COURSE OUTLINE

RULES OF EVIDENCE

RULE 128. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 1. Evidence defined
Sec. 2. Scope
-Ong Chia v. Republic, 328 SCRA 749
Sec. 3. Admissibility of Evidence
Evidence excluded by law

a. Art. III, Sec. 2, 1987 Constitution

-People v. Valdez, 342 SCRA 25

b. Art. III Sec. 3, 1987 Constitution

-Zulueta v. CA, 253 SCRA 699
c. Art. III, Sec. 12, 1987 Constitution
-People v. Ador, 432 SCRA 1
d. Sec. 4, RA No. 4200
-Salcedo-Ortanez v. CA, 253 SCRA 111
Sec. 4. Relevancy; Collateral Matters

a. Paraffin test
-People v. Baconguis, 417 SCRA 66

b. DNA test
-People v. Yatar, 428 SCRA 504
c. Blood test
-People v. Tumimpad, 235 SCRA 483
d. Finger-printing
-People v. Sartagoda, 221 SCRA 251
e. Polygraph test
-People v. Carpo, 356 SCRA 249

Rule 129. What need not be proved

Sec. 1. Judicial notice, when mandatory

a. Act of the executive

-Sanado v. CA, 356 SCRA 546

b. Laws of nature
-People v. Maneses, 288 SCRA 95
c. Court issuance

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 -Siena Realty v. Gal-lang, 428 SCRA 422
d. Decision in another case
-Republic v. CA 277 SCRA 633
e. Geographical divisions
-del Rosario v. People, 358 SCRA 373
Sec. 2. Judicial Notice; when discretionary

1. Matters of public knowledge

a. Regional or local dialect
-People v. Estomaco, 256 SCRA 421

b. Occurrence of Typhoons
-Southern College v. CA, 292 SCRA 422
c. independent contractors
-Coca-Cola v. NLRC, 307 SCRA 131
d. Distance between places
-Vergara v. People, 374 SCRA 313
e. Public events
-Estrada v. Desierto, 356 SCRA 108
2. Matters which ought to be known to judges
a. Reluctance of witnesses
-People v. Penaflorida, 313 SCRA 563
b. Records of the case
-People v. Espinosa, Jr., 243 SCRA 7
3. Matters which courts should not take judicial notice of
a. testimony in another case
-People v. Kulais, 292 SCRA 551
b. unpublished circular
- State Prosecutor v. Muro, 236 SCRA 505
c. Foreign laws
-Laureano v. CA 324 SCRA 414
d. Evidence not offered
-Candido v. CA 253 SCRA 78
4. Judicial Notice with respect to property subject of crime
-People v. Martinez, 274 SCRA 259 June 19, 1997
-Salamera v. Sandiganbayan, 303 SCRA 217
-Francisco v. People, 434 SCRA 122
Sec. 3. Judicial Notice, when hearing necessary
-LBP v. Banal, 434 SCRA 543
-Herrera v. Ballos, 374 SCRA 107

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Sec. 4. Judicial admission

a. Admission in amended pleadings

-Director of Lands v. CA, 196 SCRA 94

b. Admission during trial

-Mercury drug v. Libuanao, 434 SCRA 404
c. Admission in manifestation
-People v. Hermanes, 379 SCRA 170
-Republic v. Sandiganbayan, 406 SCRA 190
d. Uncontested annex to pleadings
-Geagonia v. CA, 241 SCRA 254
-Philippine Bank of Communication v. CA, 195 SCRA 567
e. Admission in another case
-Republic Glass Corp. v. Qua, 435 SCRA 480
f. When admissions are qualified
-Bitong v. CA, 292 SCRA 503

RULE 130. RULES OF ADMISSIBILITY

Sec. 1. Object Evidence

1. Object evidence admissible

-Tijing v. CA, 354 SCRA 17
-People v. Rulepa, 398 SCRA 567

2. Object evidence not indispensable

a. absence of marks of physical violence in rape
-People v. Ulzoron, 286 SCRA 641
b. non-recovery of explosives in illegal fishing
-Argoncillo v. CA, 292 SCRA 313
c. Non-presentation of firearm
-People v. Narvasa, 298 SCRA 637
d. Absence of nitrate
-Abalos v. CA, 321 SCRA 466
Sec. 2. Documentary evidence

a. Oral versus documentary evidence

-Abella v. CA, 257 SCRA 482

b. Evidence of civil status

-Villanueva v. CA, 198 SCRA 473
c. Evidence of age

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 -People v. Ibarrientos, 432 SCRA 424
- People v. Corial, 403 SCRA 577
d. Evidence of death
-Philamlife v. CA, 344 SCRA 620
e. photograph as evidence
-Sison v. People, 250 SCRA 58
f. Unsigned documents as evidence
-Callanta v. NLRC, 225 SCRA 526
-Asuncion v. NLRC, 362 SCRA 56
Sec. 3. Original documents must be produced; exceptions

a. Facsimiles
-Gravida v. Sales, Jr.m 271 SCRA 767
-Cuevas v. Munoz, 348 SCRA 542
-Heirs v. Comorposa, 408 SCRA 692

b. Money as evidence
-People v. Tandoy, 192 SCRA 28
c. Unauthenticated copies
-Garcia vda. De Chua v. CA, 287 SCRA 33
-Ong v. People, 342 SCRA 372
d. Waiver of admissibility
-Heirs of dela cruz v. CA, 298 SCRA 172
Sec. 4. Original of document

1. Copies executed at the same time

-Trans-Pacific v. CA, 235 SCRA 494

2. Entry in the regular course of business

-Ramos v. CA, 203 SCRA 657
Sec. 5. When original document is unavailable

1. Original is unavailable
a. Requisites for admissibility
-Vda. De Jacob v. CA, 312 SCRA 772

b. Accounting of all copies

- Citibank v. Teodoro, 411 SCRA 577
c. Proof of loss
-de vera v. Aguilar, 218 SCRA 602
-In Re: Reconstitution, 436 SCRA 502
Sec. 6. When original document is in the adverse party’s custody or control

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 -Magdayao v. People, 436 SCRA 677
Sec. 7. Evidence admissible when original document is a public record
-Cabugao v. People, 435 SCRA 624
-Widows and Orphans Association v. CA, 212 SCRA 360
Sec. 8. Party who calls for document not bound to offer it
Sec. 9. Evidence of written agreements
-Roble v. Arbasa, 362 SCRA 69
-Flora v. Prado, 420 SCRA 396
-Inciong, Jr. v. CA, 257 SCRA 578
Exceptions to the rule
-Paradise Sauna v. NG, 181 SCRA 719
-Pagsuyuin v. IAC, 193 SCRA 547
-Pilipinas Bank v. CA, 341 SCRA 527
-Borillo v. CA, 209 SCRA 130
-Cruz v. CA, 192 SCRA 209
Sec. 10. Interpretations of writing according to its legal meaning
Sec. 11. Instrument construed so as to give effect to all provisions
Sec. 12. Interpretation according to intention; general and particular provisions
Sec. 13. Interpretation according to circumstances
-Prosperity Credit resources v. CA, 301 SCRA 52
Sec. 14. Peculiar significance of terms
Sec. 15. Written words control printed
Sec. 16. Experts and interpreters to be used in explaining certain writings
Sec. 17. Of two constructions, which preferred
Sec. 18. Construction in favor of natural right
Sec. 19. Interpretation according to usage
Sec. 20. Witnesses; their qualifications

1. Conviction of a crime
- People v. Dominguez, 217 SCRA 170
2. Interest in the case
- People v. Entila, 325 SCRA 266
- People v. Garchitorena, 330 SCRA 613
- People v. Virtucio, Jr. 326 SCRA 198
3. Witnesses not listed in the information
- People v. Pardua, 360 SCRA 41
4. Witnesses under the Summary Rule
- Balayon, Jr. v. Ocampo, 218 SCRA 13

Sec. 21. Disqualification by reason of mental incapacity or immaturity

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 - People v. Golimlim, 427 SCRA 15
- People v. Rama, 350 SCRA 226
- People Boromeo, 220 SCRA 557
- People v. Tuanggo, 345 SCRA 429

Sec. 22. Disqualification by reason of marriage

Sec. 23. Disqualification by reason of death or insanity of adverse party
-Bordalba v. CA, 374 SCRA 555
- Razon v. IAC, 207 SCRA 234
- Sunga-Chan v. Chua, 363 SCRA 249
-Santos v. Santos, 366 SCRA 395
Sec. 24. Disqualification by reason of privilege communication
-Regala v. Sandiganbayan, 262 SCRA 123
-People v. Sandiganbayan, 275 SCRA 505
-Gonzales v. CA, 298 SCRA 322
-Lim v. CA, 214 SCRA 23
-Krohn v. CA, 233 SCRA 146
Sec. 25. Parental and filial privilege
-People v. Invencion, 398 SCRA 592
Sec. 26. Admissions of Party
-Simangan v. People, 434 SCRA 38
-Rufina patis Factory v. Alusitain, 434 SCRA 419
-Gutierrez v. Palattao, 292 SCRA 26
Sec. 27. Offer of compromise not admissible

a. Civil cases
- Smith Bell and Co., Inc. v. CA, 197 SCRA 201
b. Criminal cases
- People v. Salvador, 396 SCRA 298
- People v. Gaudia, 423 SCRA 520

Sec. 28. Admission by third party

- Francisco v. People, 434 SCRA 122

- People v. vda. De Ramos, 403 SCRA 167
- Geraldez v. CA, 230 SCRA 320
- People v. Raquel, 265 SCRA 248 (exception to inter alios acta)
- People v. Lising, 285 SCRA 595 (Interlocking confessions)

Sec. 29. Admission by co-partner or agent

- Republic v. Sandiganbayan, 406 SCRA 190

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Sec. 30. Admission by conspirator

- People v. Cui, 314 SCRA 153

- People v. vda. De Ramos, 403 SCRA 167
- People v. Flores, 195 SCRA 295

Sec. 31. Admission by privies

- Gevero v. IAC, 189 SCRA 201

Sec. 32. Admission by silence

- People v. Garcia, Jr., 400 SCRA 229

Sec. 33. Confession

- People v. Flores, 195 SCRA 295 (1991)

- People v. Satorre, 408 SCRA 642
- Ladiana v. People, 393 SCRA 419

Sec. 34. Similar acts as evidence

- People v. santos, 221 SCRA 715

- People v. dadles, 278 SCRA 393
- People v. Nardo, 353 SCRA 339

Sec. 35. Unaccepted offer

Sec. 36. Testimony generally confined to personal knowledge

- People v. Pruna, 390 SCRA 577

- People v. Cabintoy, 247 SCRA 442
- People v. bagano, 181 SCRA 747
- People v. Roxas, 410 SCRA 451
- Country Bankers v. Lianga Bay, 347 SCRA 653
- Gotesco Inv. Corp. v. Chatto, 210 SCRA 18
- Feria v. CA, 325 SCRA 525
- Estrada v. Desierto, 356 SCRA 8
- People v. Competente, 207 SCRA 591
- Malayan Insurance v. Philippine Nails, 380 SCRA 374
- SCC Chemical Corp. v. CA, 353 SCRA 70
- RP v. Heirs of Alejaga, Sr., 393 SCRA 361

Sec. 37. Dying Declaration

- People v. Montanez, 425 SCRA 675

- People v. Preciados, 349 SCRA 1

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 - People v. Boller, 380 SCRA 217
- People v. Gutierrez, 209 SCRA 206
- People v. Calago, 381 SCRA 448
- People v. Dunig, 215 SCRA 469

Sec. 38. Declaration against interest

- People v. Bernal, 247 SCRA 197

- Fuentes, Jr. v. CA, 253 SCRA 431

Sec. 39. Act or declaration about pedigree

- Mendoza v. CA, 201 SCRA 675

- Tison v. CA, 276 SCRA 582

Sec. 40. Family reputation or tradition regarding pedigree

- Jison v. CA, 286 SCRA 495

Sec. 41. Common reputation

- Jison v. CA (supra)

Sec. 42. Part of Res Gestae

- People v. Mendoza, 284 SCRA 705

- People v. Villarama, 397 SCRA 306
- People v. Palmones, 336 SCRA 80
- People v. Taneo, 218 SCRA 494
- People v. Lobrigas, 394 SCRA 170
- People v. Cabrera, Jr., 402 SCRA 399

Sec. 43. Entries in the course of business

- PAL, Inc., v. Ramos, 207 SCRA 461

- Heirs of Conti v. CA, 300 SCRA 345
- Canque v. CA, 305 SCRA 579

Sec. 44. Entries in official records

- People v. Bandang, 430 SCRA 570

- Santiago v. Lighterage Corp. v. CA, 432 SCRA 492
- Lao v. Standard Insurance, 409 SCRA 43
- Santos v. People, 395 SCRA 507
- CSC v. Cayobit, 410 SCRA 357

Sec. 45. Commercial lists and the like

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 - Meralco v. Quisumbing, 326 SCRA 172

Sec. 46. Learned treatises

Sec. 47. Testimony or deposition at a former proceeding

- People v. Ortiz-Miyake, 279 SCRA 145

- Cariaga v. CA, 358 SCRA 583
- Eugenio v. CA, 239 SCRA 207

Sec. 48. General Rule

Sec. 49. Opinion of expert witness

- People v. Abriol, 367 SCRA 327

- People v. DY, 375 SCRA 15
- People v. Baid, 336 SCRA 656
- Jimenez v. EMRUPC (USA), 383 SCRA 326
- Bautista v. CA, 436 SCRA 141
- People v. Domasian, 219 SCRA 245
- Heirs of A. Celestial v. heirs of E. celestial, 408 SCRA 291
- Heirs of Gregorio v. CA, 300 SCRA 565

Sec. 50. Opinion of ordinary witness

- People v. Duranan, 349 SCRA 180

- People v. Baybayon, 184 SCRA 13

Sec. 51. Character evidence

- People v. Lee, 382 SCRA 596

- People v. Edualino, 271 SCRA 189
- People v. Deopita, 436 SCRA 794

RULE 131. BURDEN OF PROOF AND PRESUMPTIONS

Sec. 1. Burden of proof
- Hanopol v. Shoemart, Inc., 390 SCRA 439
- People v. Macagaling, 237 SCRA 299
- People v. Amania, 220 SCRA 347
- Lorena v. Encomienda, 302 SCRA 632
Sec. 2. Conclusive presumptions

- Ibaan Rural Bank, Inc., v. CA, 321 SCRA 88

- Alcaraz v. Tangga-an, 401 SCRA 84

Sec. 3. Disputable presumptions

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 - People v. Padrigone, 382 SCRA 74
- People v. Mallari, 310 SCRA 621
- Metro bank and trust co. v. CA, 333 SCRA 212
- People v. Gonzales, 382 SCRA 694
- People v. Mendoza, 292 SCRA 168
- Mabunga v. People, 429 SCRA 510
- People v. Burton, 268 SCRA 531
- People v. Ong, 432 SCRA 470
- People v. Gallego, 238 SCRA 21
- Astro v. Philippine Export, 411 SCRA 462
- Cayabyab v. IAC, 232 SCRA 1
- People v. Roluna, 231 SCRA 446
- People v. Edualino, 271 SCRA 189
- De la Puerta v. CA, 181 SCRA 861
- Imperial Victory v. NLRC, 200 SCRA 178

RULE 132. -PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE

Sec. 1. Examination to be done in open court

- People v. Bisda, 406 SCRA 454

Sec. 2. Proceedings to be recorded

Sec. 3. Rights and obligations of a witness
Sec. 4. Order in the examination of an individual witness
Sec. 5. Direct examination
Sec. 6. Cross-examination; its purpose and extent

- People v. Narca, 275 SCRA 696

- People v. Fabre, 385 SCRA 185
- People v. Guamos, 241 SCRA 528
- Dans, Jr. v. People, 285 SCRA 504
- Limkitkai Sons Milling, Inc., v. CA, 250 SCRA 523

Sec. 7. Re-direct examination; its purpose and extent

- People v. de Guzman, 265 SCRA 228

Sec. 8. Re-cross examination

Sec. 9. Recalling a witness

- People v. Velasco, 307 SCRA 684

Sec. 10. Leading and misleading questions

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 - People v. Perez, 397 SCRA 12
- People v. Legaspi, 397 SCRA 531

Sec. 11. Impeachment of adverse party’s witness

Sec. 12. Party may not impeach his own witness

- People v. Aranda, 226 SCRA 563

Sec. 13. How witness impeached by evidence of inconsistent statements

- People v. Castillano, Sr. v. 400 SCRA 401

Sec. 14. Evidence of good character of witness

Sec. 15. Exclusion and separation of witnesses
Sec. 16. When witness may refer to memorandum

- People v. Plasencia, 249 SCRA 674

- Canque v. CA, 305 SCRA 579

Sec. 17. When part of transaction, writing or record given in evidence, the remainder admissible

- People v. Kempis, 221 SCRA 628

- Palo-palo v. IAC, 214 SCRA 675

Sec. 18. Right to inspect writing shown to witness

Sec. 19. Classes of documents
Sec. 20. Proof of private document

- Dy v. CA, 204 SCRA 878

- People v. Guanzon, 372 SCRA 222
- Malayan Insurance v. Philippine Nails and Wires Corp., 380 SCRA 374

Sec. 21. When evidence of authenticity of private document not necessary

- Heirs of Demetria Lacsa v. CA, 197 SCRA 234

- Bartolome v. IAC, 183 SCRA 102
- Cleofas v. St. Peter Memorial Park, Inc., 324 SCRA 223

Sec. 22. How genuineness of handwriting proved

- Sanson v. CA, 401 SCRA 349

- Mariano v. Roxas, 385 SCRA 500
- People v. Pagpaguitan, 315 SCRA 226
- Estacio v. Jaranilla, 417 SCRA 250

Sec. 23. Public documents as evidence

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 - Siguan v. Lim, 318 SCRA 725

Sec. 24. Proof of official record

Sec. 25. What attestation of copy must state

- Parma v. CA, 245 SCRA 711

- Wildvalley v. CA, 342 SCRA 213
- Matugas v. COMELEC, 420 SCRA 365
- Manufacturers Hanover v. Guerrero, 397 SCRA 709

Sec. 26. Irremovability of public record

Sec. 27. Public record of a private document
Sec. 28. Proof of lack of record
Sec. 29. How judicial record impeached
Sec. 30. Proof of notarial document

- Apuyan v. Haldeman, 438 SCRA 402 (alleged fictitious deed)

- Insurance Services v. CA, 341 SCRA 572

Sec. 31. Alteration in a document, how to explain

Sec. 32. Seal
Sec. 33. Documentary evidence in an official language

- People v. Toaquin, 435 SCRA 23 (requirement of translation)

Sec. 34. Offer of evidence

- People v. Gallardo, 388 SCRA 121 (evidence presented only on appeal)

- Tabuena v. CA, 196 SCRA 650 (evidence marked but not offered)
- People v. Canonigo, 337 SCRA 310
- Ong v. CA, 301 SCRA 387 (evidence not offered but annexed to the pleading)
- People v. Libnao, 395 SCRA 407 (evidence identified but not offered)
- Bingcoy v. CA, 280 SCRA 780 (evidence offered but later lost)

Sec. 35. When to make an offer

- People v. Yap, 229 SCRA 787 (oral testimony)

Sec. 36. Objection

- People v. Gonzales, 382 SCRA 694 (objection to oral offer)

- Restaurante Las Conchas v. Llego, 314 SCRA 24 (objection to hearsay evidence)
- People v. Diaz, 271 SCRA 505 (objection to written offer)
- Interpacific transit Inc. v. Aviles, 186 SCRA 385

Sec. 37. When repetition of objection unnecessary

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Sec. 38. Ruling

- Report on the Judicial Audit, 316 SCRA 272 (when ruling must be made)
- Rodson Philippines, Inc. v. CA, 431 SCRA 471
- People v. Godoy, 250 SCRA 676 (guideline in ruling on objection)

Sec. 39. Striking out answer

Sec. 40. Tender of excluded evidence
RULE 133. WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE

- Energy Regulatory Board v. CA, 357 SCRA 30

Sec. 1. Preponderance of evidence

- Republic v. CA, 204 SCRA 160

- Supreme Transliner, Inc. v. CA, 370 SCRA 41
- Alonso v. Cebu Country Club, 417 SCRA 115
- Rudecon Mgmt. v. Camacho, 437 SCRA 202 (disbarment)
- PAL v. CA, 417 SCRA 196 (interest of witness)
- Cuison v. CA, 227 SCRA 391
- People v. Ducay, 225 SCRA 1 (falsus in uno falsus in omnibus)
- People v. Amaguin, 229 SCRA 166 (number of witnesses)
- People v. Sara, 417 SCRA 431 (contradiction among witnesses)
- People v. Eroles, 226 SCRA 554
- People v. Queliza, 279 SCRA 145 (negative and positive testimony)
- Revilla v. CA, 217 SCRA 583
- Sevalle v. CA, 353 SCRA 33 (appreciation of testimony of witness)
- People v. manambit, 271 SCRA 345 (guide in appreciating testimony)
- People v. Teehankee Jr., 249 SCRA 54 (errors in appreciation)

Sec. 2. Proof beyond reasonable doubt

- People v. Kinok, 368 SCRA 510 (burden of proof/evidence)

- People v. mariano, 359 SCRA 648
- Dado v. People, 392 SCRA 46 (equipoise rule)
- People v. Coderes, 414 SCRA 134
- People v. Quezada, 375 SCRA 248
- People v. Apawan, 235 SCRA 355
- People v. Gamer, 326 SCRA 660
- People v. Teves, 356 SCRA 14
- People v. Devaras, 205 SCRA 676 (alibi and denial as defense)
- People v. Rollon, 410 SCRA 295
- People v. Mindac, 216 SCRA 558 (retraction as evidence)

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 - People v. Dungo, 199 SCRA 860 (Proof of insanity)

Sec. 3. Extrajudicial confession, not sufficient ground for conviction

- People v. Barlis, 231 SCRA 426 (corpus delicti)

Sec. 4. Circumstantial evidence, when sufficient

- People v. Ador, 432 SCRA 1

- People v. Mansueto, 336 SCRA 715

Sec. 5. Substantial evidence

- Mariano v. Roxas, 385 SCRA 500

- Susa v. Pena, 411 SCRA 182 (discipline of court employees)
- Laguid v. Camano Jr., 387 SCRA 1 (discipline of judges and justices)
- Ang v. Asis, 373 SCRA 91
- Litonjua v. CA, 438 SCRA 591
- Meralco v. NLRC, 198 SCRA 681
- Reyes v. CA, 216 SCRA 25

Sec. 6. Power of the court to stop further evidence

Sec. 7. Evidence of motion

- Merril Lynch Futures, Inc. v. CA, 211 SCRA 824

RULE 134. PERPETUATION OF TESTIMONY

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