1. Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality?

a. quantitative research
b. qualitative research
c. mixed research
d. none of the above

2. Which research paradigm is least concerned about generalizing its findings?

a. quantitative research
b. qualitative research
c. mixed research
d. none of the above

3. Which of the following best describes quantitative research?

a. the collection of nonnumerical data
b. an attempt to confirm the researcher’s hypotheses
c. research that is exploratory
d. research that attempts to generate a new theory

4. A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called ___.
a. a constant
b. a variable
c. a cause-and-effect relationship
d. a descriptive relationship

5. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):

a. categorical variable
b. dependent variable
c. independent variable
d. intervening variable

6. All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:

a. it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data
b. it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect
c. it uses the deductive scientific method
d. it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment

7. Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics except:
a. it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
b. it relies on the collection of nonnumerical data such as words and pictures
c. it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world
d. it uses the inductive scientific method

8. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the existence of cause-and-effect
relationships?
a. nonexperimental Research
b. experimental Research
9. What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?
a. extraneous variables are never present
b. a positive correlation usually exists
c. a negative correlation usually exists
d. manipulation of the independent variable

10. In _____, random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher cannot manipulate the
independent variable.
a. basic research
b. quantitative research
c. experimental research
d. causal-comparative and correlational research

11. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?

a. resistance to manipulation
b. manipulation of the independent variable
c. the use of open-ended questions
d. focuses only on local problems

12.. A positive correlation is present when _______.

a. two variables move in opposite directions.
b. two variables move in the same direction.
c. one variable goes up and one goes down
d. several variables never change.

13. Research in which the researcher uses the qualitative paradigm for one phase and the quantitative
paradigm for another phase is known as ______.
a. action research
b. basic research
c. quantitative research
d. mixed method research
e. mixed model research

14. Research in which the researcher uses both qualitative and quantitative research within a stage or
across two of the stages in the research process is known as ______.
a. action research
b. basic research
c. quantitative research
d. mixed method research
e. mixed model research

15.. Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as _____?
a. experimental research
b. historical research
c. replication
d. archival research
 16. ______ research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable.
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research
c. ethnography
d. correlational research

17.. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?

a. age, temperature, income, height
b. grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance
c. gender, religion, ethnic group
d. both a and b

18.. What is the opposite of a variable?

a. a constant
b. an extraneous variable
c. a dependent variable
d. a data set

19. Which of the following is the type of nonexperimental research in which the primary independent
variable of interest is categorical?
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research
c. qualitative research
d. mixed research

20. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?

a. age
b. annual income
c. grade point average
d. religion

21. In research, something that does not "vary" is called a ___________.

a. variable
b. method
c. constant
d. control group

22. When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it is very
important to avoid _______.
a. checking the strength of relationship
b. jumping to the conclusion of causality
c. checking the direction of the relationship
d. expressing a relationship with a correlation coefficient

23. A researcher studies achievement by children in poorly funded elementary schools. She develops a model
that posits parent involvement as an important variable. She believes that parent involvement has an
impact on children by increasing their motivation to do school work. Thus, in her model, greater parent
 involvement leads to higher student motivation, which in turn creates higher student achievement. Student
motivation is what kind of variable in this study?
a. Manipulated variable
b. Extraneous variable
c. Confounding variable
d. Mediating or intervening variable

24. The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods?
a. Experimental
b. Causal-comparative
c. Correlational
d. Ethnography

25. Which correlation is the strongest?

a. +.10
b. -.95
c. +.90
d. -1.00

26. The correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is:
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Perfect
d. They are not correlated

1. What is the name for a variable which is measured using 2 different values?
A) Dichotomous B) Binomial. C) Binary. D) All of these

2. What is an example of a subject variable?

A) Race. Sex. Religion All of these.

3. A cross sectional study is carried out to examine whether Navy personnel of a higher rank have more positive coping skills than
those of a lower rank. Which of the following statement is true of this study?
A) Neither variable is dependent B) The independent C) The independent D) The independent
as the researcher cannot variable is coping and variable is coping variable is rank and
manipulate them. the dependent variable and the the dependent variable
is low rank. dependent is coping skills
variable is high
rank.
4. The concept of 'variables
A) has always been used in B) is derived from biology C) is derived from D) is derived from
psychology. physics statistics
5. Which of the following are the most similar?
A) Nominal, ratio, and interval data B) Nominal and ratio data C) Ordinal, interval D) Nominal, ordinal and
and ratio data ratio data
6. What sort of data are post codes?
A) Ordinal B) Nominal C) Ratio D) Interval

7. What sort of data is income?

A) Ordinal B) Nominal C) Ratio D) Interval
8. What sort of variable is dress size?
A) Ordinal B) Nominal C) Ratio D) Interval
9. A mediator variable is
A) Another name for the B) Another name for the C) Responsible for D) all of the above
dependent variable. independent variable. the relationship
between two
other variables.

Question # 1
The following journal article would be an example of _____ research; "The benefits of
florescent lighting on production in a factory setting."
Select correct option:
Applied
Interview
Basic
Stupid

Question # 2
Which of the following is a concept?
Select correct option:
Leadership.
Total Quality Management.
Human Resource Management.
All of the given options

Question # 3
After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, except;
Select correct option:
Full names of the authors
Titles
Volumes
Price

Question # 4
The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more;
Select correct option:
Reliable
Systematic
Accurate
All of the given options

Question # 5
Quantitative researcher's preoccupation with generalization is an attempt to:
Select correct option:
Develop the law like findings of the natural sciences.
Boost their chances of publication.
Enhance the internal validity of their research.
Demonstrate the complex techniques of statistical analysis.

Question # 6
What is the basis of the Scientific Method?
Select correct option:
To test hypotheses in conditions that are condusive to its success.
To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.
To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled
conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.

Question # 7
Which of the following is not a concept?
Select correct option:
Leadership
Total Quality Management
Human Resource Management
IQ

Question # 8
Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research
question, "What impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?"
Select correct option:
The new advertising campaign will impact Brand B usage.
The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B trial.
The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand
C.
The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market penetration.

Question # 9
Which one of the following is not an assumption of science?
Select correct option:
There are reoccurring patterns in the world.
Events happen because of preceding causes.
We can discover solutions to problems of interest.
Theoretical explanations must agree with common sense.

Question # 10
A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an area is rarely published but it
often is part of an educational program is which type of review?
Select correct option:
Integrative reviews
Theoretical reviews
Self-study reviews
Historical reviews

Question # 11
A literature review requires;
Select correct option:
planning
clear writing
good writing
All of the given option

Question # 12
The facts that should be collected to measure a variable, depend upon the
Select correct option:
Conceptual understanding
Dictionary meaning
Operational definition
All of the above

Question # 13

Which of the following is the BEST hypothesis?

Select correct option:

Students taking formative quizzes will perform better on chapter exams than students not
taking these quizzes.
Taller students will have higher test scores than shorter students.
Students taught in a cooperative group setting should do better than students in a
traditional class.
Students using laptops will do well.

Explanation:

The second alternative meets the four criteria; all other alternatives do not.

Question # 14

What is an hypothesis?
Select correct option:

A prediction of a relationship between certain variables.

An experiment that tests certain predictions.
An independent variable.
A dependent variable.

Question # 15
An operational definition is:
Select correct option:

One that bears no relation to the underlying concept.

An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.
A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures.
One that refers to opera singers and their work.

Question # 16

What research is?

Select correct option:
A lab experiment
A report
A systematic Enquiry
A procedure

Question # 17

If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain

their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?
Select correct option:
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Experimental

Question # 18

In the statement 'an examination of the effects of discretionary behaviour on

employee performance' employee performance is the:
Select correct option:
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Extraneous variable
Causal variable

Question # 19

The most difficult sources to locate are;

Select correct option:
Dissertations
Policy Reports and Presented Papers
Government Documents
Scholarly Books

Question # 20

A concept is a generalized idea about---- .

Select correct option:
A class of objects
Attributes
Occurrences

Question # 21

What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or reviews

in the initial stages of identifying a research topic?

Select correct option:

They are readily available.

They provide an overview of the issues related to a topic.

They are primary sources.

They avoid reporting statistical data so one can interpret the results more easily.

Question # 22

What is opposite of a variable?

Select correct option:

A constant

An extraneous variable

A dependent variable

A data set

Question # 23

Qualitative and Quantitative Research are the classifications of research on the basis
of
Select correct option:
Use of the research
Time dimension
Techniques used
Purpose of the research

Question # 24

The organization of concepts in sequence from the most concrete and individual to
the most general indicates is:
Select correct option:
One that bears no relation to the underlying concept.
An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.
The degree of abstraction
An operational definition

Question # 25

The most critical areas of an article to read is;

Select correct option:
Results section
Introduction
Abstract
Limitations

Question # 26

_______meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements.

Select correct option:

Unambiguous
Vague
Clear

Question # 27

Rationalism is the application of:

Select correct option:
Research solution
Logic and arguments
Reasoning
Previous findings

Question # 28
Why do you need to review the existing literature?
Select correct option:
To give your dissertation a proper academic appearance, with lots of references
Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
To find out what is already known about your area of interest
To help in your general studying

Question # 29

The application of the scientific method to the study of business problems is called;
Select correct option:
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Business research
Grounded theory

Question # 30

An operational definition is:

Select correct option:
One that bears no relation to the underlying concept.
An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.
A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures.
One that refers to opera singers and their work.

Question # 31

Which one of the following creates problems of measurements of a concept?

Select correct option:
Unambiguous meanings
Vague meanings
Clear meanings
Dictionary meanings
Question # 32

Which of the following is a discrete variable?

Select correct option:
Age
Nationality
Test score
Income

Question # 33

Which of the following is a discrete variable?

Select correct option:
height
age
miles per gallon
number of children

Question # 34

According to Empiricism, which of the following is the ultimate source of all our
concepts and knowledge?
Select correct option:
Perceptions
Theory
Sensory experience
Logics and arguments

Question # 35

If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the

"multiple intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of
research?
Select correct option:
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory

Question # 36

Under which of the following research method is not applicable?

Select correct option:

Health care
Business
Government offices
Imaginary worlds

Question # 37

Which of the following statements is false?

Select correct option:
Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite number of fractions of units of
measurement.
Discrete variables can only have whole number values.
Continuous numbers can only have whole number values.
Continuous measures do not allow for scores that fall between two number values.

Question # 38

To explain, predict, and/or control phenomena are the goal of----------------------

Select correct option:
Tradition
Inductive logic
Deductive logic
The scientific method

Question # 39

Which of the following is most beneficial to read in an article?

Select correct option:

Methods

Introduction

Figures

References

Question # 40

Which of the following is not a function of clearly identified research questions?

Select correct option:
They guide your literature search.
They keep you focused throughout the data collection period.
They make the scope of your research as wide as possible.
They are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument.