SMA TEUKU NYAK ARIF PHYSICS

FATIH BILINGUAL SCHOOL

LESSON PLAN

Grade XI Date 7 January 2020

Duration 2x40 minutes Teacher Ms. Vina Azfiana
Meeting/Unit 1st/9
Topic Superposition
Subtopic Stationary wave/standing wave and sound wave of musical instruments.
Materials Chalks, board, computer, projector
Resources Cambridge A&AS level Physics Course book and work book
Superposition of wave PPT and PDF
Any relevant book and materials
Objectives Students are able to:
• Interpret the parts of stationary wave
• Understand nodes and antinode of stationary wave
• Understand the concepts in closed organ pipe
• Calculate the quantities in closed organ pipe

Indicators • Define stationary wave

• Show parts in the stationary wave
• Distinguish between nodes and antinodes of stationary wave
• Distinguish between tones in closed organ pipe (Fundamental, 1st overtone, 2nd overtone
and etc).
• Formulate the equation of wavelength in closed organ pipe.
• Formulate the equation of frequency of n- tone in closed organ pipe.
• Relate the relationship between length and wavelength.
• Relate the relationship between wavelength and frequency.
• Calculate the frequency of closed organ pipe.
• Calculate the wavelength of closed organ pipe.

Aim of Learning • To understand about concepts in stationary wave and calculate the quantities in the closed
organ pipe.
Teaching Model Discovery Learning; 5 E.
and Methodology Method: inquiry-based learning and collaborative learning.

Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Time

Daily activities 5’
Greetings Greetings
Prayer Prayer
Taking attendance
Preparatory activities 5’
Apperception: • Focus their attention to the teacher
Asks the type of waves that students have learned explanation.
Motivation: • Answer the questions which is asked
Explain the objective the lesson and the demand of by teacher.
studying the lesson for students.

Lesson proper/ Instructional Procedures

Literacy : The terminologies related to the topics (CLIL approach) 10’
• Superposition - States that, when two or • Focus their attention to the teacher
more waves of the same type cross at some point, the explanation.
resultant displacement at that point is equal to the • Take notes.
sum of the displacements due to each
individual wave. The displacements are added
vectorially.
• Stationary wave – is a wave which oscillates in time
but whose peak amplitude profile does not move in
space.
• Nodes – are point along a standing wave where
the wave has minimum amplitude. For instance, in a
vibrating guitar string, the ends of the string
are nodes.
• Antinodes – are points on a stationary wave that
oscillate with maximum amplitude. Nodes are points
of zero amplitude.
• Frequency – escribes the number of waves that pass
a fixed place in a given amount of time.
• Wavelength – Wavelength is the distance between
two identical adjacent points in a wave. It is typically
measured between two easily identifiable points,
such as two adjacent crests or troughs in a waveform.
• Speed of sound wave – the speed of sound in a
medium depends on the medium and the state of the
medium. The derivation of the equation for the speed
of sound in air starts with the mass flow rate and
continuity equation discussed in Fluid Mechanics.
• Closed organ pipe – The organ pipe in which one
end is opened and another end is closed
Material

Standing Waves

A standing wave does not appear to travel. A progressive wave has points of given phase, such as a
crest or a dip which travel forwards, whilst the medium remains where it is. In a standing wave, adjacent
points are in phase with each other (sections of the wave flap up and down together), so that points of
a particular phase remain at a fixed location as time progresses. Adjacent points each oscillate with a
different amplitude. (In a travelling wave, adjacent points all have the same amplitude, but the phase
changes along the wave instead). Since adjacent points are in phase, no energy is transferred from one
point to the next. Standing waves are formed by the superposition of two travelling waves of the same
frequency (with the same polarisation and the same amplitude) travelling in opposite directions. This
is usually achieved by using a travelling wave and its reflection, which will ensure that the frequency
is exactly the same.
Antinodes are points on a stationary wave that oscillate with maximum amplitude. Nodes are points of
zero amplitude.

Figure 1
The figure shows a possible sinusoidal standing wave. The different lines show the standing wave at
different moments in time.

There are 4 nodes and 3 antinodes shown. There are other modes of vibration of this medium in which
at a different frequency different numbers of nodes and antinodes could be obtained.

Vibrations of Air Column in Pipes

Musical wind instruments like flute, clarinet etc. are based on the principle of vibrations of air columns.
Due to the superposition of the incident wave and the reflected wave, longitudinal stationary waves are
formed in the pipe.
Organ pipes
Organ pipes are musical instruments which are used to produce musical sound by blowing air into the
pipe. Organ pipes are two types (a) closed organ pipes, closed at one end (b) open organ pipe, open at
both ends.
(a) Closed organ pipe
If the air is blown lightly at the open end of the closed organ pipe, then the air column vibrates (as
shown in figure) in the fundamental mode. There is a node at the closed end and an antinode at the open
end. If l is the length of the tube,
l = λ1/4 or λ1 = 4l …... (1)
If n1 is the fundamental frequency of the vibrations and v is the velocity of sound in air, then
n1 = v/λ1 = v/4l …... (2)
If air is blown strongly at the open end, frequencies higher than fundamental frequency can be
produced. They are called overtones. Fig.b & Fig.c shows the mode of vibration with two or more nodes
and antinodes.
l = 3λ3/4 or λ3 = 4l/3 …... (3)
Thus, n3 = v/λ3 = 3v/4l = 3n1 …... (4)
This is the first overtone or third harmonic.
Similarly, n5 = 5v/4l = 5n1 …... (5)
This is called as second overtone or fifth harmonic.
Therefore, the frequency of pth overtone is (2p + 1) n1 where n1 is the fundamental frequency. In a
closed pipe only, odd harmonics are produced. The frequencies of harmonics are in the ratio of 1: 3:
5....

The organ pipe in which one end is opened and another end is closed is called organ pipe. Bottle,
whistle, etc. are examples of closed organ pipe.

The different mode of the vibration in the closed organ pipe is discussed as below.
 Closed Organ Pipe
i. First mode of vibration [N (a)]
In the first mode of vibration in the closed organ pipe, an antinode is formed at the open end and a
node is formed at the close end. If ‘l’ be the length of pipe and be the wavelength of wave emitted in
this mode of vibration.
Then,

if ‘μ’ be the velocity of sound and to be the frequency of wave in this mode of vibration.

This is fundamental frequency of 1 st harmonics.

b. Second mode of vibration:

In this mode of vibration two antinodes and two nodes are formed as in fig. If ‘λ’ be the length of
pipe and be the wavelength of wave emitted in this mode of vibration. Then,

if μ be the velocity of wave and f1 be the frequency of wave, in this mode of vibration
This is the frequency of 1st overtone of third harmonics.

c. Third mode of vibration:

In this mode of vibration three antinodes and three nodes are formed as in fig. If ‘l’ be the length of
the pipe and be the wavelength of wave admitted in this mode of vibration. Then,

ff μ be the velocity of wave and f2 be the frequency of wave. If this mode of vibration,
f2 = 5f0
This is the frequency of 2nd overtone & firth harmonics.
In this way, for the 4th, 5th…. modes of vibration the frequency of wave emitted are 7f0, 9f0…….
which are called 7th, 9th …… harmonics i.e. in the closed organ pipe only odd harmonic are present.
Main Activity 55’
• Asks students by a question (what will happen if • Responds to the question asked by
there is a string being tighten in one end, and we teacher.
make a wave on it? • Pay attention to the teacher
• Shows the slide about standing wave. explanations.
• Explains about standing/stationary wave. • Do exercise that is given by
• Explains about parts in stationary wave. teacher.
• Explains about the differences between nodes and • Notes taking.
antinodes.
• Explains about definition of organ pipes.
• Draws the picture of closed and open-ended organ
pipe.
• Explains about closed organ pipe and its tones
produced.
• Draws and explains about parts in fundamental, 1 st
overtone, 2nd overtone, 3rd overtone, etc.
• Explains the similarity between overtone and
harmonic.
• Shows how to measure the length of pipe.
• Formulates the equation of frequency, wavelength
for each tone.
• Gives examples about closed organ pipe problems.
• Explains and discuss the problems with students.
• Gives the questions about closed organ pipe as
exercise.
• Asked students to do the exercise.
Closure 10’
• Guides students to conclude the lesson • Conclude the lesson.
• Greeting
• Dismiss the class
Approved by Banda Aceh, January 2020
Principle of Prepared by,
SMA Teuku Nyak Arif Fatih Bilingual School Physics Teacher

(Muhammad Azhar Annas, ST.) (Vina Azfiana, S.Pd.)