FE Lec3 Mass Balance

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Lecture 3 Food Engineering Principles Slide No. 1 Slide No. 2
Objectives of this Lecture

– Drawing process flow diagrams
– Writing material balance equations
– Understanding process variables
– Solving equations with unknown variables
MASS
Outline
BALANCE Mass balance
-Simple mass balance
Dr. Dang Quoc Tuan -Component balance
Department of Food Technology -Mass balance with more than one operation
International University - VNU -Multiple path balance
Dept Food Technology Inte rnational Univ ersity Food Engineering Principles Dept Food Technology Inte rnational Univ ersity Food Engineering Principles
Slide No. 3 Slide No. 4
Mass Balances Mass Balances

 One of the most important skills in food
engineering Two types of balances
 ‘day to day’ operation of process for 1. Differential balance: per unit of time (for
monitoring operating efficiency steady-state processes)
 Calculations for design and development of a 2. Integral balance: during a certain period of
process i.e. : quantities required, sizing time
equipment, number of items of equipment • Carried out on batch processes, on the
 For any material that enters or leaves any initial and final states of the system.
process system
• Integral balance: sometimes it can be
 Applied to the total mass or total moles of this treated like steady-state processes.
material or to any atomic species involved in
the process
Mass balance – Terminology Process Classification:

Unit
A process can be divided into one or  Batch: feed is charged, products are removed
more unit operations such as: mixer, some time later.
operation
heater, crystallizer, filter, fermenter, etc.  Continuous: inputs and outputs flow
Input Materials entering each unit operation continuously.
Output Materials leaving each unit operation  Steady state: process variables do not change
One predominant input to an unit with time.
Feed
operation  Transient (un-steady) state: process variables
Product One predominant output change with time.
Accumulation Change in mass of the system due to
/Depletion unbalance between inputs and outputs
mass (and contained energy) input or
Stream
outputs
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Balance (or Inventory) Mass Balance Equation

Consider your bank account: Simplification of the general mass balance
Input generated equations:
(Deposit) + (Interest) = • With a accumulation term (in filtration process):
(Withdrawals) + (Fees) + (Change in Balance) (Input) = (Output) + (Accumulation)
Output Consumed Accumulation
• Steady-state, no accumulation term:
(Input) + (Generation) = (Output) + (Consumption)

The general balance equations:
• If no reaction occurs, the generation and
consumption term are zero:
(Input) + (Generation) =
(Output) + (Consumption) + (Accumulation) Σ(Input) = Σ(Output)
Outline of a Procedure for 1. Drawing A Flowchart

Material Balance (6 steps) Thuat toan
• A flowchart represents an algorithm or
1. Draw a flow chart (diagram), and fill in all process, showing the steps as boxes
given values; Label unknown stream of various kinds, and their order by
variables on the chart; Use specific units.
connecting these with arrows.
2. State assumptions you will make.
3. Write an equation for total masses entering
• This diagrammatic representation can
and leaving; Write equations for unknown. give a step-by-step solution to a given
4. Solve equations for any unknown. problem.
5. Verify that the equation is in balance. • It must be fully labeled with values of
6. Use the solutions to compute answers to known and unknown process variables
equations at the locations of the streams

Pasteurized Milk Production Typical simple flowchart for an unit
AMF Water
Skimmed Milk
Powder
Additives operation
Heating Heating Drier/ Filtration/
Evaporator Centrifuge
Mixing
water/
evaporated solvent
may ly tam
Filtration Solids
feed solid
De-Gassing Gas
suspension
Homogenization feed product
Pasteurization filtrate
Packages Bottling
Products
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Typical simple flowchart for an unit Typical simple flowchart for an unit
operation operation
Mixer/
Fermenter may len men
Membrane Homogenizer
Filtration Off-gas
tran ngap Feed Feed
Feed Permeate Product Product
suspension
Ingredient Ingredient
Retentate water Air
duy tri
Extraction/phase split Slide No. 15
Typical simple flowchart arrangement

Slide No. 16
A+ B A+ B
• Recycle Stream:
Feed Product
S S+B
Recycle
Co-current contact Two stage • By-pass Stream:
Stage 1 Stage 2 extraction
immiscible solvents Feed Product
liquids that cannot mix to
form a homogeneous solution soluble
in all proportions
Cross flow 1 2
• Recycle/Purge Stream: By-pass
Feed Product
Counter-current flow
1 2 Purge St.
Recycle
Typical simple flowchart arrangement Multiple units

Absorption unit W2
exit gas stream
feed solvent
F1 E C F P3
R4
feed gas stream
E – evaporator; C – crystalliser; F – filter unit

waste solvent stream F1 – fresh feed; W2 – evaporated water; P3 – solid product; R4 – recycle of
saturated solution from filter unit
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Drawing a flowchart Example 1:

Example: Air flow as an input to a bioreactor Corn-steep liquor contains 2.5wt% dextrose and
50wt% water; the rest of the liquor stream contains solids.
• Write the values and units of all known stream variables at
Beet molasses contains 50wt% sucrose, 1.0wt% dextrose,
the location of the streams on the chart
and 18wt% water; the rest of the molasses stream
Air: 400 mol/h
contains solids. Beet molasses is mixed with con-steep
0.21 mol O2 /mol liquor and water in a mixing tank to produce a dilute
0.79 mol N2 /mol
sugar mixture. The exit stream contains 2.0wt% dextrose.
T=320 oC, P = 1.4 atm
125 kg corn-steep liquor and 45 kg molasses are fed into
the mixing tank.
• Assign algebraic symbols to unknown stream variables
• Write variable names and units on the chart (a) How much water is required?
400 mol/h (b) What is the concentration of sucrose in the final
x mol O2 /mol mixture?
(1-x) mol N2 /mol
T=320 oC, P = 1.4 atm FLOW CHART?
Ex 1, Flow Chart -Con-steep liquor Example 2: Continuous acetic acid fermentation
C=125 kg
Acetobacter aceti bacteria convert ethanol to acetic acid
2.5% invert sugar under aerobic conditions. A continuous fermentation
50% water process for vinegar production is designed using non-
47.5% solids
viable A. aceti cells immobilized on the surface of gelatin
Corn-steep liquor
Product mixture beads. The production target is 2 kg/h acetic acid;
MIXING however the maximum acetic acid concentration tolerated
P kg
TANK 2% invert sugar by the cells is 12%. Air is pumped into the fermenter at a
B=45 kg X% sucrose
1% invert sugar rate of 200 gmol/h.
Y% solid
31% solids Z% water
50% sucrose
18% water Water (a) What minimum amount of ethanol is required?
W kg (b) What minimum amount of water must be used to
100% dilute the ethanol to avoid the acid inhibition?
(c) What is the composition of the fermenter off-gas?
Ex 2, Flowchart 2. State Assumptions gia dinh
Off-gas • Assumptions make systems simplified to a

G kg/h
N2:
few salient features. chuc nang noi bat
Feed
O2: • Assumptions are required all the time
E kg/hr ethanol
• Engineer should know when and what
Product, P (kg/h)
assumptions are possible
Fermenter
2 kg/h, or 12% Examples:
-acetic acid
W kg/h water
-water
– The process is steady-state
– No leaking; no heat lost due to..
Inlet Air, Ideal Gas
200 gmol/h – Human blood vessel has a cylindrical shape
79% N2 – Etc.
21% O2
(We will come back for full solution)

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Slide No. 25 Volatiles Slide No. 26
Example 3: Fried Potato 1. Flowchart X lb
In the process of making French fried potatoes, 5.1

Feed
lbs of potatoes are lowered into 20.2 lbs of hot oil. 5.1 lb Product
At the end of the process, 3.6 lbs of fried potatoes Fryer 3.6 lb
are removed, leaving behind 19.8 lbs of oil. During Oil
frying, an unknown amount of volatile material was 20.2 lb
driven off. What is the mass of volatiles lost? 19.8 lb

Used Oil
The operation - the fryer 2. Assumptions

The input streams: - raw potatoes (the feed) • The process is in steady-state
- oil • No matter generated or accumulated
The output streams: - fried potatoes (the product) • Used oil is pure oil
- the remaining oil
(Notice: no assumption for a composition of the volatiles. See Slide 31 for
- the volatiles. component balance- only water in volatile)
3. Balance equation
Place terms for the input streams to the left of the equal sign 5. Verifying the equation
Place terms for the output streams to the right of the equal Substitute any solutions into the original equation
sign Separately add the left and right sides to the equation
Generation to the left and accumulation to the right of the Verify that the two sums are equal
equal sign
Feed + Oil = Product + Used oil + Volatiles 5.1 lb + 20.2 lb = 3.6 lb + 19.8 lb + 1.9 lb
5.1 lb + 20.2 lb = 3.6 lb + 19.8 lb + X lb 25.3 lb = 25.3 lb
6. Compute answers to equations

4. Solving the equation This tells us that 1.9 lb of volatiles were lost
X = 5.1 lb + 20.2 lb - 3.6 lb - 19.8 lb = 1.9 lb during this particular frying operation
3A
Component balance 3. Balance equations

Example 3-B: Rules:
The raw potatoes are 18% solid and 82% water. Determine • Write an overall mass balance equation in which each term
the solids, water and oil content of the fried potatoes. represents the total mass in one stream.
• For a process involving N components, select any N-1 components
Solution: For this problem, we are viewing the materials • Write a separate balance equation for each selected component.
as being composed of just : • Each term of a component equation represents the mass of that
- Water component for a single stream
- Solids • Each term of the component equations is usually written as the
- Oil product of the fraction of the component (percent/100) and the total
mass of the stream.
This selection of components accounts for all masses. For • When a stream contains only one component, the fraction is 1 for that
component.
example, the raw potatoes consist of just solids and water
• When it contains none of a component, the fraction is 0 for that
while the fried potatoes consist of just solids, oil and
component.
water. Flowchart 
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3. Balance equations
1. Flowchart Oil Volatiles
20.2 lb X lb
100% oil 100% water Feed + Oil = Product + Used Oil + Volatiles
Feed Product Overall: 5.1 lb + 20.2 lb = 3.6 lb + 19.8 lb + X lb

5.1 lb Fryer 3.6 lb
18% solid W solids Components:
82% water Y water Solids: (0.18)5.1 lb + (0)20.2 lb = (W)3.6 lb + (0)19.8 lb + (0)X lb
Z oil
19.8 lb Water: (0.82)5.1 lb + (0)20.2 lb = (Y)3.6 lb + (0)19.8 lb + (1)X lb
100% oil Used Oil Oil: (0)5.1 lb + (1)20.2 lb = (Z)3.6 lb + (1)19.8 lb + (0)X lb
Label each stream with the

masses or percentages of the
The variables W, Y and Z represent unknown fractions
between 0 and 1. The variable X represents a mass in lbs.
2. Assumptions components in that stream.
Invent variables where values Notice where the fractions 0 and 1 are used.
are unknown.
* Steady state
* Volatiles contain nothing but water Since we only need 2 component equations, we will
* Used oil is pure (no material lost in oil) arbitrarily discard the solids equation.
4. Solving equations 4. Solving equations (cont.)

Solve for Y and Z, the fractions of water and oil in the

(1) Overall: 5.1 lb + 20.2 lb = 3.6 lb + 19.8 lb + X lb
products stream:
(2) Water:
(0.82)5.1 lb + (0)20.2 lb = (Y)3.6 lb+ (0)19.8 lb + (1)X lb Y = (4.2 +0-0 -1.9)/3.6 = 0.63
(3) Oil: (0)5.1 lb + (1)20.2 lb = (Z)3.6 lb + (1)19.8 lb + (0)X lb
(63% water in the fried potatoes)
Solution: Z = (0+20.2-19.8-0)/3.6 = 0.11
X = 5.1 lb + 20.2 lb - 3.6 lb - 19.8 lb = 1.9 lb (11% oil in the fried potatoes)
Substitute this into equations (2), (3):

Since water, solids and oil account for the entire mass of
Mass water: 4.2 lb + 0 lb = 3.6Y lb + 0 lb + 1. 9 lb the fried potatoes, the percent solids is easily obtained by
Mass oil: 0 lb + 20.2 lb = 3.6Z lb + 19.8 lb + 0 lb difference.
W = 1.0 - 0.63-0.11 =0.26
(26% solids in the fried potatoes)

5. Verifying the equations 5. Verifying the equations
Rules: Feed + Oil = Product + Used Oil + Volatiles
Overall: 5.1 lb + 20.2 lb = 3.6 lb + 19.8 lb + X lb
• For each equation, the sum of the left side equals the
sum of the right side Components:
• All fractions in the solution are numbers between 0 Solids:
and 1 (0.18)5.1 lb + (0)20.2 lb = (W)3.6 lb + (0)19.8 lb + (0)X lb
• For each stream, the sum of the component fractions Water:
is 1.0
(0.82)5.1 lb + (0)20.2 lb = (Y)3.6 lb + (0)19.8 lb + (1)X lb
• For each stream, the sum of the component masses
Oil:
equals the total mass for that stream in the overall
balance equation (0)5.1 lb + (1)20.2 lb = (Z)3.6 lb + (1)19.8 lb + (0)X lb
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5. Verifying the equations

5. Verifying the equations
Compute the mass for each stream: The fractions 0.63, 0.11 and 0.26: all between 0 and 1.
Overall: 5.1 lb + 20.2 lb = 3.6 lb + 19.2 lb + 1.9 lb Add the fractions for each stream across all component
equations: they add to 1.00. For example:
Components: Feed Stream: 0.18 + 0.82 + 0.00 = 1.00
Solids: 0.92 lb + 0 lb = 0.92 lb + 0 lb + 0 lb Product Stream: 0.26 + 0.63 + 0.11 = 1.00
Water: 4.18 lb + 0 lb = 2.27 lb + 0 lb + 1.9 lb
Add the component masses for each stream across all
Oil: 0 lb + 20.2 lb = 0.4 lb + 19.2 lb + 0 lb component equations: they add to the mass in the
Balancing each equation: corresponding overall equation. For example
Overall: 25.3 lb = 25.3 lb Feed Stream: 0.92 lb solids + 4.18 lb water + 0.00 lb oil =
Solids: 0.92 lb = 0.92 lb 5.11b
Water: 4.18 lb = 4.17 lb Product Stream: 0.94 lb solids + 2.27 lb water + 0.40 lb oil =
3.6 lb
Oil: 20.2 lb = 20.1 lb

6. Compute answers to equations More than one unit operation
1. Draw a flow chart (diagram) with a separate boxes, and
fill in all given values; Label unknown stream variables.
This tells us that 1.9 lb of volatiles were lost
2. State assumptions.
during this particular frying operation.
3. Draw arrows for input and output streams. Some
outputs will become inputs for the next.
The fried potato has 26% solid, 11% oil and
4. Write a separate set of equations for each box
63% water. (operation), following the same rules as for a single
operation. If your problem involves n components and
m operations, you will write n times m equations.
5. Solve these n times m equations for any unknowns.
6. Verify the balances as before.
7. Use the solutions to compute answers to questions.
Example 4: More unit operations 1. Flowchart

Steam
In the making of a cake from mix, 1.34 lb of mix with a Wheat flour, salt, oil, etc.
0.75 lb S lb
moisture content of 6.2% are combined with 0. 75 lb of 100% water 100% water
water. After transferring the batter to a baking pan, it is
Mix Batter Cake
found that 0.14 lb of batter remain in the mixing pan. After Mixing Baking
baking, the cake weighs 1.72 lb. What is the percent yield of 1.34 lb B lb 1.72 lb
6.2% water X% water W% water
baking operation and of the overall process? What is the
percent moisture in the finished cake? 0.14 lb
Waste
X% water
Solution: This process involves two unit operations, mixing and 2. Assumptions
baking. It was necessary to invent variables for the masses of steam  Steady state
and batter and for the fraction moisture in the batter, waste and cake.  The batter and the waste have the same composition
Since it seems reasonable that the batter and waste are identical, the  Negligible waste left in the baking process
same variable was used for fraction water in each.  Weight loss during baking is due entirely to lost steam
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3.Balance equations
For the first operation, the equations are:
Rules:
Mix + Water = Batter+ Waste
When there are more than one operation, you set
Overall: 1.34 + 0.75 = B + 0.14
up equations as follows: Water: (0.062)1.34 + (1.0) 0.75 = (x)B + (x) 0.14
 Set up a separate set of equations for each
operation. For the second operation, the equations are:
 For each operation set up one overall balance Batter = Cake + Steam
and N-1 component balances. Overall: B = 1. 72 + S
 When a stream connects two operations, the Water: (x)B = (w)1.72 + (1.0)S
terms for that stream will appear in both sets of Note that the batter terms (underlined) appear in both
sets of equations, in the first set on the output side and in
equations
the second set on the input side.
4. Solving equations 5. Verifying the equations

Equation 1 has only one unknown, solving for B:
B = 1.34 + 0.75 - 0.14 = 1.95 lb of batter in the cake.
• For each equation, the sum of the left side
Substitute this value for B in equations 2 and 3 and solve equals the sum of the right side
for x and S: • All fractions in the solution are numbers
x = (0.062)1.34 + (1)0.75/ (1.95+0.14) = 0.40 (the batter is 40% between 0 and 1
moisture) • For each stream. the sum of the component
fractions is 1.0
S = 1.95 -1.72 = 0.23 lb (Steam lost)
• For each stream, the sum of the component
Substitute B, x and S into equation 4 and solve for w: masses equals the total mass for that stream in
w = [(0.40)1.95- (1)0.23]/1.72= 0.32 the overall balance equation
(the cake is 32% moisture)
Example 5: Membrane filtration

6. Compute answers to equations In a 2 stage filtration process to concentrate proteins, a
suspension containing 16% protein in water is mixed with
water that is recycled from stage 2 at a rate of 500 kg/h of
The percent yield in the baking process is: suspension to 2000 kg/h of water. The diluted suspension is
%Yield= 100* Mass Cake/Mass Batter passed through the state 1 filter that holds back a 50%
protein suspension (Retentate 1). (The diagonal lines in the
= 1.72/1.95*100% = 88% boxes represent the filter.) The suspension that passes
through the first filter (Permeate 1) contains 1.25% protein.
This goes through the stage 2 filter that holds back 50 kg/h of
The percent yield for the overall process is: suspension (Retentate 2) containing all remaining protein. Of
the water that passes through the second filter, 2000 kg per
% Yield = Mass Cake /(Mass Mix+Mass Water) hour are recycled for use in the first filter. The rest is waste.
= 1. 72/(1.34+0.75)*100% = 82% What is the mass flow rate of Retentate 1? What is the protein
concentration of Retentate 2? What is the mass flow rate of
the waste?
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1. Flowchart A Process with Recycling
Recycled
Recycled Water
Water
Since there are two components--two equations for
2000 kg/h each operation, a total of 4 equations. These are:
Permeate
Permeate 11 Operation 1: Feed + Recycled = Permeate 1 + Retentate 1:
Filtration
Filtration 11 Filtration
Filtration 22 Per 2 Waste
Feed
Feed Y kg/h 1. Overall: 500 + 2000 = X + Y (Kg/h)
1.25% P Z kg/hWaste
500 kg/h 100% water 2. Protein: (0.16)500 + (0)2000 = (0.50)X + (0.0125)Y
16% Protein
Retentate
Retentate 11
Retentate
Retentate 22
X kg/h
50kg/h
50% Protein
W Protein Operation 2: Permeate 1 = Recycle + Retentate 2 + Waste:
2. Assumptions 3. Overall: Y = 2000 + 50 + Z
 Steady state 4. Protein: (0.0125)Y = (0)2000 + (W)50 + (0)Z
 No leaking in any stage
?
3. Balance equations 4. Solving equations

Because the retentate 1 stream and the recycle stream are Solve the new equation for Y:
both paths between the two operations, terms for those
Y = (340 + 2000)/0.975 = 2400 kg/h (Permeate 2)
streams appear in both sets of equations.
There is no equation with only one unknown so we must Substituting Y in equations 1 and 3, we get
use a new techniques to solve these equations. We will
X = 500 + 2000 - 2400 = 100 kg/h (Retentate 1)
start by eliminating X from equations 1 and 2. To do this,
multiply equation 2 by 2 and subtract it, term by term from Z = 2400 - 2000 - 50 = 350 kg/h (of Waste)
equation 1. Finally, substitute Y and Z in equation 4 and
solve for W.
Overall: 500 + 2000 = X + Y
Protein (*2): (0.32)500 + 0 = X + (0.025)Y W= (0.0125)2400/50= 0.60
Difference: 340 + 2000 = (0.975) Y (Retentate 2 is 60% protein)
Example 6: Continuous acetic acid fermentation 1. Flow Chart

(i) Flowchart
Off-gas
Acetobacter aceti bacteria convert ethanol to acetic acid (ii) System boundary
G kg/h
under aerobic conditions. A continuous fermentation (iii) Reaction equation N2 (kg/h)
process for vinegar production is designed using non- O2 (kg/h)
viable A. aceti cells immobilized on the surface of gelatin Feed
beads. The production target is 2 kg/h acetic acid; CC2H
2H 5OH+ +
5OH OO CH
2 2
CHCOOH
3 3
COOH+ +HHO2O
2
Product
E, kg/h ethanol P kg/h
however the maximum acetic acid concentration tolerated
by the cells is 12%. Air is pumped into the fermenter at a
rate of 200 gmol/h. Fermenter
Fermenter
AA: 2 kg/h
or 12% acetic acid
W, kg/h water
(a) What minimum amount of ethanol is required?
(b) What minimum amount of water must be used to
Inlet Air
dilute the ethanol to avoid the acid inhibition? 200gmols/h
(c) What is the composition of the fermenter off-gas? 5.768 kg/h
C2H5OH + O2  CH3COOH + H2O 1.344 kg/h O2
4.424 kg/h N2
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2. Assumptions 2. Extra data

- steady state - Air consists of N2 and O2 only
- no leaks
and the composition is 21%mol Molecular weights:
O2, 79%mol N2
- ethanol = 46
- inlet air is dry
- gas volume% = mole% (ideal gas) - acetic acid = 60
- O2 = 32
- no evaporation of ethanol, water or acetic acid
- N2 = 28
- complete conversion of ethanol
- H2O = 18
- no side reactions occur
- O2 transfer is rapid enough to meet the
Composition of air:
demand
- O2: 21% mol
- concentration of acetic acid in the product
- N2: 79% mol
stream is 12%
3. Equation
Slide No. 57
3. Equations Slide No. 58
 Basis for calculation: (i) Preliminary calculations

The calculation is based on the rate of product
leaving the system: 2 kg/h acetic acid 2kg AA represents 12% product stream: the total mass
 Compounds involved in reaction: of the product stream:
ethanol, 2/0.12 = 16.67 kg
acetic acid,
Only water and AA in the product stream: water
O2, H2O. Not N2
mass:
 Balance equations: 16.67 – 2 = 14.67 kg
For ethanol, acetic acid, O2, H2O:
Mass of O2: (0.21)* 200gmol* (32g/gmol)=1.344 kg
 (input) + (generation) = (output) + consumption Mass of N2: (0.79)*200gmol*(28g/gmol)=4.424 kg
Mass of air: 1.344 + 4.424 = 5.678 (kg)
 For total mass + N2:
(input) = (output) • G represents mass of off gas to be calculated
3. Calculate Slide No. 59

3. Equations Slide No. 60
(ii) Solving balance equations C2H5OH + O2  CH3COOH + H2O (ii) Solving balance equations C2H5OH + O2  CH3COOH + H2O
EtOH balance:
N2 balance: N2 in = N2 out = 4.424 kg
EtOH in + 0 kg EtOH generated = 0 kg EtOH out + 1.533
AA balance: kg EtOH consumed
0 kg AA in + AA generated = 2 kg AA out + 0 kg AA consumed
Question a: EtOH in = 1.533 kg
AA generated = 2 kg = 33.33 gmol (2000g*1gmol/60g)
Question b: Water balance
H2O in + H2O generated = H2O out + H2O consumed
33.33 gmol AA requires 33.33 gmol EtOH and 33.33 gmol O2,
H2O in + 0.6 kg = 14.67 kg + 0 kg
and generates 33.33 gmol H2O
H2O in = 14.07 kg
EtOH consumed: (33.33 gmol)*(46g/gmol)=1533 g (1.533 kg) O2 balance:
O2 consumed: (33.33 gmol)*(32 g/gmol) = 1067 g (1.067kg) 1.344 kg O2 in + 0 kg O2 generated = O2 out + 1.067kg O2
H2O generated: (33.33 gmol)*(18 g/gmol) = 600 g (0.6 kg) consumed
O2 out = 0.277 kg
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Example 7: Midterm Exam, Class Feb2017
Question c:
A liquid food with 10% solid (MW=180.2) is blended with
The mass of off-gas and its composition
sucrose (MW=342.3) before being concentrated (removal
G = N2 + O2 = 4.424 + 0.277 = 4.701 (kg) of water) to obtain a final product with 25% solid and 15%
sucrose. Determine the quantity of final product obtained
5. Verification from 200 kg of initial liquid food. How much sugar is
Specific questions required? Compute mass of water removed during
- EtOH required concentration. Express the sucrose concentration in the
- Water required final product as a mole fraction and mole percentage,
-Off-gas composition respectively.
a). Draw a flow chart of the process with all clear labeling.
b). Make all necessary assumptions for your solution.
6. Answers c). Write down necessary mass balance equations and
a. etOH required: = 1.53 kg solve them.
b. Water used: = 14.07 kg d). Find answers for the questions above.
c. Off-gas composition: = 94.1% N2; 5.9% O2

Solution 7: Flow Chart
Exercise 1
(i) Flowchart
Tests show that a raw food coming to a drying plant
(ii) System boundary
contains 70% water. After drying, it is found that 65%
of the original water has been removed.
Determine the water content of the dried food, the mass

Vapor out
of water removed per unit mass of wet weight.
Exercise 2
F: Feed During formulation of a new food product, 20 kg of
P: Product component A containing 40% solids are mixed with an
S: Sucrose
unknown quantity of component B containing 70%
solids. 130 kg of the product are desired.
Determine the amount of B needed, % solids of the

product?
Exercise 3
Further Reading:
Conversion of raw potatoes to chips involves several • Toledo, R.T. 2007. Fundamentals of Food Processing
steps. In a chip manufacturing operation, it was found Operations. 3nd Edition. Springer, New York, NY.
that if 10.0 kg of potatoes are peeled and eyed, a mass (Ch. 3)
loss of 20% results. After chipping, the potatoes are fried
• R. Paul Singh, Dennis R. Heldman. 2009. Introduction
and then found to weigh 7.5 kg. Of the final mass of
to food engineering. Academic Press. 4th Edition.
chips, oil absorbed during frying accounts for 10%.
(Ch. 3)
Determine the yield after peeling and eyeing and the yield
after frying. HW:
TO: 3.2; 3.6; 3.16 (Ch. 3)
11

FE Lec3 Mass Balance

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2/8/2023

Lecture 3 Food Engineering Principles Slide No. 1 Slide No. 2

Objectives of this Lecture

Slide No. 3 Slide No. 4

Mass Balances Mass Balances

Slide No. 5 Slide No. 6

Mass balance – Terminology Process Classification:

Slide No. 7 Slide No. 8

Balance (or Inventory) Mass Balance Equation

(Input) + (Generation) = (Output) + (Consumption)

Slide No. 9 Slide No. 10

Outline of a Procedure for 1. Drawing A Flowchart

Slide No. 11 Slide No. 12

Slide No. 13 Slide No. 14

Extraction/phase split Slide No. 15

Typical simple flowchart arrangement

Slide No. 17 Slide No. 18

Typical simple flowchart arrangement Multiple units

exit gas stream

E – evaporator; C – crystalliser; F – filter unit

Slide No. 19 Slide No. 20

Drawing a flowchart Example 1:

Slide No. 21 Slide No. 22

Ex 1, Flow Chart -Con-steep liquor Example 2: Continuous acetic acid fermentation

Slide No. 23 Slide No. 24

Ex 2, Flowchart 2. State Assumptions gia dinh

Off-gas • Assumptions make systems simplified to a

(We will come back for full solution)

Slide No. 25 Volatiles Slide No. 26

Example 3: Fried Potato 1. Flowchart X lb

In the process of making French fried potatoes, 5.1

driven off. What is the mass of volatiles lost? 19.8 lb

The operation - the fryer 2. Assumptions

Slide No. 27 Slide No. 28

6. Compute answers to equations

Slide No. 29 Slide No. 30

Component balance 3. Balance equations

Feed Product Overall: 5.1 lb + 20.2 lb = 3.6 lb + 19.8 lb + X lb

Label each stream with the

4. Solving equations 4. Solving equations (cont.)

Solve for Y and Z, the fractions of water and oil in the

Substitute this into equations (2), (3):

Slide No. 35 Slide No. 36

5. Verifying the equations

Slide No. 39 Slide No. 40

Slide No. 41 Slide No. 42

Example 4: More unit operations 1. Flowchart

Slide No. 45 Slide No. 46

4. Solving equations 5. Verifying the equations

Slide No. 47 Slide No. 48

Example 5: Membrane filtration

Slide No. 49 Slide No. 50

Slide No. 51 Slide No. 52

3. Balance equations 4. Solving equations

Slide No. 53 Slide No. 54

Example 6: Continuous acetic acid fermentation 1. Flow Chart

Slide No. 55 Slide No. 56

2. Assumptions 2. Extra data

 Basis for calculation: (i) Preliminary calculations

3. Calculate Slide No. 59

Slide No. 61 Slide No. 62

Slide No. 63 Slide No. 64