Carmel Convent School, BHEL,

Bhopal

Chemistry Investigatory Project on

Qualitative Analysis of Cold Drinks

Submitted by-

Ananya Shrivastava

Class- 12th B

Roll Number-
 Certificate
This is to certify that this project has been compiled by Ananya Shrivastava,
Roll Number of class 12th B under the able guidance of Mrs. G. Sreedevi and
Mrs. Rachna Chhatwani. She has performed this project on her own as per the Central Board of
Secondary Education Syllabus and can be considered as the fulfilment of AISSCE. This work is up
to the mark of satisfaction. We wish her success in every aspect of life.

Signature (Internal) Signature(External)

 Acknowledgement

I feel immense pleasure and deep feeling of gratitude towards my teacher of Chemistry
Department Mrs. G. Sreedevi and Mrs. Rachna Chhatwani for their skilful guidance,
constructive valuable suggestions and encouraging co-operation for my project.

My heartiest thanks to Mrs. Rachel (Lab Assistant) without whose co-operation and guidance,
this project would have been difficult to complete. I also thank my team member for the
wonderful co-operation and valuable guidance to complete this project with full fervour.
Aim
Introduction

Theory

Apparatus

Chemicals required

Detection of pH

Test for Carbon Dioxide

Test for Glucose

Test for Phosphate

Test for Alcohol

Test for Sucrose

Result

Conclusion
Comparative study and qualitative analysis of different
brands of cold drinks available in market.
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the indianization of industry marked its
beginning with launching of limca and goldspot by parley group of companies. Since,
the beginning of cold drinks was highly profitable and luring, many multinational
companies launched their brands in India like pepsi and coke.
Now days, it is observed in general that majority of people viewed Sprite, Miranda,
and Limca to give feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to activate pulse
and brain.
 Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola, or Coke, is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by The Coca-Cola Company. Originally
marketed as a temperance drink and intended as a patent medicine, it was invented in the late 19th
century by John Stith Pemberton and was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose
marketing tactics led Coca-Cola to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th
century. The drink's name refers to two of its original ingredients: coca leaves, and kola nuts (a source
of caffeine). The current formula of Coca-Cola remains a trade secret, although a variety of reported
recipes and experimental recreations have been published.
The Coca-Cola Company produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers
throughout the world.
 Sprite

Sprite is a colourless, caffeine-free, lemon and lime-flavored soft drink created by The Coca-Cola
Company. It was first developed in West Germany in 1959 as Fanta Klare Zitrone (“Clear
Lemon Fanta”) and was introduced in the United States under the current brand name Sprite in
1961 as a competitor to 7 Up.
By the 1980s, Sprite had developed a large following among teenagers. In response, Sprite began to
cater to this demographic in their advertisements in 1987. "I Like the Sprite In You" was the brand's
first long-running slogan, and many jingles were produced around it before its discontinuation in 1994.
In 1994, Sprite revamped their marketing logo, and slogan, as well. The new, more vibrant logo stood
out more on packaging, and featured a blue-to-green gradient with silver "splashes" and subtle white
"bubbles" in the background. The product name, "Sprite" had a blue backdrop shadow on the logo.
The words; "Great Lymon Taste!" which had been present on the previous logo, were removed. This
logo was used in the United States until 2006, and similar variants were used in other countries until
this year as well.
 Limca

Limca is a lemon- and lime-flavoured carbonated soft drink made primarily in India and certain parts of
the U.S. It contains 60 calories per 150ml can. The formula does not include fruit, relying instead on
artificial flavours.
In an interview in 2008, Ramesh Chauhan of Parle Bisleri revealed that he had approached the
owners of Duke's Lemonade, requesting them to share the formula for the drink with the promise not
to make it in India, which was turned down. Chauhan decided to come up with his own formula, which
he launched under the Limca brand in 1977.[1]
In 1992, when the Indian government allowed Coca-Cola to return for operations, at the same time as
it admitted Pepsi for the first time, Coca-Cola bought local soft-drink (soda) brands, from Parle
Bisleri owner Ramesh Chauhan including Limca, Thums Up (a cola-like drink), Maaza (a mango-juice
based drink), Citra (a clear lemon-lime drink), and Gold Spot (Orange flavour).
 Fanta

Fanta is a brand of fruit-flavored carbonated drinks marketed globally created by The Coca-Cola
Company. There are more than 100 flavors worldwide. Fanta originated as a Coca-Cola substitute
during the American trade embargo of Nazi Germany which affected the availability of Coca-Cola
ingredients in 1940. Perceived as a fun youth brand, Fanta stands for its vibrant color, tempting
taste and tingling bubbles that not just uplifts feelings but also helps free the spirit thus
encouraging one to indulge in the moment

Fanta is known for its upbeat colorful advertising in the United States.
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon
dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and
have a tangy taste which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the
formation of froth on shaking the bottle.

The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also
responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic
compounds and are major source of energy to our body. General formula of
carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y.

On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:-

Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Glucose is a monosaccharide

with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and also in
many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%.
Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely distributed
in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main source of
sucrose is sugar cane juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugar beet which has
about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced
by a mixture of glucose and free dose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is
reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by
finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as
citric acid and phosphoric acid.
Test tube
Test tube holder
Test tube stand
Stop watch
Beaker
Burner
pH paper
Tripod stand
China dish
Wire gauge
Water bath
Iodine solution
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate
Fehling’s A & B solution
Lime water
Concentrated HNO3
Benedict solution
Ammonium molybdate
1-2 drops of the sample of cold drink of each brand was taken and put on the pH
paper. The change in the color of pH paper was noticed and was compared with the
standard pH scale.

SERIAL COLOUR PH VALUE

NO NAME OF CHANGE
DRINK

1 COCA COLA PINK 1-2

2 SPRITE ORANGE 3

3 LIMCA PINKISH 3-4

4 FANTA LIGHT DRINK 2-3

Soft drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric
acid. pH values of cold drink of different brands are different due to the variation in
amount of acidic contents.
As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the sample was passed through lime
water. The lime water turned milky.

SR. NAME OF THE TIME TAKEN

NO DRINK (SEC.) CONCLUSION

1 COCA COLA 26.5 CO2 IS PRESENT

2 SPRITE 21 CO2 IS PRESENT
3 LIMCA 35 CO2 IS PRESENT
4 FANTA 36 CO2 IS PRESENT

All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide (CO 2)
dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste.

Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2(g) ———–>CaCO3 (s) + H2O(s)

Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:-

A small sample of cold drink of different brands was taken in a test tube and a few
drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was heated for few seconds.
Formation of reddish colour confirms the presence of glucose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
SR. NAME OF NO THE
DRINK

1 COCA COLA REDDISH COLOUR GLUCOSE PRESENT

2 SPRITE REDDISH COLOUR GLUCOSE PRESENT

3 LIMCA REDDISH COLOUR GLUCOSE PRESENT

4 FANTA REDDISH COLOUR GLUCOSE PRESENT

All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict’s reagent. Hence all the
drinks contain glucose.
A small sample of cold drink of different brands was taken in a test tube and a few
drops of Fehling’s A solution and Fehling’s B solution was added in equal amount. The
test tube was heated in a water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate
confirms the presence of glucose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
SR. NAME OF
NO THE DRINK

1 COCA COLA Reddish Brown Precipitate GLUCOSE PRESENT

2 SPRITE Reddish Brown Precipitate GLUCOSE PRESENT

3 LIMCA Reddish Brown Precipitate GLUCOSE PRESENT

4 FANTA Reddish Brown Precipitate GLUCOSE PRESENT

All the samples give positive test for glucose with Fehling’s solutions (A&B).Hence all
the cold drinks contain glucose.
Sample of each brand of cold drink was taken in a separate test tube and ammonium
molybdate followed by concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) was added to it, the solution
was taken heated and the colour of the precipitate confirms the presence of phosphate
ions.

OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
SR. NAME OF
NO THE DRINK

1 COCA COLA CANARY-YELLOW PPT PHOSPHATE IS PRESENT

2 SPRITE CANARY-YELLOW PPT PHOSPHATE IS PRESENT

3 LIMCA CANARY-YELLOW PPT PHOSPHATE IS PRESENT

4 FANTA CANARY-YELLOW PPT PHOSPHATE IS PRESENT

All the soft drinks contain phosphate ions which are detected by the presence of
phosphate when canary yellow obtained.

NaHPO4 + 12 (NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 +3H———–>

(NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 +21HN4NO3 +12H2O.
Samples of each brand of cold drinks are taken in sample test tubes
And few amount of ceric ammonium nitrate [(NH₄)₄Ce(SO₄)₄2 H₂O] is added to it.

NAME OF THE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION

SR. DRINK
NO

1 COCA COLA REDDISH COLOUR ALCOHOL IS PRESENT

2 SPRITE REDDISH COLOUR ALCOHOL IS PRESENT

3 LIMCA REDDISH COLOUR ALCOHOL IS PRESENT

4 FANTA REDDISH COLOUR ALCOHOL IS PRESENT

All the Brands of Cold Drinks Contain Alcohol.

CH3CH2OH +4I2+ 6NaOH——>CHI3 + HCOONa +5NaI +5H2O

5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks was taken in a china dish and heated very
strongly until changes occur. Black colored residue left confirms the presence of
sucrose in cold drinks.

SR. NAME OF OBSERVATION CONCLUSION

NO THE DRINK

1 COCA COLA BLACK RESIDUE SUCROSE IS PRESENT

2 SPRITE BLACK RESIDUE SUCROSE IS PRESENT

3 LIMCA BLACK RESIDUE SUCROSE IS PRESENT

4 FANTA BLACK RESIDUE SUCROSE IS PRESENT

All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each
brand of drink. Fanta contained highest amount of sucrose.
After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold drinks
namely
Coca cola
Sprite
Limca
Fanta

All contain glucose, alcohol sucrose, phosphate, ions and carbon dioxide. All are
acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different brands coca cola is most
acidic and limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken.
pH value of coca cola is nearly equal to disinfectant which is harmful for body.
AMONG THE FOUR SAMPLES OF COLD DRINKS TAKEN –SPRITE HAS MAXIMUM
AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE AND FANTA HAS MINIMUM AMOUNT OF
DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE.
1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they contain sugar in large
amount which cause “diabetes”.
2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body’s natural ability to
suppress hunger feeling.
3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also harmful for our bones.
4. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So they can dissolve a
nail in about 4 days.
5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use the hazardous
matter place cards reserved for highly consive material.
6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are very harmful to our body.

1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.

2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers.
3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.
4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to remove grease from clothes.
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.
Laboratory manual of chemistry.

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