Bio Medical RF Simulations With CST MICROWAVE STUDIO PDF

Bio-Medical RF Simulations
with CST Microwave Studio®
 Biological Models
 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
 Bio-Medical Examples
www.cst.com | May-10
Biological Models
The right choice of the biological model is essential for the reliability
of a SAR or EMI simulation.
SAM Phantom,
CST Voxel Family
homogeneous
models
Visible Human
voxel data
other voxel data
Homogeneous Hand/Body Models
• New .obj import allows import of biological models, e.g. from
Poser® 8 (http://my.smithmicro.com/win/poser/index.html)
• For most high frequency applications fully sufficient
• Simulate much faster then voxel models
SAM - Standard Anthropomorphic Model
• Originally created for measurements plastic shell
• Shape specified in IEEE/CENELEC/IEC tissue
standards simulant
• Filled with homogeneous glycol-containing liquid
tissue-simulant liquid, only two materials (TSL)
for simulation
• Virtual prototyping through simulation
Frequency dependent material

properties (according to
standard) can be modelled by
dispersive materials via
tabulated input.
Only one simulation run for

broadband results!!
www.sam-phantom.com
CTIA Hand Models
Hand fold
Hand narrowdata
Hand monoblock
Hand PDA
CST Voxel Family
CHILD
BABY
KATJA
(pregnant)
LAURA DONNA EMMA GUSTAV

CST Voxel Family
 Macros -> Solver -> Calculate

Human Material Properties
HUGO
Available in
different
resolutions
Materials of
interest can be
chosen
Visible Human Project

produced by the National Library of
Medicine (NLM), Maryland
http://www.vr-laboratory.com/
Cole-Cole-Materials
SAR: Overview and Background
SAR – Specific Absorbtion Rate
A measure for electromagnetic energy absorbed by biological
tissue mass when exposed to radiating device (e.g. mobile phone)
Unit of SAR: W/kg

E P J 2 2
SAR    P: Power loss density
 2 2  E: Electric field strength
J: Current density
s: Conductivity
Typically averaged over pre-defined mass r: Density
Averaging Procedure
1. Point of avg. SAR calculation
2. Search for 10 g cube (iteratively)
3. Integrate losses in cube
At boundary treatment depends on

chosen averaging standard:
IEEE C95.3, IEEE 1528.1, CST C95.3
CST legacy
The „constant volume“ assumption uses an averaged cube size:

- Faster (no iterative search for cube with correct mass)
- Only approximative (not according to official SAR standard)
SAR Standards under Development
• Several guidelines and standards specify SAR safety limits (i.e.
ICNIRP).
• Standards like IEEE 1528 regulate measurement methods for
practical assessment of compliance.
• A simulation standard IEEE 1528.X is in development
• 1528.1 requirements for hexahedral time domain codes (end
of 2010)
• 1528.2 application to cars with passenger/bystander (~2011)
• 1528.3 application to mobile phones near head (~2011)
• 1528.4 requirements for tetrahedral frequency domain codes
• CST participates in standards committee.
• IEEE C95.3 Annex E specifies SAR averaging scheme for
simulation.
• CST MICROWAVE STUDIO® has already been approved by the FCC
(USA) to comply with hex td standard drafts.
Visualization of SAR
2D or 3D plot including information about position of the maximum
Visualization of Max. SAR Cube
Dispersive Broadband Simulation
Typical requirement for dual band phones:
Re(er) Im(er)
0.9 GHz 41.5 17.98 (= 0.9 S/m)
1.8 GHz 40.0 13.98 (= 1.4 S/m)
Frequency dependent
material definition:
Second order dispersive
fit for tabulated values,
only one simulation run
required
Dispersive Broadband Simulation
S-Parameter comparison: Compared material settings:
 Constant settings for 0.9 GHz
sim. time 45 min.
 Constant settings for 1.8 GHz
sim. time 45 min.
 Dispersive broadband fit
total sim. time: 57 min.
SAR value comparison:
0.9 GHz, 1g 1.35 1.31 1.74
0.9 GHz, 10g 0.96 0.93 1.13
1.8 GHz, 1g 0.69 1.32 1.32
1.8 GHz, 10g 0.99 0.83 0.83
Dispersive fit agrees very well for S-Parameter and SAR

values in both bands for only 25% extra simulation time
Measured vs. Computed SAR Distribution
Example: 7T MRI endorectal coil
0 dB = 2.8 W/kg
Overall:
SAR computed
 1.08 – 1.15
SAR measured
Simulation
Measurement
Courtesy of Erwin L. Hahn Institute Essen,Germany

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Three EM-fields needed for imaging
• STRONG magnetostatic field (human: 1 – 9.4
Tesla, up to 21 T for animals)
Mostly superconducting magnets, aligning the
spinning protons
-> M-Statik Solver
• Gradient field for positioning (in kHz range)

-> Magneto-Quasistatik Solver, LT-Solver
• HF field to excite spinning protons and

receive relaxation signal (60 – 500 MHz)
Rotating B-Field most interesting (B1+)
-> Both T- and F-Solvers are of intererst!
Most interesting for MRI R&D

Design Challenge: Increase SNR of image
SNR ~ static biasing field ~ spin resonance frequency fres
For 7T MRI -> fres = 297 MHz -> lbody ~ 13 cm

-> It is difficult to obtain homogeneous field
distribution inside body, specialized coils
required
Safety issue: SAR ~ fres2

-> SAR critical for higher fres
-> Alternative: queck directly body

temperature increase, bioheat solver!
Advantages of CST: Complete Technology, Static, LF, T, F and

bioheat solvers in one frontend, Voxel Family, fast SAR, etc…
8 Channel Head Coil
Courtesy of Erwin L. Hahn Institute Essen,Germany

8 Channel Head Coil
Vs/m²
|B1 +| SAR voxel
[°]
arg(B1+) SAR 10g
8 Channel Head Coil
location of max. SAR10g in
left shoulder for off-centre
position of head location of max. SAR on
left side of the head
max. perm. power = 23 W
(CW)
SAR10g most critical aspect SAR10g SARhead
25 W max. perm. power 27 W 33 W
SAR10g
Spine Loop Array
• loops overlapped and shifted
• 70 cm cable length
• box with TR-switches + pre-amps
20 cm
x
43 cm
Comparison to Measurement
Measurement Simulation
max B1+ = 15.9 µT max B1+ = 13.5 µT
SAR Compliance
critical aspect: localized SAR (10g averaged)
Microwave Breast Cancer detection
Dr. Maciej Klemm, Electromagnetics Group, Centre for Communications

Research (CCR), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
e-mail: m.klemm@bristol.ac.uk
Model setup and clinical results
• dipole antennas
• dispersive tissues
• inhomogeneous breast !
• model 30-40M cells
• full imaging (30 simulations)
takes about 10h (hardware
accelerated; 4 GPU cards)
Pace Maker Simulation
Complete Technology:
T-Solver
T-Solver F-Solver
Results at 400 MHz
Inside biological tissue phantom
SAR
E-Field
Averaging Cube for
max SAR
Pacemaker inside Human Body Model
Cardiac Pace Maker
Frequency dependent field coupling into a Cardiac Pace Maker (CPM)
Courtesy of Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Elektrotechnik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany

BABY besides Baby-Phone
Stimulated power: 500 mW at 865 MHz
Max. SAR value (averaged over 10g): 0.02 W/kg

(well below accepted maximum of 2 W/kg for public exposure)
Courtesy of Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Elektrotechnik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany

New CST Examples!
Can only be opened by customers who have

-Voxel Import
- BioModel License
-> offer for evaluation license!!
Summary
 CST STUDIO SUITE offers a wide range of tools for
bio-medical simulations (MRI, cancer treatment,
diathermy, implants, etc.)
 Both flexible homogeneous and detailed voxel models

are available
 „Complete Technology“ allows combined simulations

from static to GHz including circuit simulation
 SAR and Bio-Thermal simulations help to improve

performance and safety of medical devices
Appendix

Bio Medical RF Simulations With CST MICROWAVE STUDIO PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bio Medical RF Simulations With CST MICROWAVE STUDIO PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bio-Medical RF Simulations

with CST Microwave Studio®

 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)

other voxel data

Frequency dependent material

Only one simulation run for

LAURA DONNA EMMA GUSTAV

 Macros -> Solver -> Calculate

Visible Human Project

Unit of SAR: W/kg

At boundary treatment depends on

The „constant volume“ assumption uses an averaged cube size:

SAR value comparison:

0.9 GHz, 1g 1.35 1.31 1.74

0.9 GHz, 10g 0.96 0.93 1.13

1.8 GHz, 1g 0.69 1.32 1.32

1.8 GHz, 10g 0.99 0.83 0.83

Dispersive fit agrees very well for S-Parameter and SAR

Courtesy of Erwin L. Hahn Institute Essen,Germany

• Gradient field for positioning (in kHz range)

• HF field to excite spinning protons and

Most interesting for MRI R&D

For 7T MRI -> fres = 297 MHz -> lbody ~ 13 cm

Safety issue: SAR ~ fres2

-> Alternative: queck directly body

Advantages of CST: Complete Technology, Static, LF, T, F and

Courtesy of Erwin L. Hahn Institute Essen,Germany

SAR10g most critical aspect SAR10g SARhead

25 W max. perm. power 27 W 33 W

• box with TR-switches + pre-amps

Dr. Maciej Klemm, Electromagnetics Group, Centre for Communications

Courtesy of Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Elektrotechnik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany

Stimulated power: 500 mW at 865 MHz

Max. SAR value (averaged over 10g): 0.02 W/kg

Courtesy of Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Elektrotechnik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany

Can only be opened by customers who have

 Both flexible homogeneous and detailed voxel models

 „Complete Technology“ allows combined simulations

 SAR and Bio-Thermal simulations help to improve

You might also like