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Research Article
Experiment Study on Dynamic Strength Characteristics of RST
Lightweight Soil

Meixu Deng 1, 2 , Desen Kong,1, 2 and Yazhou Li1

1
College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology,
Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
2
Shandong Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevent and Mitigation, Shandong
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Desen Kong; skd992012@sdust.edu.cn

Received: date; Accepted: date; Published: date

Academic Editor:

Copyright © 2019 Desen Kong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Lightweight soil mixed with rubber particles of scrap tires (RST lightweight soil) is a kind of
light material mixed by a certain ratio of raw soil, cement, rubber particles of scrap tires and
water. It has the characteristics of light weight and high strength. This kind of material can not
only reduce environmental pollution and resource waste, but also solve some geological
problems. It has wide application prospect in the field of geotechnical engineering. The
dynamic strength characteristics of RST lightweight soil were studied by indoor dynamic
triaxial experiment. The effects of confining pressure, cement content and rubber particles
content were the emphasis of analysis. It is found that the curves of lnNf~τd of RST lightweight
soil with different proportions are linear. The dynamic strength of RST lightweight soil
increases with the increase of confining pressure and cement content, and decreases with the
increase of rubber particles content. The more the cement content is, the less the influence of
confining pressure and rubber particles content will be. There is a linear growth relationship
between the dynamic strength index Cd, υd and the cement content, but the effect of cement
content on the cohesive force Cd is more significant than that of the angle of internal friction.
The variation trend of internal friction angle υd and cohesive force Cd is the same with the
incorporation ratio of rubber particles, both of which decrease with the increase of rubber
particles.

1. Introduction and resource waste, but also solve some

With the rapid development of Chinese
automobile industry, environmental pollution
and resource waste caused by waste tires have
become increasingly prominent [1-2]. The
waste tire rubber was crushed and mixed with
soil to be used in geotechnical engineering. It
can not only reduce environmental pollution
difficult problems in geotechnical engineering
[3-6]. It opens up a new path for the recycling
and utilization of waste tire.
Foreign studies on the application of waste
tires in geotechnical engineering have been
carried out and numerous achievements have
been made [7-8], but the large-scale application
has not started yet, and relevant researches in

1

China are in the initial stage. In China, C.Y. Li
[9] have compared the dynamic strength
characteristics of the improved rubber particles
modified fly ash soil and normal fly ash soil,
and found that the improved rubber particles
modified fly ash soil has the characteristics of
high dynamic strength, cohesive force and large
angle of internal friction.as light filling material,
in order to solve pipe trench backfill, vehicle
dumping, filled soil slope and subgrade
settlement in geotechnical problems. It is hard
to avoid vehicle load, wind load, earthquake
load and other dynamic load effect in the
application [10].So studying the strength
problem of the under dynamic load is necessary,
also is very valuable, and it has been a lack of
system research at home and abroad.
Based on the above research background,
this paper studied lightweight soil mixed with
rubber particles of scrap tires (hereinafter
referred to as the RST of lightweight soil)
mixed by soil, rubber particles of scrap tires,
cement and water as the research object, made
the systemic research on the dynamic strength
characteristics, in order to make a better guide
to the engineering application, and can provide
reliable numerical parameters for future
numerical simulation.
2. Test Method and Content
2.1. Specimen Preparation. The soil used in this
experiment was taken from a site in Xin’an
community, southwest of Huangdao district,
Qingdao city, and its grain composition curve
was obtained through laboratory experiments,
as shown in Figure 1.
According to the grain composition curve,
this soil is gravel sand. In order to prevent the
sample preparation difficulty caused by too
large soil grain, this paper firstly screened the
raw soil by 2mm and selected the soil grain with
the grain size less than 2mm for the sample
making [11]. The rubber particles were obtained
by mechanical crushing of recycled waste tire
rubber, which were irregular polygons with a
grain size between 3 and 4mm, with an average
grain size of 3.5mm and particle density of
1.42g/cm3. The cement is made of traditional
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ordinary Portland cement P.O 42.5 with a
density of 3.1g/cm3.
100
Percentage of soil mass less than
80
a grain size/%
60
40
20
0
10 1 0.1
Soil crumbs size/mm
Figure 1. Grain-size Distribution Curve of
Soils
Before the preparation of RST lightweight
soil sample, the design of sample proportion
should be carried out first. In order to achieve
the effect of replacement of rubber particles and
raw soil, and to meet the comparability of
physical and mechanical properties between
RST lightweight soil with different proportions,
Vr/Vs of pure volume ratio of rubber particles
and raw soil is adopted in this paper to control
the content of rubber particles. Vr/Vs is 0.5, 1.0
and 1.5 respectively. Cement content is
controlled by mass ratio mc/ms of cement and
dry soil, which is 5%, 10% and 15%
respectively. The water-soil ratio of all samples
was set as 20% without taking into account the
change of water content. In order to facilitate
the recording of data during the experiment, the
samples of each group were numbered as T11,
T12, T13, T21, T22, T23, T31, T32 and T33,
respectively, according to the differences in
cement content and rubber particle content.
The prepared samples were first mixed and
stirred evenly according to the designed
proportion of raw materials. Then, the samples
were prepared by layering compaction method
with 4 layers, and each layer was compacted 20
times. Specially, the mixing sequence of several
raw materials in the process should mix the
cement and raw material soil and stirred evenly
before mixing with rubber particles to stop the
mixing. The standard sample is a cylinder with
a diameter of 39.1mm and a height of 80mm.
After the sample preparing is completed, it is

put into the constant temperature and humidity
curing box for curing. After 24 hours of
maintenance, it is taken out of the mold and put
back for curing until the design age of 7 days.
2.2. Experiment Content
The instrument used in this dynamic triaxial
experiment is mainly the DDS-70
electromagnetic vibration triaxial experiment
system, as shown in Figure 2 [12].
1-Computing systems；2-Electronic control system；3-Host system；4-
Static pressure control system；5-Air pump
Figure 2. DDS-70 Dynamic
Experiment System
Table 1. The dynamic strength experiment load parameters
Confining pressure
Consolidation ratio
The vibration frequency
Dynamic shear stress ratio
During the experiment, it was found that
there was no obvious shear surface in the
loading process of RST lightweight soil, which
was different from the brittle failure state of
soil-cement in previous research results. The
reason may be that RST light soil has some
ductility due to the rubber particles.And RST
has obvious bias phenomenon, tensile strain is
small or not. Considering that the RST of
lightweight soil is mainly used for highway
subgrade engineering, vehicle dumpping
engineering, etc., these projects to the
deformation of the demand is higher,
comprehensive discussion of the above
experiment phenomenon, finally determine the
compressive strain 5% as RST light soil
strength failure criterion [14].
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The dynamic strength experiment results
can be expressed in the form of dynamic
strength curve and dynamic strength index [13].
The dynamic strength curve usually use
dynamic shear stress τd=σd/2 on the surface of
the 45° and destruction when the vibration
frequency of the Nf on semilog coordinate the
curve of the dynamic strength curve of sample.
Usually a curve is composed of four different
point at least. For better drawing the RST
lightweight soil dynamic strength curve, the
four different points should evenly distributed
as far as possible. Different ratio of RST
lightweight soil can be determine through the
experiment to the scope of a certain vibration
frequency under the action of dynamic shear
stress ratio. The dynamic strength index is the
dynamic stress corresponding to the failure of
20 circles of vibration on the dynamic strength
curve. A set of Mohr circles of the sample is
made by drawing and then the specific values of
Triaxial Cd and υd are obtained. The specific
experiment loading scheme is shown in Table 1.
50kPa，100kPa，150kPa
Kc=1
1.0Hz
Evaluate them according
to the actual situation
3. Dynamic Strength Curve Analysis
Dynamic strength curve usually abscissa to
destroy the logarithmic to the number of
vibration, with 45° dynamic shear stress
τd=σd/2 in the plane of the vertical coordinate
curve is drawn.
3.1. Influence of Confining Pressure
In order to study the effect of confining
pressure on dynamic strength of RST
lightweight soil, the experiment on the samples
numbers for T12, T33 of 2 kinds of samples
respectively in confining pressure of 50kPa,
100kPa, 150kPa into action strength experiment,
under the condition of each of the confining
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pressure under three different amplitude, set the increase in cement content, confining pressure
vibration frequency of infinity to specimen effect on the dynamic strength amplitude
strain to destroy the standard experiment to stop, decreases, and this is because the cement,
the final experiment result is shown in Figure 3. hydration products of cement hydration reaction
to produce more, these part of hydration
60
products fill the pores between the particles, the
50 other part will cement soil particles and rubber
40 particles together, which makes bonding force
d (kPa)

30 between particles increase, so the sample under

20
Cement content 5% the influence of confining pressure.
Mixing ratio of rubber crumbs 1.0
3=50kPa
10 3=100kPa
3=150kPa
0
1 10 100 1000
3.2. Effect of Cement Content
Nf
In order to obtain the influence law of
（a） cement content on the dynamic strength curve
70
of RST lightweight soil, dynamic strength
60 experiments were carried out respectively on six
50 samples with different proportions of 5%, 10%,
15% of cement content and 1.0 and 1.5 of
d (kPa)

40

30 Cement content 15% rubber particles. The experiment results are

Mixing ratio of rubber crumbs 1.5
20 3=50kPa shown in Figure 4. It can be seen from the curve
3=100kPa
10
3=150kPa
that the dynamic strength of RST lightweight
0
1 10 100 1000
soil under any kind of rubber particles content
Nf
has the same law with the change of cement
(b) content, both of which increase with the
Figure 3. Dynamic Strength Curves of RST increase of cement content and the increase of
Under Various Confining Pressures dynamic shear stress required to reach the same
failure vibration number, namely, the higher
dynamic strength of RST lightweight soil.
As can be seen from the dynamic strength 50

change curve of RST lightweight soil with 40

confining pressure in Figure 3, the shape of
30
each set of curves is similar, and the dynamic
d (kPa)

3=50kPa
shear stress strength and failure vibration 20
Mixing ratio of rubber crumbs 1.0
mc/ms=5%
number show a linear relationship in semi-log 10 mc/ms=10%
mc/ms=15%
coordinates. With the increase of confining 0
1 10 100 1000
pressure, the dynamic shear stress required for Nf

the same number of failure vibration increases. (a)

70
For every 50kPa increase of confining pressure, 60
the dynamic shear strength increases by about 50

30% to 40%. Besides, the dynamic strength

d(kPa)

40 3=150kPa

curve of RST lightweight soil under different 30 Mixing ratio of rubber crumbs 1.5
mc/ms=5%
mc/ms=10%
confining pressures is basically parallel. The 20
mc/ms=15%
10
main reason that the dynamic strength of RST
0
lightweight soil increases with confining 1 10
Nf
100 1000

pressure is that the confining pressure increases. (b)

RST lightweight soil is compacted, the pores
Figure 4. Dynamic Strength Curves of RST
between the particles become smaller, and the with Various Cement Contents
bite force between the particles increases, so the
resistance capacity of RST lightweight soil
increases. It is also found that along with the

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The effect trend of the main reason is the
increasing of the cement content. The part
hydration products of cement hydration reaction
to produce rubber particles and soil particles
cementing together, another part fills some
inside the light soil porosity. Overall it enhance
the capacity of the cementation between light
soil particles, so the RST lightweight soil
mixed soil, the hydration products of cement
produce decreases, and bonding force between
soil particles and rubber particles is abate,
resistance ability of the load is reduced, so the
RST light soil strength decreases.
60
50
40

d (kPa)
30
enhanced ability to resist external load, showing 3=100kPa

the RST of lightweight soil dynamic strength. 20 Cement content 5%

Vr/Vs=0.5
Vr/Vs=1.0
From curve can also be seen in Figure 3 that, 10
Vr/Vs=1.5

rubber particles content under the condition of 0

1 10
Nf
100 1000

same cement content increased from 5% to 10% (a)

of RST than light increases with the increment 90

of the strength of soil cement content increased 80

70
from 10% to 15% range is big. The reason may

be that, increased from 10% to 15%, the cement
content is part of the cement hydration, thus the
strength improvement of RST lightweight soil
decreases. At the same time, it was found that
with the increase of the content of rubber
particles, the increase of cement content on the
dynamic strength of RST lightweight soil
became smaller. This is because the higher the
content of rubber particles, the lower the
content of cement, and the weaker the
cementation effect of cement hydration products.
3.3 Effect of Rubber Particle Content
In order to obtain the influence law of the
content of rubber particles on the dynamic
strength curve of RST lightweight soil, dynamic
strength loading experiments were carried out
on nine groups of samples (T11, T12, T13, T31,
T32 and T33), and the dynamic strength
experiment results were shown in Figure 5.
The variation trend of the curve in Figure 5
shows that the dynamic strength of RST
lightweight soil decreases gradually with the
increase of the content of rubber particles.
Mainly because the RST of lightweight soil is
mainly rely on the hydration products produced
by hydration of cement to soil particles and
rubber particles cemented together. When the
rubber particles increase in light soil, according
to the design of the ratio of raw material of
rubber particles and soil, the lightweight soil
contains raw materials soil decrease relatively,
and the cement content is relatively less in
d (kPa)
60
50 3=150kPa
40
Cement content 15%
Vr/Vs=0.5
30 Vr/Vs=1.0
Vr/Vs=1.5
20
1 10 100 1000
Nf
(b)
Figure 5. Dynamic Strength Curves of RST
with Various Rubber particles
The variation trend of the curve in Figure 5
shows that the dynamic strength of RST
lightweight soil decreases gradually with the
increase of the content of rubber particles.
Mainly because the RST of lightweight soil is
mainly rely on the hydration products produced
by hydration of cement to soil particles and
rubber particles cemented together. When the
rubber particles increase in light soil, according
to the design of the ratio of raw material of
rubber particles and soil, the lightweight soil
contains raw materials soil decrease relatively,
and the cement content is relatively less in
mixed soil, the hydration products of cement
produce decreases, and bonding force between
soil particles and rubber particles is abate,
resistance ability of the load is reduced, so the
RST light soil strength decreases.
By comparing the dynamic strength curves
of each group, it is found that these dynamic
strength curves have the same change law,
which is the same as the change law of the
dynamic strength curve of ordinary soil. It is
also found that there is a linear relationship

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between the dynamic shear stress and the to the Mole-Coulomb strength criterion, we can
loading times under the single-logarithmic obtain the dynamic strength index Cd, υd of soil
coordinates, which can be expressed by under different conditions by drawing the Mole
equation(1) : circle. According to the dynamic strength curve
obtained in the previous section, Mohr circles of
 d  a ln( N f )  b RST lightweight soil with different proportions
In (1), a and b are parameters related to were plotted. This section mainly analyzed the
experiment loading conditions and sample shear strength index when the vibration number
proportions. corresponding to the magnitude of 7.5 was 20
(Table 2) [15]. The results of the Mohr circle
4 . Dynamic Strength Index Analysis and shear envelope of RST lightweight soil at
different proportions are shown in Figure 6.
In soil dynamics, the Mole-Coulomb
strength criterion is still applicable. According
Table 2. Dynamic strength indices of RST under various mixing proportions
Sample number
Dynamic
strength indices T1 T1 T1 T2 T2 T2 T3 T3 T3
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
27. 16. 13. 37. 28. 21. 44. 32. 27.
Cd（kPa）
4 9 1 4 1 7 5 2 6
φd/(°) 20 19 17 24 23 20 26 25 22
lightweight soil has certain tensile properties
[16]. The main reason is that a certain amount
of cement is mixed into the mixed soil. Cement
cementation is the main source of the cohesive
force of RST lightweight soil. It is because of
(a) the presence of cement that the strength of RST
Cd=28.1kPa lightweight soil under stress is different from
φd=23°
that of normal soil. In general, when the soil is
 /kPa

subjected to load and the strain is small, the

T22
cohesive force has been fully developed and
disappeared. But the cementing effect of cement
0
/kPa
hydration products in RST lightweight soil is
50 50 100 150 (b) relatively strong. When RST lightweight soil is
Cd=44.5kPa
φd=26° under load, the cementing structure first plays
 /kPa

T31 its role. When the load increases to a certain

0
50
Figure 6. Dynamic Strength Envelopes of
LCES Under Various Mixing Proportions
The Mohr circles of saturated normal
consolidated soil pass the origin, Cd=0.
However, from this experiment, the Mohr
circles of RST lightweight soil do not pass the
origin, and these Mohr circles all intersect the
shear stress axis, which indicates that RST
extent, the cementing structure gradually suffers
damage. At this point, the friction component in
150 /kPa (c) RST lightweight soil starts to play its role.
4.1 Effect of cement content
As shown in Figure 7, the dynamic strength
indexes of RST lightweight soil, Cd and υd,
vary with the cement content. It can be clearly
seen from the curve that the dynamic strength
indexes, Cd and υd, basically show a linear
growth relationship with the cement content.
The cohesive force Cd of RST lightweight soil
increased with the increase of cement content,

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and the internal friction angle υd increased with
the increase of cement content. Cement content
increased from 5% to 15% make the cohesive
force Cd increased from about 15kPa to about
30kPa, internal friction angle υd increased from
about 20° to 24° around only 2%, but the
change of cohesive force amplitude variations is
larger than the effect of the angle of friction υd,
s hows that the influence of cement content on
the cohesive force of Cd from the influence of
the internal friction angle υd more significantly,
it also illustrates the hydration products of
cement is mainly used to provide the RST light
soil cohesive force.
50
40
30
Cd (kPa)
lightweight soil has certain structural. Therefore
when rubber particles concentration increased,
the bonding force between particles in RST
light soil will be weak, and therefore mixed soil
cohesive force Cd decreases constantly. At the
same time, when the mixing ratio of rubber
particles increase from 1.0 to 1.0, υd falling
speed is accelerated. The reason is that
compared with the soil particles surface, the
surface of the rubber particles is relatively
smooth, and the more rubber particles in mixed
soil porosity, the greater the contact area
between particles decreases. The friction
between particles decreases when the sample is
under load, so the angle of internal friction υd
of RST light soil decreases gradually with
increase of rubber particles content.

50
20
Vr/Vs=0.5 40
10 Vr/Vs=1.0
Vr/Vs=1.5
30
Cd (kPa)
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Cement content (%)
20
(a) mc/ms=5%
28 10 mc/ms=10%
mc/ms=15%
0
24 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Mixing ratio of rubber crumbs
d (°)

20 (a)
30
16 Vr/Vs=0.5
Vr/Vs=1.0
Vr/Vs=1.5 25
12
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
d (°)

Cement content (%) 20

(b) mc/ms=5%
15 mc/ms=10%
Figure 7. Dynamic Strength Indices Curves mc/ms=15%

with Various Cement Contents 10

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Mixing ratio of rubber crumbs

(b)
4.2 Effect of rubber particle content
Figure 8 shows the dynamic strength index Figure 8. Dynamic Strength Indices Curves
Cd and υd of RST lightweight soil. As indicated with Various Rubber Particles
by the curve of mixing ratio of rubber particles,
the cohesive force Cd and internal friction angle
υd of the RST lightweight soil have the same
5 . Conclusion
trend of variation as the incorporation ratio of In this paper, dynamic strength
rubber particles. characteristics of RST lightweight soil are
The reason that produced the change law is studied through a large number of dynamic
mainly due to the rubber particles content triaxial experiments, providing theoretical
increased, so the relative of the cement content reference for the application of RST lightweight
was reduced. And the function of cement is to soil in engineering. The main conclusions are as
perform cementation. Rubber particles are follows:
cemented together with soil particles through (1) The dynamic strength curve of RST
hydration products. It makes the RST lightweight soil was plotted with logarithm of

7

loading times as abscissa and dynamic shear
stress as ordinate. lnNf~τd of RST lightweight
soil with different proportion was found by
linear fitting of each group curve.
(2) The dynamic strength of RST
lightweight soil increases with the increase of
confining pressure and cement content, and
decreases with the increase of the incorporation
ratio of rubber particles. For every 50kPa
increase in confining pressure, the dynamic
shear strength increases by about 30% to 40%.
It was also found that the effect of confining
pressure and rubber particles on dynamic
strength of light soil decreased with the increase
of cement content.
(3) The relationship between the different
ratio of the dynamic strength index of RST
lightweight soil Cd, υd and cement content
increased linearly. The influence of cement
content on the cohesive force Cd is more
significant than internal friction angle. The
cement content increased from 5% to 15%
makes the cohesive force Cd from about 15kPa
increases to about 30kPa, but the internal
friction angle υd only increased by 2%. The
variation trend of internal friction angle υd and
cohesive force Cd are the same with the
incorporation ratio of rubber particles, both of
which decrease with the increase of rubber
particles.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this
study are included within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts
of interest regarding the publication of this
paper.
Funding Statement
This study was financially supported by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China
(nos. 41372288), the Shandong Provincial
Natural Science Foundation (no.
ZR2019MEE027) and the Project of Science
8
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and Technology Innovation Fund for graduate
students of the Shandong University of Science
and Technology (no. SDKDYC190120).
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