APES Chapter 3 Notes

Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?

Core Case Study: Tropical Rain Forests Are Disappearing

 Tropical rain forests near the earth’s equator
o only ~2% of the earth’s land but contains ~½ of world’s known terrestrial plant & animal species

 Major harmful effects of disruption  Natural Capital Degradation!
o Reduces biodiversity
o Accelerates climate change
o Changes regional weather patterns

3.1 How Does the Earth’s Life-Support System Work?

 Major components of the earth’s life-support system:
o Atmosphere (air)
 Innermost layer = troposphere  contains the air we breathe
 Stratosphere  contains ozone layer
 filters sun’s harmful UV radiation
o Hydrosphere (water)
 All water vapor, liquid water, and ice
 Oceans = 97% of Earth’s water
o Geosphere (rocks, minerals, and soil)
 Upper portion of crust contains nutrients organisms
need to live, grow, & reproduce
 Contains nonrenewable fossil fuels
o Biosphere (living things)
 Parts of atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere where life is found

Three Factors Sustain the Earth’s Life

 One-way flow of high-quality energy from the sun
o Supports plant growth and warms troposphere
 Cycling of nutrients through parts of the biosphere
 Gravity holds the earth’s atmosphere
o Enables mvmt & chem. cycling through air, H2O, soil & organisms

3.2 What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem?

 Ecologists study 5 levels of matter:
o biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms
 Feeding level (trophic level)
o organisms classified as producers/consumers based on
nutrient source
 Producers (autotrophs) make needed nutrients from their environment
Ecosystems Have Living and Nonliving Components
 Abiotic: Water, Air, Nutrients, Rocks, Heat, Solar Energy
 Biotic: Living and once living
o Decomposers
 Consumers that release nutrients from wastes/remains
of plants or animals
o Nutrients return to soil, water, and air for reuse
o Bacteria, fungi
o Detritivores

Soil Is the Foundation of Life on Land

 Soil = complex mixture of rock, particles, mineral nutrients, organic matter, water, air, & living organisms
 Soil is a renewable resource, but renewed very slowly

3.3 What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem?

 Energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs
o Food chain = movement of energy and nutrients from one trophic level to the next
o Food web = Network of interconnected food chains
 Every use and transfer of energy involves energy loss as heat
 Pyramid of energy flow
o 90% of usable energy lost with each transfer (ex: 10,000 kcal  1,000 kcal  100 kcal  10 kcal)
o chemical energy for higher trophic levels
 Biomass = total mass of organisms in a given trophic level

Some Ecosystems Produce Plant Matter Faster than Others Do

 Gross primary productivity (GPP)
o Rate at which an ecosystem’s producers convert solar energy to stored chemical energy
o Measured in units such as kcal/m2/year
 Net primary productivity (NPP)
o Rate at which an ecosystem’s producers convert solar energy to chemical energy, minus the rate at
which they use the stored energy for aerobic respiration
o Terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic life zones differ in their NPP
o The planet’s NPP ultimately limits the number of consumers (including humans) that can survive on
the earth
3.4 What Happens to Matter in an Ecosystem?
 Nutrients cycle within and among ecosystems
o Cycles driven by incoming solar energy and gravity
o Can be altered by human activity
 CYCLES YOU NEED TO KNOW: water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Water Cycle Sustains all Life

 Hydrologic cycle collects, purifies, and distributes earth’s fixed supply of water
 Incoming solar energy causes evaporation
 Gravity draws water back as precipitation
o Surface runoff evaporates to complete the cycle
o Some precipitation stored as groundwater
 Ways Humans Alter the Water Cycle:
o Withdrawing large amounts of freshwater at rates faster than nature can replace it
o Clearing vegetation  increases runoff
o Draining and filling wetlands for farming and urban development
 Wetlands provide flood control
 Absorb and hold overflows of water

Carbon Cycles among Living and Nonliving Things

 Carbon basic building block of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, DNA, and other organic compounds
 Photosynthesis from producers removes CO2 from the atmosphere
o Aerobic respiration by producers, consumers, and decomposers adds CO2
 Some CO2 dissolves in the ocean (stored in marine sediments)
 Human Disruption of the Carbon Cycle:
o Humans have added large quantities of CO2 to the atmosphere
 Faster rate than natural processes can remove
 Levels have been increasing sharply since about 1960
 Result = warming atmosphere & changing climate
o Clearing vegetation reduces ability to remove excess CO2 from the atmosphere

Nitrogen Cycle: Bacteria in Action

 Useful forms of nitrogen
o Created by lightning and specialized bacteria in topsoil and bottom sediment of aquatic systems
o Used by plants to produce proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamins
 Bacteria convert nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas
 Human Alteration of the Nitrogen Cycle:
o Burning gasoline and other fuels create nitric oxide, which can return as acid rain
o Removing large amounts of nitrogen from the atmosphere to make fertilizers
o Adding excess nitrates in aquatic ecosystems
 Human nitrogen inputs to the environment have risen sharply and are expected to continue rising

Phosphorous Cycles through Water, Rock, and Food Webs

 Phosphorus cycles [SLOWLY] through water, the earth’s crust, and living organisms
o Major reservoir is phosphate rocks
 Human Activities and Impacts:
o Clearing forests
o Removing large amounts of phosphate from the earth to make fertilizers
o Erosion leaches phosphates into streams