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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2017, pp. 599–615, Article ID: IJCIET_08_09_069
Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

A REVIEW ON THE EFFECT OF CRUMB

RUBBER ON THE PROPERTIES OF
RUBBERCRETE
Bashar S Mohammed*, Musa Adamu, Nasir Shafiq
Depart of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

ABSTRACT
With rapid increase in the number of vehicles every day, the amount of scrap tire
generated keeps skyrocketing as it is estimated to reach 1.2 billion tonnes annually by
2030. Scrap tires continue to pose serious environmental, health and aesthetic
problems as they are bulky, non-biodegradable, good breeding area for mosquitos
and rodents and also flammable materials. Several attempts have been made for the
proper utilization and management of scrap tires. Due limitation in the recycling of
scrap tires, one of the most viable solution is to used crumb rubber from scrap tire as
partial replacement to fine aggregate in concrete industry. This is rationalized as the
production of concrete hit more than 3.8 billion cubic meters annually, therefore, it
could provide a solution on conservation of natural aggregate and as well as improve
properties of concrete. This paper present a review of the recent researches carried
out on investigating the fresh and hardened properties of rubbercrete. Construction
members and products made of rubbercrete have highlighted as well. In addition,
future application related to rubbercrete advancement has been discussed.
Key words: Waste Tire, Crumb Rubber, Rubbercrete, Sustainability, Recycling
Materials.
Cite this Article: Bashar S Mohammed, Musa Adamu and Nasir Shafiq, A Review on
The Effect of Crumb Rubber On The Properties of Rubbercrete, International Journal
of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(9), 2017, pp. 599–615.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9

1. INTRODUCTION
The world population keeps on increasing, with projection of 70% of the population to be
living in the cities by 2050 necessitating the need of automobiles since transportation is
needed more in the cities [1]. With this increase in population, and transportation been one of
the basic necessities in life, thus leading increase in vehicle usage, with China being the
largest automobile producing and marketing country [2, 3]. In the developed countries, it was
estimated that the rate of generation of waste tires stands in the ratio of one passenger tire per
person, with an estimate of 1 billion waste tires generated annually, with an expectation that
the waste tire generation will reach 1.2 billion by 2030, and a total of about 4 billion tires

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 A Review on The Effect of Crumb Rubber On The Properties of Rubbercrete

deposited as landfills globally, with more than 50% of the average 1 billion waste tires
produced globally are discarded without any treatment [4-7]. The amount of waste tires
generated in U.S.A escalated to more than 3.8 million tonnes by 2013 with civil engineering
application consuming only about 5% of the waste tire generated [8]. While in 2015 it
escalated to more than 4.1 million tons with civil engineering utilizing about 7% [9]. A tire
can be defined as complex elastomeric formulations composite combined with steel and fiber
codes while a waste tire can simply be defined as a type of solid waste generated from used,
unwanted or discarded tires, irrespective of its size or type and has been removed from its
original usage [10, 11].

1.1. Problems Associate with Waste Tires

Waste tire is a solid waste and its disposal and management poses environmental concern
among several countries [10, 12, 13]. This is mainly due to its non-biodegradable nature as a
result of presence of stabilizers, additives and the cross-linked structure of the elastomeric
polymer material [13]. In other words, disposal of waste tires is very difficult as it requires
large space causing environmental, aesthetic and health related problems to the surrounding
environment, If dumped in the environment, will be stockpiled, causing landfilling problems
with rapidly depleting the available sites for solid waste disposal, and causes so many
environmental and health hazards such as high risk of fire, provides shelter to harmful insects,
rodents and animals such as rats, mosquitoes, snakes, mice etc. [12, 14, 15].

1.2. Possible Solutions to Waste Tire Disposal Problems

Waste tire management continues to pose serious environmental, health and aesthetic
problems and therefore need to be solved. Several attempts have being made for the proper
utilization and management of waste tires. Some of the ways used in waste tire management
include; using waste tire in asphaltic concrete, production of steam through tires incineration,
as fuel for cement kiln, in the production of carbon black, and as an artificial reef in marines
[10]. Waste tires are also used in pyrolysis i.e. production of tire derived fuels due to their
long hydrocarbon chains [16-22]. Majority of the waste tires utilized are used in the pyrolysis
of tire derived fuel, but the use of tires for fuel is economically less advantage compared to
fuel derived from petroleum products, and it involves pollution of environment by releasing
toxic gases to the surrounding environment [23, 24]. They are also used to produce activated
carbon for absorbing pollutant gases from flue gas streams i.e. for pollution control
applications [25-29]. Waste tires are also used for ground rubber applications such as in
flower beds mulch, landfill liners, artificial reefs, breakwaters, embankments, retaining walls,
cover for playground, as asphalt for paving streets and highways, sport surfacing, animal
bedding, as high volume fill for septic systems, fill material for turf grasses, and in concrete as
partial replacement to aggregate etc [9, 10, 30].
Due to the rapid growth and development in the construction industries with higher
demands of concrete which is produced in billions of tonnes annually, emphasis are been laid
on the sustainability of the concrete constituent materials most specifically aggregate which
constituent the highest volume percentage in the concrete to prevent or overcome its possible
shortage which many countries are now facing [7, 10, 13, 31]. In order to manage the
problems associated with waste tire disposal and the possible shortage of aggregate in the
construction industry, incorporating waste tire to partially replace aggregate in concrete seems
to be a possible solution [7, 12].
Waste tires are been used in concrete as partial replacement to fine aggregate or coarse
aggregate. The waste tire is grinded and reduces into smaller particles before replacing
aggregate in concrete, with the steel and thread removed. Mechanical grinding at ambient is

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 Bashar S Mohammed, Musa Adamu and Nasir Shafiq

used to produce chipped rubber which is used as coarse aggregate in concrete while crumb
rubber is used as fine aggregate in concrete is produced using cryogenic grinding at low
temperature [7]. For example, waste tire has being used as crumb rubber to partially replace
fine aggregate in concrete [32-40]. Other researchers uses waste tire to partially replace both
fine and coarse aggregate in concrete etc. [41-43]. However few cases exists where waste tires
was used in form of chips to replace coarse aggregate in concrete due to the high reduction in
strength [44, 45]. Waste tires was also used as fine aggregate replacement in concrete for
composite slabs applications, exterior walls, hollow blocks and roller compacted concrete [46-
50].
Different terminologies such as rubbercrete, rubberized concrete and rubcrete were used
to denote concrete containing waste tires as partial replacement of aggregate [24, 42, 51-59].
For this paper rubbercrete will be adapted.

2. CRUMB RUBBER
Crumb rubber is a waste tire in which the size of the whole tire is reduced and grinded into
smaller particle ranging from 4.75 mm to 75μm as shown in figure 2 [10]. It is produced in a
special mill through grinding of the waste tire to granular sizes between 0.425 mm to 4.75
mm, with different sizes produced based on the properties and temperature of the milling
machine generated [31]. It can be used as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete
or mortar [10, 31].

2.1. Properties of Crumb Rubber

Crumb rubber is being used in concrete as a partial replacement to fine aggregate to produce
rubbercrete [12]. In comparison to fine aggregate it has lower specific gravity ranging from
0.51 to 1.2, bulk density ranging from 524 kg/m3 to 1273 kg/m3, lower water adsorption,
strength and stiffness [23, 49, 60-62]. Crumb rubber is hydrophobic and non-polar material
which repels water and entraps air into its surface [63]. It also has a different gradation
compared to fine aggregate which falls below the lower limit of the curve in particle size
analysis. Therefore when it partially replaced fine aggregate in rubbercrete, it changes the
grading to a non-continuous aggregate gradation [36]. Partial replacement of fine aggregate
with crumb rubber in rubbercrete is normally done by volume of the materials due to the
lower specific gravity of crumb rubber compared to fine aggregate.

2.2. Processing of Crumb Rubber

Production of Crumb rubber involves the reduction of the whole waste tire into smaller
granules of sizes ranging from 75 µm to 4.75 mm with the steel, fibers dust and any
contaminants removed, leaving only the rubber particles [10]. Therefore processing the waste
tire from the whole to the smaller crumb sizes involves a series of operations. Four methods
are used to grind the rubber to smaller sizes and they include; ambient temperature, cryogenic,
wet, and high-pressure water jet [64]. Similarly, there are also three methods used to reduce
scrap tires to crumb rubber, and they are granular process, cracker mill process and the micro-
mill process. However the most commonly used method in production of crumb rubber are
the cryogenic grinding and the cracker mill process as they produce almost all desirable size
[10].

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 A Review on The Effect of Crumb Rubber On The Properties of Rubbercrete

3. PROPERTIES OF RUBBERCRETE
3.1. Fresh Properties of Rubbercrete
Rubbercrete at its fresh state can be cast and molded to any desired shape; therefore fresh
properties of rubbercrete such as workability, density, unit weight, and air content are
important parameters as they may adversely affect the hardened properties of rubbercrete.

3.1.1. Workability
It has been reported that workability of rubbercrete improved with increasing the partial
replacement of crumb rubber percentage to fine aggregate up to 50% [12, 65]. Other
researchers have reported drop in the workability [65, 66]. Similarly, when crumb rubber
replacement percentage increases in dry mix roller compacted rubbercrete, the consistency
improved [49]. This finding was in contrary to another study where consistency was reported
to decrease [37]. However, in another study, it has been concluded that partial replacement of
crumb rubber to fine aggregate has no effect on workability of rubbercrete [14]. The
improvement in the workability is due to the hydrophobic nature of crumb rubber, it would
repels water which results in increasing the water available for the cementitious matrix and
consequently lead to increasing in the flowability of the rubbercrete [37]. On the other hand,
smaller size and surface roughness of crumb rubber particles could adversely effects the
workability. The higher rough surface area of crumb rubber might lead to increase friction
inside the fresh rubbercrete mixture resulting in reduce the flowability [66, 67].

3.1.2 Unit Weight, density and air content

Crumb rubber is non-polar and hydrophobic in nature which entraps air on its surface,
promoting it as an air entraining agent. Therefore, crumb rubber is being used to increase air
content in rubbercrete to improve freeze and thaw resistance [68]. However, higher air content
in rubbercrete leading to reduction in unit weight [63, 69]. Another contributing factor to the
reduction in the unit weight of concrete is the density of crumb rubber is lower that fine sand
by 192% [70, 71]. It has been reported that 1.5% replacement of crumb rubber to fine
aggregate by weight result in increasing in the air content by 26% decreasing the density by
2% [72].

3.2. Hardened Properties

3.2.1 Introduction
Hardened properties of rubbercrete have been investigated and well documented by
researchers. Some of these properties have been improved, while others have shown reduction
as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Effect of partial replacement of crumb rubber on hardened properties of rubbercrete

Replacement Reduction Increment
Property Reference
Level (%) (%)
Strength Compressive 5 – 30 0.7 – 78.95 [34, 73]
strength
Splitting tensile 5 – 30 5.7 – 66.67 [57, 73]
Strength
Flexural strength 5 – 30 3.8 – 40.74 [74-76]
20 – 30 21.8 – 28.8 [77]
Deformation Static modulus 5 - 30 2 – 52.2 [49, 75]
Dynamic modulus 5 – 30 5.7 – 68.4 [44, 70]
Drying shrinkage 5 – 30 1.7 – 95 [35, 78]
10 42.5 & 69 [70, 79]

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 Bashar S Mohammed, Musa Adamu and Nasir Shafiq

Abrasion 5 – 30 0 – 81 [69, 80]

resistance 5 – 25 25 – 34.5 [65]
Impact resistance 5 – 30 71.8 – 198.3 [81, 82]
Damping 5 – 30 27 – 62 [83, 84]
Energy absorption 5 – 30 2.2 – 91 [60, 65]
Brittleness index 5 – 30 37.8 – 63.8 [44]
Peak strain 5 – 30 14 – 251.7 [85, 86]
ultimate strain 5 – 30 62.8 – 183 [85, 86]
peak deflection 5 – 30 3 – 137.5 [85, 86]
Toughness 5 – 30 4 – 193.2 [87, 88]
Fatigue 5 – 30 0.4 – 3.8 [86]
5 – 30 61.4 – 409.7 [85]
Durability Chloride ion 5 – 30 0.8 – 78.3 [14, 67]
penetration 10 – 20 1.37 – 35.85 [14, 24]
Water absorption 10 - 30 2.86 – 95.24 [7, 23]
10 – 30 1.52 – 32.5 [34, 89]
Porosity 10 - 30 21.21 – 1[90, 91]
262.12
Carbonation 5 – 20 5 – 275 [23, 32]
resistance
Corrosion 5 – 20 2.59 – 6.23 [35]
resistance 30 100 [92]
Freeze and thaw 10 – 20 5.24% [68]
resistance
Nonstructural Sound absorption 5 – 30 8.26 – 113.31 [48, 93]
performance Electrical 5 – 30 1.57 – 21.9 [94]
resistivity
Thermal 5 – 30 7.08 – 49.72 [48, 89, 93, 95]
conductivity

3.2.2. Strengths
The reduction in strengths of rubbercrete as shown in table 1 was mainly due to the physical
properties of crumb rubber and its compatibility with fine aggregate. Increased air content in
the fresh rubbercrete mix due to the hydrophobic nature of crumb rubber leads to increased
void content in the hardened rubbercrete thereby allowing stresses concentration across the
pose causing micro cracks formation and consequently reduction in strength [48, 75, 96, 97].
In addition, the entrapped air on the crumb rubber surface increases the interfacial transition
zone (ITZ) thickness, and causes poor bonding with the hardened matrix as the ITZ itself is a
weak porous zone between cement paste and aggregate with the weak bonding causing micro
cracks formation leading to reduced strength and premature failure [6, 52, 98, 99]. In addition
crumb rubber is also non-compactible with sand, having lower specific gravity, strength,
stiffness, and load carrying capacity thus leading to reduced strength when replaced part of
fine aggregate [77, 84]. In addition as crumb rubber changes the aggregate grading in the
rubbercrete mix to a non-continuous with more voids formed due to the inability of the voids
in the aggregate to be filled by the crumb rubber, this leads to a more porous rubbercrete thus
reducing its strength [61]. However, some reported an increase in flexural strength and this is
attributed to the fiber nature of crumb rubber, high ductility and post cracking behavior of
rubbercrete which allows it to resist flexural loads even after failure [34, 100].
In order to reduce the strength loss in rubbercrete several attempts have been made to
either enhancing the bonding between hardened cement paste and crumb rubber or to increase
the chemical reaction in cement to densify the hardened rubbercrete micro structure. For
instance crumb rubber has been pre-coated with limestone and in another case it has been
coated with cement mortar to densify the ITZ and subsequently improving bonding [14, 62,
74, 101, 102]. Others researchers have treated the crumb rubber with sodium hydroxide so as

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 A Review on The Effect of Crumb Rubber On The Properties of Rubbercrete

to make its surface rougher to improve bonding [103, 104]. Similarly ultraviolet using water
retention has been applied to crumb rubber to change its surface energy so that to prevent it
from repelling water and entrapping air and consequently improve its bonding [105].
Furthermore, to densify the hardened rubbercrete microstructure, cement replacement
materials have been used such as silica, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakoalin and
fly ash [65, 77, 104, 106]. Additionally, crumb rubber has been oxidized using potassium
permanganate (KMnO4) solution before sulphonating it with sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3)
solution so that can have better bonding with hardened cement matrix [107]. Recently nano
silica has been added to rubbercrete to refine the pore system, increase chemical reaction of
cement and densify the ITZ as shown in Figure 3 [52]. While in another study deairing agent
was added to rubbercrete to reduce the air content and consequently improve strength [108].
However in contrary to this it was reported that treating crumb rubber does not significantly
improve strength in rubbercrete compared to normal concrete [109, 110]. It is worthy of note
that treating the crumb rubber would increases the cost of rubbercrete thus offsetting its
advantage. However, using Nano Silica would present an economical solution in mitigating
strength loss in rubbercrete due to its physical and chemical properties and also to its
relatively low cost.

3.2.3 Deformation Properties

3.2.3.1 Static and Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity
The reduction in elastic modulus of rubbercrete is attributed to lower stiffness and elastic
modulus of crumb rubber particles in comparing to the fine aggregate. With the crumb rubber
particles acting like tiny springs in the hardened rubbercrete which having no significant
effect in terms of resisting the applied external loads. This is leading to reduction in strength
which adversely affects the elastic modulus of rubbercrete [14, 60, 66, 111]. In addition
internal factors leading to reduction in elastic modulus of rubbercrete include; weak bonding
between cement paste and crumb rubber particles, higher voids content in the cement paste
together and the thicker and weaker ITZ due to entrapped air by the crumb rubber which
significantly affects the stress-strain behavior. In addition, the lower volumetric proportions of
natural aggregates in rubbercrete lead to reduction in elastic modulus [14, 67]. This is due to
the lower elastic modulus of crumb rubber particles in comparison to that of natural
aggregate. While the reduction in dynamic modulus of elasticity of rubbercrete is mainly
attributed to the higher porosity in the hardened rubbercrete. This is explained by the
reduction in the ultrasonic pulse velocity due to lower density, stiffness and ability of the
crumb rubber particles in absorbing ultrasonic wave [14, 32, 54].

3.2.3.2 Drying Shrinkage and Abrasion Resistance

Drying shrinkage of rubbercrete increases with increasing the crumb rubber content. The
increase in shrinkage of rubbercrete are mainly caused by the following factors: poor bonding
between crumb rubber and cement paste, lower stiffness, lower load carrying capacity of
crumb rubber which leads to reduction in restraint to drying. In addition, higher w/c ratio,
lower strength and modulus of elasticity leading to lower restraint to drying of the rubbercrete
microstructure [15, 23, 35, 112, 113]. While abrasion resistance increases with increasing the
crumb rubber content. This is due to the crumb rubber acting like a brush and preventing the
rubbing and grinding of the rubbercrete surface. Additionally, the fiber-like-shape of crumb is
holding and preserving the cement paste [34, 69, 80].

3.2.3.3 Impact Resistance, Ductility and Energy Absorption

The impact resistance, damping, ductility and energy absorption increase with increasing in
crumb rubber content in rubbercrete. The improvement of impact resistance and damping

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 Bashar S Mohammed, Musa Adamu and Nasir Shafiq

ratio of rubbercrete are attributed to the more elastic, higher deformation and lower stiffness
of crumb rubber in comparing to fine aggregate. Therefore, rubbercrete has better ability to
absorb shock, vibration and consequently having higher impact resistance and damping ration
[65, 83]. The energy absorption capacity is measured through different ways such as
brittleness index, peak deflection, ultimate strain, peak strain and peak load. It can also be
measured through the load deflection curve as shown in Figure 4. The improvement in energy
absorption is attributed to the ability of low stiffness crumb rubber to bridge cracks, bend,
twist and compress to allowing the rubbercrete to be relatively more flexible and thus be able
to absorb more energy[65, 67, 86]. In addition, the low stiffness of crumb rubber particles
enables it to decrease internal frictions and recovering extra strain in the rubbercrete matrix
[12, 65]

3.2.3.4 Toughness and Fatigue Performance

Improvement in fatigue performance and toughness of rubbercrete are attributed to the
content of crumb rubber. The fatigue fracture of rubbercrete consists of three phases: 10%
nucleation, 80 % stable and 10% instable phase of the full fatigue life of rubbercrete [86]. The
increase in fatigue is mainly due to the fact that rubber particles suppress the formation of
micro cracks and absorbs more strain energy thereby resisting more cycles of repetitive loads
[85]. While toughness improves due to the higher energy absorption capacity, enhanced strain
energy, and anti-cracking performance of rubbercrete [87, 88].

3.2.4 Durability Performance and Freeze/Thaw Resistance

3.2.4.1 Chloride ion penetration, water absorption, porosity and carbonation resistance
Partially replacing fine aggregate with crumb rubber in rubbercrete adversely affects the
durability of rubbercrete. The increase in chloride penetration of rubbercrete is mainly due to
its high permeability, with poor internal packing and interconnected voids formed by the
crumb rubber due to entrapped air during mixing thus leading to increased porosity and this
favors penetration of chloride ion through permeation, absorption or diffusion [6, 14, 32].
While increase in water absorption is attribute to the high water absorption, thicker and
porous ITZ between crumb rubbers and cement matrix in combination to the higher porosity
in the rubbercrete [33, 92]. With regards to carbonation and corrosion resistance very scares
and limited literatures are available on the subject matter. However, Corrosion resistance and
carbonation resistance have been found to be adversely affected with increasing percentage of
crumb rubber replacement [4, 23, 32, 35, 92]. This due to the well-established fact that
porosity and void ratio of rubbercrete increases with increasing of crumb rubber percentage.

3.2.4.2 Freeze and Thaw Resistance

Freeze and thaw resistance of rubbercrete increases with increasing crumb rubber percentage
[33, 68, 72]. This is due to the increasing in the void ratio inside the rubbercrete. Whereas
these voids provide space to accommodate the increased volume of crystalized water in the
rubbercrete pore system during freezing. Which consequently normalize the internal pressure
hardened rubbercrete during the freeze and thaw cycling.

3.2.5 Nonstructural Performance

3.2.5.1 Sound Absorption and Electrical Resistivity
Both sound absorption and electrical resistivity increases with increasing of crumb rubber
content. However, the increase is sound absorption of rubbercrete is higher for lower sized
crumb rubber compared to larger sizes as shown in Figure 5 [93]. The increase in electrical
resistivity is ascribed to the properties of crumb rubber being a dielectric material and

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 A Review on The Effect of Crumb Rubber On The Properties of Rubbercrete

blocking the paths for electric wave to transfer across the rubbercrete, while increase in sound
absorption is due to the ability of the sound to be absorbed by the entrapped air on the crumb
rubber surface [48].

3.2.5.2 Thermal Conductivity

As shown in figure 6, the size of crumb rubber has significant effect on the thermal
conductivity of rubbercrete with lower sizes showing higher values [48, 94, 114]. The
decrease in thermal conductivity is as a result of higher entrapped air in the rubbercrete
mixtures. Whereas both air and crumb rubber have lower thermal conductivity than hardened
cement paste. Hardened cement paste has thermal conductivity of 1.7 Wm/K which is greater
than that of air 0.025 Wm/K and crumb rubber 0.11 Wm/K. This causes the thermal flow to
be opposed by air in the voids and crumb rubber particles [48, 114].

4. CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS UTILIZING

RUBBERCRETE
Capitalizing on the improved properties of rubbercrete in comparison to normal concrete,
researchers have developed construction building products made of rubbercrete to meet
specific requirements. Some of these products are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Construction building materials made of rubbercrete

Item Product Specific requirements Reference
Railway
1 Improved fatigue and impact resistance ([115, 116]
slippers/ballast
2 Beams Improved Impact resistance and ductility [117]
3 Composite slab Improved ductility [46]
4 In situ wall panels Improved sound absorption [93]
5 Precast wall panels Improved sound absorption and thermal conductivity [94]
6 Columns Improved seismic resistance [118, 119]
7 Road side barriers Improved impact resistance [120]
Hollow concrete Improved sound absorption, thermal conductivity
8 [48]
blocks and electrical resistivity
9 paving block Improved skid resistance and abrasion resistance [121]
10 Pavement surface Improved sound absorption [122]
Improved toughness, post-failure loads, and
11 Masonry walls [98]
earthquake resistance
Drainage layer in Improved hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate
12 [123]
green roof and weight reduction
Embankment for
expansive soils in Reduced swelling, increased elastic recovery and
13 [124]
road and railway undrained shear strength
projects
Improved shear strength, axial strain and post-peak
14 Soft clays [125]
strength

5. FUTURE TRENDS
In some developing countries, scrap tires are being used as a low cost supplementary fuel due
to its high calorific value. This is lead to dramatically increase the emission of greenhouse
gases which is the main contributor to the global warming. However, to address this issue,
Kyoto protocol has put in place an enforcement mechanism restriction on production of
greenhouse gases which causes climate changes. Therefore, there will be a serious problem
of scrap tire disposal due to limitation in the landfill availability and also to the associated
multiple environmental and health hazards problems. The current scenario on recycling of

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 Bashar S Mohammed, Musa Adamu and Nasir Shafiq

scrap tires is quite narrow for limited applications such as children’s playground, flower beds
mulch, landfill liners, artificial reefs, breakwaters, embankments, retaining walls, sport
surfacing, animal bedding, as high volume fill for septic systems, fill material for turf grasses,
and in concrete as partial replacement to aggregate, there is an urgent need to use recycled
scrap tire in useful mass applications. On the other hand, production of concrete has hit more
than 3.8 billion cubic meters annually. This will lead to depletion in the natural resources
which also will adversely affect the eco-system.
Using crumb rubber from scrap tires as partial replacement to fine aggregate in concrete
results rubbercrete. In comparison with normal concrete, rubbercrete has several improved
properties such as ductility, fatigue performance, impact resistance, thermal conductivity,
acoustic properties, electrical resistivity, etc. However, rubbercrete exhibits lower strengths
and modulus elasticity which discourage personals in the construction industry to practically
accept it. Therefore, attempts have been made to recover the strengths lost by treating and
coating crumb rubber particles. These attempts have failed to provide an acceptable economic
solution. Recently, nano silica has been added to rubbercrete and successfully improves it
strengths without offset cost and other improved properties. Therefore, this will provide
available economical solution to the waste tire management. Although the fresh and hardened
properties of rubbercrete have been thoroughly investigated and well documented by
researchers. However, some aspects require further attention such as: systematic mix design,
fire resistance, behavior in elevated temperatures, carbonation resistance and deformation
properties (shrinkage and creep).

6. CONCULDING REMARKS
This paper reviews the latest works have been conducted to investigate rubbercrete properties
in both fresh and hardened state. The fresh properties include unit weight, air content, and
workability while the hardened properties include compressive, tensile and flexural strengths,
static and dynamic modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, abrasion resistance, impact resistance,
ductility, energy absorption, toughness and fatigue properties. It also covers durability
performances which include chloride Ion Penetration, water absorption, porosity, carbonation
resistance, corrosion resistance, and freeze/thaw resistance. Other physical properties such as
sound absorption, electrical resistivity, and thermal conductivity have been reviewed. The
summary of the remarks derived from this paper are as follows:
 Rubbercrete has improved workability and freeze / thaw resistance.
 Reduction in the strengths of rubbercrete can be offset economically using nano silica as
cementitious addition.
 The lower drying shrinkage of rubbercrete will promote it as good repair mortar and also in
mass concreting application such dams and rigid pavements.
 Due to the ability of rubbercrete in absorbing impact loading, members subject to accidental
impact loads can be made of rubbercrete such as crush barrier
 The improved fatigue load cycles and toughness of rubbercrete make it suitable for roller
compacted rigid pavement
 The rubbercrete can be used in producing of members/products that can be used in improving
life quality of habitants due to its high sound absorption, high electrical resistivity and lower
thermal conductivity.

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 A Review on The Effect of Crumb Rubber On The Properties of Rubbercrete

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education (MOE) of Malaysia for granting
the project under code PRGS/1/13/TK03/UTP/02/02.

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