interface friction of 20°, and rate of corrosion of 0.025 mm/yr. The design life is 50 years.

Solution 15.19
Assume s z = 0.5m, s y = 1m
  
K aR = tan 2  45  cs   0.35
 2 
K o  1  sin cs  1  sin 29  0.52
At base: K = K aR = 0.35
K  H  qs  sz s y  FS tr 0.35 17.5  6  15  0.5  1  3
tr   = 336  10 5 m = 3.36mm
wf y 0.075  2.5  105
t corrosion  0.025  50  1.25mm
t design  3.36  1.25 = 4.61mm
Use t = 5mm

Determine length of reinforcement required at base.

K aC = 0.29, K aC  x = 0.27
Pax ( FS )T 117.5  1.5
Lb    5.2m
sw 34
 15 
0.27  0.5  6   1.5
Lb   17.5 
 5.45m
tan 20
0.35  0.5  1  1.3
Le   4.17m
2  0.075  tan 20 
Since L b > Le, use L b = 5.5m

Calculate length of reinforcement required.

z (m) Sz(m) K Le Lr L (m) Lused(m)
0.50 0.5 0.50 5.97 1.42 7.4 7.5
1.00 0.5 0.49 5.80 1.33 7.1 7.5
1.50 0.5 0.47 5.63 1.25 6.9 7.5
2.00 0.5 0.46 5.47 1.17 6.6 6.5
2.50 0.5 0.45 5.30 1.08 6.4 6.5
3.00 0.5 0.43 5.13 1.00 6.1 6.5
3.50 0.5 0.42 4.97 0.92 5.9 6.5
4.00 0.5 0.40 4.80 0.50 5.3 5.5
4.50 0.5 0.39 4.63 0.25 4.9 5.5
5.00 0.5 0.38 4.46 0.00 4.5 5.5
5.50 0.5 0.36 4.30 -0.25 4.0 5.5
6.00 0.5 0.35 4.13 -0.50 3.6 5.5
Check external stability

Bearing capacity
 z max  H o  17.5  6  105 kPa

Short term
q ult  5.14  72 = 370 kPa
q ult 370
 FSB    3.5 > 3;  okay
 x max 105

Long term

Long term:

For   28 , N = 11.5

117.5 3
i  (1  )  0.54
105  6
1 1
qult   BN i   18  6  11.5  0.54 = 335kPa
2 2
335
 FS B   3.2 > 3 ; Okay
105
Example 15.20
A section of an approach to a bridge is shown in Figure P15.20. The sides of the
approach are to be supported using MSE walls with 1 m x l m facing panels. Steel ties of
width 300 mm are readily available. Determine the length and thickness of the ties
required for stability. The design life is 50 years and the rate of corrosion is 0.025 mm/yr.
The yield strength is 2.5 x 105 kPa.

Solution 15.20
Assume spacing and width of ties.
S y  1m w = 300mm S z = 1m

Calculate required thickness of reinforcement

Ko  1  sin cs  1  sin 29   0.52

    29  
K a R  tan 2  45  cs   tan 2  45     0.35
 2   2 

At base, K = 0.35   0.521   = 0.41

4 4
6  6

K  H  q S S z S y FS tr
0.4117  4  12   1  1  3
tr   = 131.2  10 5 m  1.3mm
wf y 0.3  2.5  10 5
t corrision = annual corrosion rate  design life = 0.025  50 = 1.25mm
t design = calculated thickness + corrosion thickness = 1.3 + 1.25 = 2.55mm

Use t = 3mm

Determine the length of reinforcement required at base

From computer program utility: K aC = 0.29,  cs  29  ,  = 20 

K a C x  K a C cos   0.29 cos 20  0.27

 12 
0.27  0.5  4    3
 17 
Lb   6.02 m
tan 20
For internal stability the effective length at the wall base is:
K a R S z S y FS t 0.35  1  1  1.3
Le    2.08 m < 6.02 m
2w tan  i 2  0.3  tan 20
Use a length of 8m and tie into each wall face.
Pax = 0.5 x 0.35 x 17 x 42 = 47.6 kN/m

Check external stability

Check bearing capacity

 max   H  17  4  68 kPa
For  cs  29  , N  = 22.5
47.6 3
i  (1  )  0.76
68  8
1 1
qult   BN i   17  8  22.5  0.76 = 1163kPa
2 2
q 1163
 FSB  ult   17 > 3; therefore bearing capacity is satisfactory.
 x max 68
Example 15.21
A cantilever sheet pile wall is required to temporarily support an embankment for an
access road, as shown in Figure P15.21. Determine the depth of penetration of the wall
and the maximum bending moment. Select two methods from FMM, FSM, and NPPM,
and compare the results. Groundwater is 10 m below the surface.

Solution 15.21

See spreadsheet solution on the next page for NPPM.

z  is the moment arm.
ESA is used for sand and TSA is used for the clay.

Design depth = 1.2 d o

Determination of net available force
Ppav = Average passive pressure = K px q s H o  1.1d o   K px  1H o  2S u   2 1.1d o 
Paav= Average active pressure = 5z = 5  1.1d o
Net force = Ppav  Paav   0.2d o

Bending moment
Assume maximum bending moment occurs below excavation level. Let z be the location
of the point of maximum bending moment (zero shear force) from the excavation level.
z 
H o  z 
1  H  1 
K ax q s H o  z  
z 1 z z 1 z
  K ax  1 H o2  o  z    K ax  1 H o z    5z  z   2s u z   z 2 
2  2  3   2  2 2 3 2 2 3
 z
 0 : K a q s H o  z   K ax  1 H o2  K ax  1 H o z  z 2  2s u z   2 z 2 = 0
1 1 5 1
z 2 2 2 2

Use a spreadsheet to solve for z. In Excel, use Tools  Goal Seek to find z.
See next page for the solution for d
d = 12.26 m
Design d = 1.2 x 12.26 = 14.7 m
 Above
qs 20
excavation
H 2.5 m ' 7.2 kN/m3 Ka 0.4
cs 27 deg js 0.0 kN/m3 Kp 2.5
Below
a 0 deg aj 7.2 kN/m3
excavation
b 0 deg pj 7.2 kN/m3 Ka 0.4
h 0 m uc 0.0 kPa Kp 2.5
Depth to
10 m Pw 0.0 kN
water
 17 kN/m3 y 8.17 m
a 0 m h
d 12.26 m anchor
clay below excavation
 19 ' 9.2 kN/m3 H 3

cs 27 aj 9.2 kN/m3 4

a 0 deg pj 9.2 kN/m3
b 0 deg sw 25 active
su 50 kPa sw 25 passive 5
d
Drained 6
Part Pressures Force la M
1 8.0 20.0 1.25 25.0
2 68.0 340.0 6.67 2266.7
3 68.0 0.0 10.00 0.0
4 0.0 0.0 10.00 0.0
5 76.0 931.8 8.63 8041.8
water 0.0 0.0 6.59 0.0
Sum 1291.8 10333.5
6 236.9 1452.1 10.67 15499.6

(FS)r 1.50
 Example 15.22
A cast-in-place (CIP) cantilever wall is required to maintain the grade for a freeway. A
preliminary wall dimension is shown in Figure P15.22. Determine the stability of the wall
and show how you would provide adequate drainage. Use Rankine’s method to calculate
the lateral forces. Neglect the passive resistance at the front of the wall.

Solution 15.22

0.5m
10°

Granular backfill
1 6m

2
Compacted sand
1.4m

3 0.7m

0.8m 0.7m 3m
In case of a wall with a vertical face;

1  cos   cos 2   cos 2  '   cos10  cos 2 10  cos 2 28 

KaR   cos     cos10     0.38
   cos10  cos 2 10  cos 2 28 
K pR  cos   cos   cos 
2 2 '
  

1 1
K pR    2.63
KaR 0.38

WS

WS
W1
W2

W3

W1  0.5  6  23.5  70.5kN at1.25m from toe

W2  0.5  0.2  6  23.5  14.1kN at 0.93m from toe
W3  (0.8  0.7  3)  0.7  23.5  74kN at 2.25m from toe
Ws1  3  6 18  324kN at 3.0m from toe
Ws2  0.5  3  0.529 18  14.3kN at 3.5m from toe
1
PaR  (0.38)(18)(6  0.7  3  tan10) 2  178.8 kN
2
Pax  178.8cos(10)  176kN
Paz  178.8sin(10)  31kN
R z  70.5  14.1  74  324  14.3  31  527.9kN
cb  20o , Base resis tan ce T  527.9 tan 20  192kN
192
(FS)T   1.1
176
Unsatisfactory in translation
M o  70.5  1.25  14.1 0.93  74  2.25  324  3  14.3  3.5  31  4.5
1 
176   7.23 
3 
 1005kN  m
Mo 1005
x   1.9
Rz 527.9
B 4.5
e x   1.9  0.35
2 2
B 4.5
  0.75  0.35 safe
6 6
Unlikely to fail by rotation.

Bearing Capacity:

R Z  6e  527.9  6  0.35 
max  1    1    172kPa ,   35, N  37.1
A  B  4.5 1  4.5 

n 1 2 1
 H  176 
i   1    1    0.3 , B'  4.5  2  0.35  3.8m
 Vn   527.9 
1
q ult  BN i   0.5 18  3.8  37.1 0.3  381kPa
2

381
(FS)BC   2.2 < 3.0
172

Unsatisfactory in bearing capacity.

Example 15.23
A roadway is to be constructed near an existing slope. The engineer decided to use an
MSE wall, as shown in Figure P15.23. With a surcharge load of 15 kPa (guard rail 1
pavement 1 construction), compare designs using:
(a) 4-mm-thick, 50-mm-wide galvanized steel ties; fy = 450 MPa, corrosion rate = 0.025
mm/yr, design life = 75 years, soil–tie interface friction = 20° . Factor of safety desired =
3.
(b) Wide-width geotextile of ultimate yield strength 58.5 kN/m and soil–geotextile
interface friction = 20°.

Solution 15.23

(a) Excel spreadsheet

15.23 (a)
Geotextile mechanical stabilized earth wall Help
Kac 0.3 KaR 0.3333 FS 3
phi 30degrees Ko 0.5 t (use standard size) 4.00
 20degrees tr 1.43 mm
 18 fy 450 MPa
qs 15kPa corrosion rate 0.025 mm/yr
H 6m design life 75 yr
w 50mm tcorrosion 1.9 mm
Sz 0.50m t design 3.30
Sy 1m
 z(m) Sz K LR Le L
0.50 0.50 0.486 1.72 17.81 19.52
1.00 0.50 0.472 1.63 17.30 18.93
1.50 0.50 0.458 1.55 16.79 18.34
2.00 0.50 0.444 1.47 16.28 17.75
2.50 0.25 0.431 1.38 15.77 17.16
3.00 0.25 0.417 1.30 15.26 16.56
3.50 0.25 0.403 1.22 14.75 15.97
4.00 0.25 0.389 1.00 14.25 15.25
4.50 0.25 0.375 0.75 13.74 14.49
5.00 0.25 0.361 0.50 13.23 13.73
5.50 0.25 0.347 0.25 12.72 12.97
6.00 0.25 0.333 0.00 12.21 12.21

(b) Excel
Spreadsheet
Geotextile mechanical stabilized earth wall Help
Kac 0.3 KaR 0.33FS 3
phi 30degrees sp 1.3
 20degrees ID 1.5
 18 CR 2
qs 15kPa CD 1.3
H 6m BD 1.3
Pax 116.7098kN Tult 58.5 kN
Sz 219mm Tall 11.5 kN
Sy 390mm
z(m) Sz LR Le L
0.50 0.50 3.18 0.30 3.47
1.00 0.50 2.89 0.30 3.18
1.50 0.50 2.60 0.30 2.90
2.00 0.50 2.31 0.30 2.61
2.25 0.25 2.17 0.15 2.31
2.50 0.25 2.02 0.15 2.17
2.75 0.25 1.88 0.15 2.03
3.00 0.25 1.73 0.15 1.88
3.25 0.25 1.59 0.15 1.74
3.50 0.25 1.44 0.15 1.59
3.75 0.25 1.30 0.15 1.45
4.00 0.25 0.54 0.15 0.68
4.25 0.25 1.01 0.15 1.16
4.50 0.25 0.40 0.15 0.55
4.75 0.25 0.72 0.15 0.87
5.00 0.25 0.58 0.15 0.73
5.25 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.35
5.50 0.25 0.29 0.15 0.44
5.75 0.25 0.07 0.15 0.22
6.00 0.25 0.00 0.15 0.15
Example 15.24
A cantilever retaining wall is required to support a cut near a residential area. A
preliminary geometry of the wall is shown in Figure P15.24. A masonry wall 1.2 m high
will sit on top of the wall, centered. The masonry wall load (including construction
loading) is 9 kN/m and the uniform loading from the homesite is 10 kPa. The wall
rotation is limited to 0.0005 Ho (Ho is the height of the wall). Check the adequacy of the
wall. Determine a suitable wall geometry if the given geometry is unsatisfactory. Sketch
a drainage scheme for the wall. (Hint: The tolerable wall rotation is very small; it is less
than the wall rotation to mobilize the active earth pressure.)

Solution 15.24

Wall rotation 9 kN/m

is limited to Masonry
10 kPa load from home site
0.005H0 wall

0.5m

Granular backfill
4.5
4m
m

1.25m
0.75
m

0.75 3.5m
m
 Properties:
Assume unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3

Since wall rotation is limited to 0.0005Ho use at-rest condition, K0  1  sin cs'  0.53

Lateral pressure distribution on the wall is shown below (a) due to surcharge (b) due to
soil

27.8kN

127.9 kN
2.625 m

1.75 m

0.53 x 10= 5.3 kPa 0.53x17.5x5.25= 48.7 kPa

Weight of concrete (Wc) = 142.7 KN

Weight of soil (Ws) = 286.7 KN

Total force in vertical direction Rz = 142.7 + 286.6 + 9 +10 x 3.5 = 473.3 kN

Total force in horizontal direction Rx = 27.8 + 127.9 = 155.7 kN

Overturning moment (Mo) about toe = 296.8 kN.m

Resisting moment about toe = 962.4 kN.m
Resultant moment = 665.6 kN.m

Base resistance T = 473.3 x tan (25) = 220.7 kN

FS against translation = 220.7/155.7 = 1.4 < 1.5. Not satisfactory .

Distance from toe to centroid = 665.6/473.3 = 1.41

e = 4.25/2 – 1.41 = 0.72
B/6 = 0.71 < 0.72 . Centroid lies approximately at middle third.

Max. vertical stress = (473.3/4.25) x (1 +6 x 0.72/4.25) = 224.6

i = (1-155.7/473.3)^3 = 0.36
qult = 0.5 x 17.5 x (4.25 – 2 x 0.72) x 61.4 x 0.36 = 543.5
FS against bearing capacity = 543.5/224.6 = 2.4

Unsatisfactory in bearing capacity.

Redesign.
By changing the width of the footing base from 4.25 to 4.75 m using the spreadsheet
program retwall.xls, we get the following factors of safety
Translation = 1.6, bearing capacity = 3.2
Note: You can trick the spreadsheet to use Ko by adjusting the friction angle of the
backfill so that Ko = 0.53. A value of friction angle of 17.8 deg. will give a Ko of 0.53.
\\
Example 15.25

A proposed highway embankment runs along a hillside. To construct the embankment, a gabion
basket wall (Figure P15.25) is proposed. The unit weight of the granite rocks filling the baskets
is 17 kN/m3. Determine if the preliminary design shown in Figure P15.25 would be stable. What
concern(s) would you have if the site is subjected to annual rainfall that exceeds 0.5 m? How
would you modify the design to take care of the concern(s)? Show clear drawings for your
answer. (Hint: The design of gabion basket walls is similar to that of gravity walls.) The
parameters for the backfill and base soil are:
. Groundwater is 5 m below the base. You may assume that the backfill and the base
soil are saturated.

Solution 15.25

For Gabion basket walls you need to check stability at each level. We will check stability
for the wall as a whole.

Step 1: Determine K aC

From computer program utility: Ka – Kp coefficient at www.wiley.com/college/budhu

KaC = 0.415

Step 2: Determine lateral forces

 1
PaC  KaC  H 2 ;
2
Find wall height for design,

H = (0.99 × tan15°) + 6 + (4 × sin6°) = 6.68 m

1 1
PaC  KaC  H 2   0.474  18  6.682  166.7 kN
2 2
0.99 m

15°

0.53m 6°

xw1

Ww1
(Paz)C
PaC

0.32m
xa (Pax)C
6m
xw2 20°
Ww2

za

xw3

Ww3

b = 6°

PaC acts at an angle  = 20° to the horizontal

Horizontal component of PaC :  Pax C  PaC cos   166.7  cos 20  156.6 kN

Vertical component of PaC :  Paz C  PaC sin   166.7  sin 20  57 kN

Weight of soil wedge and weight of soil over the wall are neglected.

Step 3: Determine wall stability

Ww1 = 2 × 1 × 1 × 1 × 17 = 34 kN

Ww2 = 2 × 3 × 1 × 1 × 17 = 102 kN

Ww3 = 2 × 4 × 1 × 1 × 17 = 136 kN

Total weight = 136 + 102 + 34 = 272 kN

Total vertical force: R z = 272 + 57 = 329 kN

From the geometry;

xw1 = 2.53 × cos6° = 2.52 m,

xw2 = 2.32 × cos6° = 2.3 m,

xw3 = 2.1 × cos6° = 2.09 m,

xa = B = 4 × cos6° = 3.98 m,

za = 6.68/2 - 4 × sin6° = 2.92 m,

Check rotational stability

B 3.98
  0.66
6 6
 B
e> , rotation possible.
6

Check translation

Base resistance, T = R z tan  = 329  tan20° = 119.7 kN

T 119.7
FS    0.8  1.5 ; unsatisfactory
 Pax C 156.6
Check bearing capacity.

Rz  6e  329  6  0.86 
 max  1    1    189.8kPa
A B  3.98  1  3.98 

For strip footing, n = 2 , i = (1 – (Pax)C /Rz)3 = (1 – 156.6/329)3 = 0.14

B  B  2e  3.98  2  0.86  2.26m

1
q ult   18  2.26  22.5  0.14  64.1 kPa
2

64.1
FS =  0.34  3 ; Bearing capacity unsatisfactory.
189.8

Increase base width to satisfy sliding, translation and bearing capacity criteria.

Rainfalls increase the Groundwater elevation and increase the porewater pressure behind the
wall. Also creates cavitation in front of the wall. To protect the wall from porewater pressures,
drainage system behind the wall is needed.
 15°

Drainage system