Design procedure of an unrestrained beam to EC3 / EC4

(EN 1993: 1-1: 2005 / EN 1994: 1-1: 2004)

Cold design of steel beam against lateral torsional buckling

1. Evaluate the equivalent slenderness, λLT of the steel beam

λLT = uvλ β w
where u is the buckling parameter
v is the slenderness factor
λ is the slenderness of the steel beam
βw is equal to 1.0 for Class 1 and Class 2 section

2. Evaluate the non-dimensional slenderness λ LT

λ LT
λ LT =
λ1
E
where λ1 = π
fy

3. Evaluate the φLT value

φLT = 0.5 [1 + αLT ( λ LT - λ LT ,0 ) + β λ LT 2]

where αLT is the imperfection factor
λ LT, 0 = 0.4
β = 0.75

4. Evaluate the reduction factor, χLT value

1
χ LT =
φ LT + φ LT − βλ LT
2 2

5. Evaluate the modified reduction factor, χLT,mod value

χ LT
χ LT ,mod = where f is the correction factor for the moment distribution.
f

6. Evaluate the buckling moment resistance, Mb,Rd

fy
Mb,Rd = χ LT ,mod Wy
γ M1
Design procedure of an unrestrained beam to EC3 / EC4
(EN 1993: 1-1: 2005 / EN 1994: 1-1: 2004)

Hot design of steel beam against lateral torsional buckling

1. Evaluate the equivalent slenderness, λLT of the steel beam

λLT = uvλ β w
where u is the buckling parameter
v is the slenderness factor
λ is the slenderness of the steel beam
βw is equal to 1.0 for Class 1 and Class 2 section

2. Evaluate the non-dimensional slenderness λ LT ,θ,com

λ LT k y ,θ,com
λ LT ,θ,com =
λ1 k E ,θ,com
E
where λ1 = π
fy

3. Find out the reduction factors for both yield strength and Young’s modulus.
i.e. ky,θ,com and kE,θ,com

4. Evaluate the φLT,θ,com value

φLT,θ,com = 0.5 [1 + αLT λ LT ,θ,com + λ LT ,θ,com 2]

where αLT is the imperfection factor

5. Evaluate the reduction factor, χLT,fi value

1
χ LT ,fi =
φ LT ,θ,com + φ LT ,θ,com − λ LT ,θ,com
2 2

6. Evaluate the modified reduction factor, χLT,mod value

χ LT ,fi
χ LT ,fi,mod = where f is the correction factor for the moment distribution.
f

7. Evaluate the buckling moment resistance, Mb,Rd

fy
Mb,Rd = χ LT ,fi k y ,θ,com Wy
γ M1
Design procedure of an unrestrained beam to EC3 / EC4
(EN 1993: 1-1: 2005 / EN 1994: 1-1: 2004)

Cold design Hot deign

Evaluate the equivalent Evaluate the equivalent

slenderness, λLT slenderness, λLT

Evaluate the non- Evaluate the non-

dimensional dimensional
slenderness λ LT slenderness λ LT ,θ,com

Find out the reduction

factors: ky,θ,com & kE,θ ,com

Evaluate the φLT,θ,com

Evaluate the φLT value
value

Evaluate the χLT value Evaluate the χLT,fi value

Evaluate the buckling Evaluate the buckling

moment resistance, moment resistance,
Mb,Rd Mb,fi,Rd
Design procedure of a pined-pined column to EC3 / EC4
(EN 1993: 1-1: 2005 / EN 1994: 1-1: 2004)

Cold design of steel column against axial buckling:

1. Evaluate the slenderness, λ of the steel column

2. Evaluate the equivalent slenderness, λ of the steel column

λ E
λ= where λ1 = π
λ1 fy
or
Af y
λ= for class 1 and 2 sections
N cr
where A is the section area
fy is the yield stress
π 2 EI
Ncr = 2
which is the Euler buckling load
Le
3. Evaluate the φ value

φ = 0.5 [1 + α ( λ - 0.2) + λ 2]
where α is the imperfection factor

4. Evaluate the reduction factor, χ value

1
χ= but χ ≤ 1.0
2
φ + φ2 − λ

5. Evaluate the buckling resistance, Nb,Rd

χ A fy
Nb,Rd = where γM1 is the material factor for structural steel section.
γ M1
Design procedure of a pined-pined column to EC3 / EC4
(EN 1993: 1-1: 2005 / EN 1994: 1-1: 2004)

Hot design of steel column against axial buckling:

1. Evaluate the slenderness, λ of the steel column

2. Evaluate the equivalent slenderness, λ of the steel column

λ E
λ= where λ1 = π
λ1 fy
or
Af y
λ = for class 1 and 2 sections
N cr
where A is the section area
fy is the yield stress
π 2 EI
Ncr = 2
which is the Euler buckling load
Le

3. Evaluate the non-dimensional slenderness λ θ

k y ,θ
λθ = λ
k E ,θ

4. Find out the reduction factors for both yield strength and Young’s modulus.
i.e. ky,θ and kE,θ

5. Evaluate the φLT,θ,com value

φθ = 0.5 [1 + α ( λ θ – 0.2) + λ θ 2]
235
where α is the imperfection factor, α = 0.65
fy

6. Evaluate the reduction factor, χLT,fi value

1
χ fi =
φθ + φθ − λ θ
2 2

7. Evaluate the buckling resistance, Nb,fi,Rd

χ fi A k y ,θ f y
Nb,fi,Rd = or χ fi k y ,θ N c,Rd
γ M1
Design procedure of a pined-pined column to EC3 / EC4
(EN 1993: 1-1: 2005 / EN 1994: 1-1: 2004)

Cold design Hot deign

Evaluate the equivalent Evaluate the equivalent

slenderness, λ slenderness, λ

Evaluate the non- Evaluate the non-

dimensional dimensional
slenderness λ slenderness λ θ

Find out the reduction

factors: ky,θ & kE,θ

Evaluate the φ value Evaluate the φθ value

Evaluate the χ value Evaluate the χfi value

Evaluate the buckling Evaluate the buckling

resistance, resistance,
Nb,Rd Nb,fi,Rd
Design procedure of a pined-pined composite column to EC3 / EC4
(EN 1993: 1-2: 2005 / EN 1994: 1-2: 2005)

Cold design of composite column against axial buckling:

1. Evaluate the effective flexural stiffness (EI)eff of the composite column.

(EI)eff = Ea Ia + Es Is + Ke Ecm Ic
where Ke is a correction factor that should be taken as 0.6
Ia, Icm and Is are the second moment of area of the structural steel section,
the uncracked concrete section and the reinforcement for the bending
plane being considered.

2. Evaluate the equivalent slenderness, λ of the steel column

N pl,Rk
λ =
N cr
where Npl,Rk is the characteristic value of the plastic resistance to compression
π 2 (EI) eff
Ncr = 2
which is the Euler buckling load
Le

3. Evaluate the φ value

φ = 0.5 [1 + α ( λ – 0.2) + λ 2]
where α is the imperfection factor

4. Evaluate the reduction factor, χ value

1
χ= but χ ≤ 1.0
2
φ + φ2 − λ

5. Evaluate the buckling resistance, Nb,Rd

Nb,Rd = χ N pl,Rd where Npl,Rd is the plastic resistance to compression.
Design procedure of a pined-pined composite column to EC3 / EC4
(EN 1993: 1-2: 2005 / EN 1994: 1-2: 2005)

Hot design of composite column against axial buckling:

1. Evaluate the effective flexural stiffness (EI)eff of the composite column.

(EI)fi,eff = φa,θ Ea,θ Ia,θ + φs,θ Es,θ Is,θ + φc,θ Ecm Ic,θ
where φi,θ is the reduction coefficient depending on the effect of thermal stresses.
Ii,θ is the second moment of area of the partially reduced part I of the cross
section, for bending about the major or minor axis.

2. Evaluate the equivalent slenderness, λ of the steel column

N fi ,pl,R
λθ =
N fi ,cr
where Npl,R is the plastic resistance to compression with material factors taken as
1.0
π 2 (EI) fi ,eff
Nfi,cr = 2
which is the Euler buckling load
Le

3. Evaluate the φθ value

φθ = 0.5 [1 + α ( λ θ – 0.2) + λ θ 2]
where α is the imperfection factor

4. Evaluate the reduction factor, χ fi value

1
χθ =
φθ + φθ − λ θ
2 2

5. Evaluate the buckling resistance, Nb,fi,Rd

Nfi,Rd = χ θ N fi ,pl ,Rd where Nfi,pl,Rd is the plastic resistance to compression at fire.
Design procedure of a pined-pined composite column to EC3 / EC4
(EN 1993: 1-2: 2005 / EN 1994: 1-2: 2005)

Cold design Hot design

Evaluate both the Evaluate both the

design and design and
characteristic plastic characteristic plastic
resistance to resistance to
compression, compression,
Npl,Rd and Npl,R Nfi,pl,Rd and Nfi,pl,R

Evaluate the effective Evaluate the effective

flexural stiffness, flexural stiffness,
(EI)eff (EI)fi,eff

Evaluate the non- Evaluate the non-

dimensional dimensional
slenderness λ slenderness λ θ

Evaluate the φ value Evaluate the φθ value

Evaluate the χ value Evaluate the χθ value

Evaluate the buckling Evaluate the buckling

resistance, resistance,
Nb,Rd Nb,fi,Rd