Society of PstroisumEngheers

n
SPE 30549

Horizontal Well Placement and Petrophysical Evaluation Using LWD

J.D. Prilliman, D.F. Allen, Schlumberger W]reline & Testing and L.R. Lehtonen, Mobil Exploration & Producing, US, Inc.

CoP@JM 1S95. .Soddy d Petmlaum Eno-. kc is a steerable motor equipped with resistivity, gamma ray, and
This f).aw was praparad fw preaanlation at ma lmnual Tadmii Confwanw and ExhWii inclination sensors at, or very close to, the bit. The other is a
hold in Dallas, U.S.A. 22-2S 0c40bar, 1SS5.
new porosity and Iithology device that measures formation
This w was aaladad fw wsanlalii
rnformalion cmtahed
by an SPE Prooram Cc+nmtiaa fOllOv+ raviaw of
h M abstract submittad by ha mihcu(a). COnIenla d ha papar, as
density, photoelectric factor and neutron porosity in azimuthal
pmamtad. have ml baan raviawad by ma SOCWY d Pdrdeum Er@naam ti am $@aclad quadrants around the borehole.’ This paper presents a detailed
10 cwadii by tha author(s). Tfw malarial. as peaanlad, doss d ~ rafiad my
~i d Ifm So5aly of Palmlaum Engiis, its offcara, or mamlxrs. Papan pmentad at example of the use of these two services in a Gulf of Mexico
--- A- ——.A--- ., . .._ “__, -.. -,
wt maeiinga U. subjaci m @iiibn raviaw by iZ6Wisi unnmmaas m UN -IY m weii to steer into adjacent targets and etffectiveiy evaiuate the
Pafrobum Enghaam. Pannisabn to cqy k rcsbicfad 10 an absfmd of nd mm SUII 300
wcafs. Ilfustrahsna may nd ba copiad TM abstrad should ccatarn cmapicunua uknwlI- formation with high-quali~ petrophysica[ data.
adgmaml dwharati bywhomltm paparwaspesonlad. bwalibrwk, SPE, P.O. BOX
~, Riiam, Tx 750KuS3S, U.S.A. fax 01-214-S52-S425. The log examples presented in this paper show how the
resistivity at the bit, gamma ray, and inclination near the bit
allowed the well to be accurately steered. Also, the azimuthal
Abstract data from the new porosity device show petrophysical
A well recently drilled in the Gulf of Mexico utilized new formation characteristics in more detail than was previously
developments in logging while drilling (LWD) technology to possible. This azimuthal data from four quadrants of the
allow a horizontal wellbore to be accurately placed in difficult borehole allowed both better knowledge of the well trajectory
------- @:—..l------ .-1.. Illgll-quiallcy
LargcN. Ol[llulwillcuusly, L:-L -....1:-. -A.---f..,l:n-l
pcllupllyalwl
1.-.,.
Ius
in the reservoir and complete petrophysical evaluations of the
measurements were taken, allowing very detailed formation formations. In washed-out and rugose sections, the new
evaluation. An instmmented motor provided resistivi~, features of the tool allowed accurate acquisition of formation
gamma ray, and inclination measurements at or very close to data despite the poor hole conditions.
the bit. A new porosity and Iithology tool provided azimuthal Two of the log sections presented are also evaluated
data from four quadrants of the borehole. All data were used using a new Integrated Forward Modeling (INFORM*)
for bed boundary detection at high relative dip angles, program. This soflware allows the user to reconstmct the beds
geosteering accuracy, and for better estimates of net pay. traversed
——. -.--— by the well tOrn_atchthe acmal io~ data:

Introduction
Placing and evaluating horizontal wells remains a challenge to
the oil industry. In the past few years, there have been
numerous cases of geological steering techniques
(geosteering) allowing the successful placement of horizontal
wellbores using real-time LWD 2 MHz resistivity, Gamma
Ray, and direction and inclination (D&I) measurements.
However, density and neutron measurements while Mling
have seldom been made in these horizontal wellbores because
of hole conditions, rig time constraints, bottom hole assembly
(BHA) design limitations, and high flow-rate requirements.
These problems have been overcome with the addition of two
new LWD devices that help place the borehole successfully
and thoroughly evaluate the formation at the same time. One
Well Description
A hydrocarbon-bearing sand (the A sand) is separated by
faults into several compartments. Individual compartments do
not have sufficient reserves to justi~ development by multiple
wells. The only economically feasible way to produce this
formation is to drill a horizontal well tlom an existing
platform. A pilot well was drilled to confirm the economics of
the A sand, and also to evaluate the B sand directly below the
A sand.
A cross section of the planned pilot and horizontal wells
is shown in Fig. 1. The horizontal well was to traverse four
fault blocks. The first fault block (between fault 1 and fault
2) and the fourth fault block (after fault 4) were designated as

173
● Mark of Schlumberger
2 HORIZONTAL
WELL PLACEMENT AND PETROPHYSICAL
ttigets for Completion. These two zones wou]d effectively
drain the A sand reservoir. A secondary objective was to drill
at least 200 ft. of shale in fault block 3 (behveen fault 3 and
fault 4). This would allow external casing packers to be set
around blank liner for later isolation of the two primary
producing fault blocks (fault blocks 1 and4). Amap view of
the planned pilot and horizontal wells is shown in Fig. 2.
Anticipated Problems
This well was drilled into a very challenging formation, and
the use of several recent innovations in LWD technology were
required to successtidly complete the project.
Horizontal Section
A iong horizontal section of about 3300 ft. was ieqii~ied ki
traverse all four compartments. A characteristic of long
horizontal sections is “porposing~ where the well deviation
will cycle over 90 degrees, drilling up in the section, and less
.—.
than 90 degrees, steering the well downward. This is caused
by having the directional sensors in the Measurement While
Drilling (MWD) tool 80 to 100 ft. behind the bit. By the time
the MWD survey indicates that the well has changed direction,
the well can be significantly off course. This requires correc-
tions which results in severe doglegs. This process typically
continues as drilling progresses, giving the well a tortuous
path. Directional drillers commonly refer to this problem as
“driving from the back of the bus.” The GeoSteering tool, an
instrumented powered downhole motor, provides an inclina-
tion measurement very close to the bit and moves the
directional driller up to the “front of the bus” (Fig. 3). Using
this inclination measurement, the directional driller quickly
knows of direction changes and can drill a much straighter
borehole. This pays off when completing the well. The
GeoSteering tool also provides a gamma ray very close to the
bit and resistivity at the bit, which allows immediate informa-
tion on the formation that is being penetrated by the bit.
Varying Porosity
Analyzing the producibility of the target sand was compli-
cated by the varying porosity over the different targets and
within each individual sand package. Resistivity logs will read
high in low-porosity zones, giving a false indication of pay.
Also, the well needs to be kept in the highest porosity
available to maximize production. A porosity log is needed to
avoid poor quality rock in the zone of interest. Wireline
porosity logs would have to be run on the drillstring after the
well has been drilled, a very time-consuming task. A new
LWD porosity tool, the Azimuthal Density Neutron (ADN*),
was utilized on this well and gave a great deal of valuable data
with more detail than had previously been obtainable with
either wireline or LWD data. This tool provides neutron
porosity and azimuthal density, photoelectric factor, and
ultrasonic standoff measurements (Fig. 4). The porosity data
were very usetld for reserve confirmation. The azimuthal
properties of the ADN tool were helpful in this well, as will be
shown in later examples.
174
*Mark of Schlumberger
EVALUATION USING LWD SPE30549
GeoSteering
Steering the well through four fault blocks requires fonvard
modeling of the resistivhy expected in each biock. A simu-
lated 2 MHz resistivity log was produced utilizing offset log
data and the modeled response of the 2 MHz signal at the
expected relative angles. Several “what if’ scenarios were
generated to anticipate the log response.
Drilling Narrative
The pilot well and the build and horizontal sections were all
drilled using LWD measurements to steer the well and
evaluate the formations encountered.
Pilot Well
-l-h ..:1,+
1 lle ~&l
..,-11
ULWbl ..,ee AAll,aA
W=2-&lllbu *A a.,nlt nb
.- -.U,J-.W tha
.,,- ar-nnnmie
--v,, --- nntpntial
~w.=....-.
of the A sand and to verify that its expected true vertical depth
(TVD). The well was drilled at a deviation of 60 degrees from
vertical in a northwest direction beneath the trapping fault
.-.
(b”lg.5). Tine Compensated Duai Resistivity (CDR*) aid ADN
tools were utilized while drilling to provide log information.
The logs showed the A sand to have good economic potential,
but also showed several thin tight streaks concentrated at the
top of the zone.
Build Section
The plan for the build section was to encounter the top of the
A sand at about X605 TVD. The trajectory of the build section
was reduced from 89 degrees to 86 degrees to lessen the
chance of the bit skipping on a tight streak. Casing was to be
set in or below the last tight streak. The CDR tool was to be
used on this section to confirm the well entering the A sand
and to assist in veri~ing that the well was below the tight
streak zone.
The buiid section was terminated when tihe CDR resistivi-
ties matched the responses of the tight zone in the pilot well.
This allowed us to determine that the bit had just passed
through the zone of tight streaks.
Horizontal Section
A cross section of the planned horizontal section is shown in
Fig. 5. Displacement away from the wellhead is plotted along
the x-axis and TVD is plotted along the y-axis. Vertical
exaggeration is about 20:1. A primary target was the first fault
block. Structure on this block was nearly flat until it ap-
proached fault 2, where it rose to intercept the fault. Fault
block 2 was upthrown, with bedding assumed to be almost
flat. This was a secondary target. The third fault block was
believed to have relatively high formation dips and was not a
production target. Here, shale penetration of at least 200 ft.
was necessary to isolate the primary producing blocks (fault
blocks 1 and 4) from each other. This would allow placement
of blank liner sections and external casing packers. In the final
fault block, fault block 4, the well was to drop into the best
porosity of the A sand and continue horizontal untii totai
depth (TD) was reached.
.
SPE 30S49 J.D. PRILLIMAN,
GeoSteering Snapshots and Modeled Interpretation
Real-time resistivi~ and gamma ray data are transmitted
uphole by mud-pulse telemetry from the GeoSteering ‘tool.
These data are compared to the modeled logs, allowing the
geosteering coordinator and geologist to verifi if the well is
on target or if a correction is needed. Azimuthal station
measurements of gamma ray or resistivity also can be taken to
tell which way the well needs to be steered to stay in the zone
of interest. Several chronological records of drilling progress
and the decisions made during the geosteering process are
shown.
A new integrated forward modeling software, INFORM,
allows geologic interpretation of horizontal wells. Model logs
are created for each bed using available gamma ray, receptiv-
ity, density, neutron and sonic inputs. The software then
allows the beds to be manipulated in an iterative process until
the modeled logs match the actual recorded logs. Log sections
.Lfi..,” IIi:n Lrxtim
a,,un,, .~a.
K-,.~ 7r aIG
u aIIU
-.- . . . . . . ..IaI..A
IkIUUGIGU
:.. m-.
III I-LS3.
o . ...4
7 aiw
Bit Run No. 5
Having successfully drilled the first fault block of the A sand,
the well was turned upward to encounter more pay and to
position the well to drill shale in fault block 3. During Bit Run
No. 5, the well crosses fault 2 and enters fault block 2. A
section of the CDR and ADN memory dump logs is shown in
Fig. 6. Track 1 contains the ultrasonic caliper, GR, TVD
showing the trajectory of the well, and rate of penetration. The
depth track has an RPM curve that shows when the drillstring
is rotating. This is of interest because the azimuthal measure-
ments made by the ADN tool are only applicable when the
tool is rotating. Track 2 contains CDR phase shift and
attenuation resistivity curves. Track 3 contains average and
L.-M--
uuLLuii
-.. -A---- ucmuy
I qUmLIaIIL
J---:&. --...
puruwy,
-:L. --------
ntwtrun
-----:
purusny,
.-. dnu
~-~ mud
>-1.-
rho for the bottom quadrant. The tick marks on the edges of
the tracks represent data points that were used for the GR,
resistivity, density and neutron logs. These are used as a log
quality indicator more ticks indicate more data points used in
*ha 1A”
L&lb lu~.
Of interest in this log section (Fig. 6) is that the average
and bottom quadrant density porosity both see a shale/sand
contact at the same measured depth (X340 feet). This
----
boundary is interpreted to be fault z. I he difference between
the bottom and average density porosity in the body of the
zone is due to vertical segregation of invading mud filtrate. As
the well continues along the section, the density and neutron
porosity curves have less crossover and the resistivity comes
down, indicating that the formation is grading into a silty
zone. The separation between the phase shift and attenuation
resistivity curves is due to the anisotrophy of the sand. The
polarization horns on the resistivity curves where the well
enters and exits the sand are not as noticeable as they often are
due to the relatively high relative angle between the wellbore
and the beds.
The modeled interpretation for this interval is shown in
Fig. 9. The top track contains the actual gamma ray log
recorded while drilling and the modeled gamma ray. The
D.F. ALLEN, L.R. LEHTONEN 3
second track from the top contains the actual and modeled
phase shift resistivities. The next tract contains the actual
bottom quadrant bulk density log and the corresponding
modeled log. At the bottom of the figure is the geologic
model showing the trajectory of the well and the relative
position of the modeled beds. The fault inserted at 2256 ft. on
the horizontal cMft section creates a sharp bed boundary on
the modeled logs that closely matches the actual logs recorded
in this section. (Fig. 6). On the TVD scale, the first two digits
of the depth numbers have been removed for confidentiality.
Bit Run No. 7
During this bit run, the well encounters a bed within the top of
the B sand and crosses into fault block 3. Fig. 7 shows the
same log curves as Fig. 6. Notice at X380 that the bottom
quadrant density porosity sees the sand, while the average of
the four quadrants still indicates the zone to be shale. As the
well cuts deeper into the shale, the average and bottom
In
IV.
..,.,..4 .-..+4-...:-,
quaulculb UGIIaILy
,.fi..A.:*, SIauually
pnuatby
-- A,..,II., vulllc
,.a... a +A”a*h
bu~culw
.9. ..”*:I
uiiui
th,a.,
,iiGy
nearly overlay at X430. This shows the well gradually going
down into the sand, until the entire wellbore is within the
zone. This sequence is consistent with predicted gentle
westerly dip. Also notice that the resistivity and gamma ray
curves are very inconclusive as to the exact entry point of the
well into the sand. This detailed picture of the well’s path
illustrates the azimuthal capabilities of the ADN service.
A model for a bed boundary crossed at a very low relative
angle is shown in Fig. 10. A slight dip was input to the
modeled beds to show the well entering the sand at a very
small relative angle. The figure shows the wellbore exposed to
the sand on the bottom quadrant of the hole only and then
gradually entering the sand completely. The sand is exited
...L-—AL- . ..-11 ------- )?-..!.
wrren me WCII crusscs IaLIL2. Ine mm
? T!_- I-..11. 4 ---:... ---
uermty remmgs
4:--- r--—
mmt
both the top and bottom quadrants are displayed in the RHOB
track, along with the modeled bulk densities from the top and
bottom quadrants. Phase shift and attenuation resistivities are
modeled in the Resistivity track. The gamma ray is modeled in
●L.- -“1. I-LA I..,4 P-D
LLIC LILW,K 16 UG1GLL Um.
1.. “II
Ill cIll
6-.. -1..
UCLVR3,
●L.-
lllG
--+..
clblUal
-1 -------
bU1 VG>
-..a
alG
“h,...,..
311 UiY11
as heavy lines and the modeled curves are lighter. Actual logs
are shown in Fig. 7.
Bit Run No. 8
The objective of Bit Run No. 8 was to drop ang,ie anti driii
into fault block 4. Afler getting into the top of the best
porosity in the A sand, angle would be built back to 90
degrees and held until TD of the well. Fig. 8 shows the log
results from this bit trip. The ADN log clearly shows the zone
to be hydrocarbon bearing and the location of tight streaks.
The staggered responses of the average and azimuthal density
porosities indicates that we are crossing the bed boundaries of
the tight streaks at a very low relative angle. Near the bottom
of this log section, we see an interesting response of the ADN
tool as the well passes through a bed. The bottom quadrant
density porosity clearly shows that the well goes down
through the tight streak, whereas the average density porosity
“is less definitive. Polarization horns on the resistivity curves
indicate that the well is cutting the bed at a low relative angle.z
175
4 HORIZONTAL WELL PLACEMENT AND PETROPHYSICAL EVALUATION USING LWD SPE30649

The current version of INFORM software was unable to

completely describe the complex geology of this log section.
The thin beds could be shown, but the variable bed dips close
to fault 4 proved to be very diff]cult to model.

Q~Q!usiQns
This Gulf of Mexico well was successfully drilled into
multiple compartments, where conventional drNing methods
would have been uneconomic. The geosteering benefits
provided by the instrumented downhole motor were essential
for reacting quickly to formation changes as the well was
being drilled. The advanced log measurements provided by
the second generation LWD porosity tool allowed a more
detailed petrophysicai evaluation of the formations traversed
than had been previously possible. Many features of the
formation that would not have been seen with conventional
wireline or LWD tools were clearly differentiated by the
azimuthal properties of the density measurement.

Acknowledgments
We thank Wayne Nicosia, J.R. Dribus, and Craig Kienitz for
their cooperation and assistance with this paper.

References
1. Holenk&J.er a/.: “Azimuthal Porosity While Drillingj” paper
presentedat the SPWLA 36th Annual Logging Symposium, Paris,
France, June, 199S.
2. Anderson, B. et u!.: “Responseof 2-MHz LWD* Resistivityand
WirelineInductionTools in Dipping Beds and Laminated
Formations: SPWLA paper 1736, presentedat the SPWLA31st
Annual Logging Symposium, June, 1990,

176
SPE 30549 J.D. PRILLMAN, D.F. ALLEN, L.R. LEHTONEN 5

Pilot and Horizontal Plans

-X500

-X700
\

PILOT PL 4N
-X900
FAULT 2 FA1

—
HOR ZONTAL PL 4N

..---- —
-Xwu 1 \

k!(l \
-X500 — - —

FAULT 1 I
----- ,,~,, ,,
-A(W , #n
1- + -H-
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3500 4000 4500
m,--- . A-. .e. .-
UI=FLAGEMCN I

FIGURE 1

Horizontal/Pilot Plans

2500- /
/
I

2000 I

OFFSET WE .L
1500

PIL 3T PLAN

I FAULT 3
1000
FAULT 2

5oo- ‘

/cJ 5001000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

EASTERLY
FIGURE 2

177
 SPE 30649
6 HORIZONTAL WELL PLACEMENT AND PETROPHYSICAL EVALUATION USING LWD

GeoSteering Tool

)QQ

PowerPak
PDM

Ill Surface Adjustable

M“
Bent-housing
.0
NBS with Bit Resistivity,
Azimuthal Resistivity,
Gamma Ray I Gamma Ray, Inclination, RPM
%

Azimuthal Resistivity— 3/4° Fixed Bent-housing

I

t 1

B@
Stabilizer

Bea;ngs

(1
,
u
fF!i n
n
n

FIGURE 3

178
SPE 30549 J.D. PRILLMAN, D.F. ALLEN, L.R. LEHTONEN 7

Azimuthal Density Neutron (ADN) Tool

1
Neutron Detectors

LINC Coils

Neutron Source
Electronic Carrier

Density Source
21.8’

Density Detectors

Ultrasonic Sensor

Batteries

Tool &JS

\ /
—.
‘_–Xo;=tion 1::. _.

‘ormation 2+
\
\
GTF GTF

FIGURE 4

179
 SPE 30549
8 HORIZONTAL WELL PLACEMENT AND PETROPHYSICAL EVALUATION USING LWD

I I I I ! !-U—44—++ :

o
0
OJ
m

o
0

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I I I I I I I If I I 1 I o
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0. Cu . .

180
.

SPE 30549 J.D. PRILLMAN, D.F. ALLEN, L.R. LEHTONEN 9

xf%a -
C,
H
I

ps

Avg Dens”~ Porosity

++
RPM

I )
I
I
I
,. {

----
ULTRASONIC CALIPER
—--- ---- ___
RPM I
------ ------
w
F)ESISTIVITY ATrENUATION DEEP
---
1
1

DRHS
. . ... .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .... .
60 (IN) !8.0 2000 00 020 [OHMW mo 480 (GIC3) 0:
(RPhfI

OAMMA RAY RESISTIVllY PM&3E SHIFT ORIENTED DENSIW POROSIW

00 p3APl) t 50.0 020 [OHMM) 2000 Soo (Pu) (

RATE OF PEN~RATE3N !3FT AVE AVERAGE DENSIW POROSITY

----- ----- -----
Sooo (F/H R) 0.0 60.0 (Pu) 0(

TRUE VERTICAL DEPTH NEUTIWN POROSITY

-— -- ---- _____ __
~60.O (m XxIoo 60.0 (Pu) 0(

FIGURE 6

181
 SPE 30549
10 HORIZONTAL WELL PLACEMENT AND PETROPHYSICAL EVALUATION USING LWD

—I
111111+
,

Neutron Porosity r+

RPM
Rad

Ill
I11111111
I
n Quad Density Poros”w
I [
t
Avg Oensity Porosity t

k
\

.!{

I
I

I
I
“--<
c
-----
1 1
I Rate of Penetration I -I I Btm Cwaa Deita Rino .=

II

ULTIWONE CALIPER RPM RESISITVITYAITENUATION DEEP ORHB

---- ---- ———- --- .. . ..... ... .. . ... .... .. ... ... .. ..... ..
80 (IN) 18.C 00.0 0.0 (OHMM 200.0 480 (G/c3) o.:
(RPM)

I
GAMhu RAY RESISTMl~ PliASE SHIPT ORIENTEO OENSIW POROSIW

00 [WI) 1s0.( (OHMhiI =.0 So.o (PIJ) a

I
RATE OF PENEMATION EPT AVE AvERAGE OENSI’IY POROSITY
----- ----- ----- —— .— —— ——
Eooo (mm) 04 So.o (Pv) (

I
TRuE VERTICN. DEPTH NEUTRON POROSI’W
----—— ----- -— -- ------ ------ --
m.o (Pll) (
ruso.o (m XX*O.

FIGURE 7

182
SPE 30549 J.D. PRILLMAN, D.F. ALLEN, LR. LEHTONEN 11

I
,,
M11111
~RPM
II
I
I -/
Ill

I Btm Quad Dens

-.
I

\~
I

+
2?2- +>-—->
---

w’ :
>

“..
‘. -..
... . .
‘..
.........

ULTFW30NK CAMPER RPM RESISTrVllY ATTENUATK)N OEE P Mne

-- —-- _____ _____ ----- ----- ----- . .. .. .. . . ... .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... .. .... .. ...
80 (IN) 180 Zoao 0.( D.20 (OHMM) 2W.O 4.80 (G!C3) O.zm
(RPM)

CMMMA RAY RESISTIWW PHJK3E SHIFT ORIENTEO OENSITY POIW.9W

00 (G/w) 1500 mm (OHMWj 200.0 Soo (Pu) 0.0

RATE OF PENETRATION 5FT AvE AvERAGE OENSllV POROS(lY

----- ----- _____
5000 (F,WRI 00 60.0 (Pu) 00

TRuE vERTICM OEPTH NEUTRON POROSIW

—--- ____ ____ ___ ----- ----- -----
Efso o (m J&l 0.0 60.0 (Pu) 00

FIGURE 8

183
 .I- m=rDmmvel~Al w~~UATIC)~ USING LWD SPE 30549
12 HORIZONTAL WELL F~G~~~$jT Anu .= , “w., ,, “, -----

inn
I vu ,.
64

Trajcctay
GR hfodd
36 GR
PSR Modd
PSR
1e+O? RHOBB
........ RHOBB Ma
F
,i !
1 e+iM

1e+Ol

1e+OO
2.65
~ AC
L.*a
m
O 2.25
z
E 2.05

1.85
! ! f IJ
1.65 1;
10
SHALE 1
11
12
13
.. . . . :.,
g 14
n 15
z 16

iil

19
2fJ ~
2200 2250 2300 2350 2400
Drift along the Section (ft)

FIGURE 9
184
 13
SPE 30549 J.D. PRILLMAN, D.F. ALLEN, LR. LEHTONEN

150
—-. -... -— ,
120 L— . . . . .— .-+.

I I

30
0

~ :p<:k:&pq<!?n...: ........rv~
......................~
1“
u 1.9

1.7
I
5;05

550
Xloo X200 x275
Drift along the Section (ft)
— measured
— modeled

FIGURE 10
185