CE3165 Structural Concrete Design

5. Design of Structural
Members

Professor Tan Kiang Hwee

Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering

Contents (1/2)
5.1 Structural Analysis 4
5.1.1 Structural framing & load path 4
5.1.2 Structural members & predominant action effects 11
5.1.3 Analysis to determine action effects 13
5.1.4 Moment redistribution 14
5.2 Design of Beams 20
5.2.1 Continuous beams 22
5.2.2 Detailing of beams 32
5.2.3 Design example 1a – Simple-span beam 40
5.2.4 Design example 1b – Continuous beam 49
5.3 Design of Slabs 63
5.3.1 One-way slabs 66
5.3.2 Two-way slabs 67
5.3.3 Detailing of slabs 70
5.3.4 Design example 2 – Restrained 2-way slab 73

© Tan K H, NUS 2
Contents (2/2)
5.4 Design of Columns 83
5.4.1 Classification of columns 85
5.4.2 Preliminary sizing and analysis 91
5.4.3 Design for axial load and bending 93
5.4.4 Detailing of columns 95
5.4.5 Design example 3 – Axially loaded column 99
5.4.6 Design example 4 – Column under biaxial bending 101
5.5 Design of Bases (Footings) 105
5.5.1 Punching shear in bases 107
5.5.2 Prescriptive method 110
5.5.3 Design example 5 – Design of footing 112

© Tan K H, NUS 3

5.1 Structural Analysis

5.1.1 Structural Framing & Load Path

• to determine the
manner in which
loads are resisted
and transferred to
the foundation (
force path)

© Tan K H, NUS 4
 9,900 8,400

© Tan K H, NUS
© Tan K H, NUS
9,900 8,400 3,300 3,300 3,300 2,800 2,800 2,800
3,300 3,300 3,300 2,800 2,800 2,800
10,000

10,000
10,000

10,000
10,000
10,000

6
5
 3,900
3,900
3,900
900

© Tan K H, NUS 7

Example - Load Taking

The slab shown below carries a screed weighing 1.4 kN/m2 and
an imposed load of 3.0 kN/m2. Find the total ultimate and
characteristic design loads on one beam, the reaction to one
column and the loads from one column to its foundation.

© Tan K H, NUS 8
Solution

Concrete slab self-wt (SW) = 0.175 x 25 = 4.4 kN/m2

SW of slab + screed = 4.4 + 1.4 = 5.8 kN/m2
Concrete beam SW = 0.40 x 0.25 x 25 = 2.5 kN/m
Concrete column SW = 0.25 x 0.25 x 25 = 1.6 kN/m

Loads on beam Dead loads (SW) Imposed loads

Slab + screed 5.8x7.5x5.0 217.5 kN -
Beam 2.5 x 7.5 18.8 kN -
Imposed load 3.0x7.5x5.0 - 112.5 kN
Totals 236.3 kN 112.5 kN
Total characteristic design load = 1.0x236.3 + 1.0x112.5 = 348.8 kN
Total ultimate design load = 1.35x236.3 + 1.5x112.5 = 487.8 kN
Beam reaction at each col.(SLS) = 348.8/2 = 174.4 kN
© Tan K H, NUS 9

Solution (cont.)

Loads on columns
Beam reaction at ULS = 487.8/2 = 243.9 kN
Column SW = 1.6 x 3.5 = 5.6 kN
Column foundation load at SLS = 174.4 + 5.6 = 180.0 kN
Column foundation load at ULS = 243.9 + 1.35 x 5.6 = 251.5 kN

© Tan K H, NUS 10
 5.1.2 Structural Components &
Predominant Action Effects

© Tan K H, NUS 11

Structural Component M N V T P
Slabs – cantilever, one-way action, two-way
✓ ✓ (✓) (✓)
action, flat slab, etc.
Beams – cantilever, simply-supported,
✓ ✓ (✓)
continuous.

Columns – braced, unbraced, short, slender. ✓ ✓ (✓) (✓)

Walls – essentially a vertical slab. ✓ ✓ ✓

Base (footings) – essentially an inverted

✓ ✓ ✓
(cantilever) slab.

© Tan K H, NUS 12
 5.1.3 Analysis to Determine Action Effects

E G
A D
E G B C
A D F H A B C D
B C
F H Continous beam
analysis
G
B C D
H

A B

Full frame analysis Sub-frame analysis

© Tan K H, NUS 13

5.1.4 Moment Redistribution

Note: Elastic moment at support
= 2x elastic moment at midspan
(for fixed-end beam under u.d.l.)

MA or MB
w1 MP 2
MP w1L2/12
C
A 1 B MP/2 1
w1 L2/24 MP
Elastic BMD A or B
w2 Mc
MP
C
With A 1 B
2
MP MP/2 2
higher
w
MP/4 1
Hinges formed at A & B C
© Tan K H, NUS 14
 MA or MB
w3 2 3 4
MP MP
C
A 1 B MP/2 1
2
MP
3
Plastic rotation at A & B A or B
Mc
w4 = wu MP 4
MP
C 3
With
A 1 B MP/2 2
higher 2
w MP MP/4 1
3
4 C
Collapse Mechanism formed
© Tan K H, NUS 15

The BMD at collapse can

be obtained by linear
transformation of the
elastic BMD due to
collapse loads.
Elastic BMD
due to
collapse loads Me =  = Mp / Me
MP wuL2/12
C Me/2
A B
MP  We can design for a
wu smaller moment at the
BMD at
support by increasing the
collapse moment in the span, i.e.,
by moment redistribution
from support to mid-span
© Tan K H, NUS 16
 Moment re-distribution in continuous beams

50 kN/m

A B C
8m 8m

400 kNm
4m

Elastic bending
A B C moments
200

400
320

Re-distributed
A B C bending
moments
240

©Tan K H, NUS 17

To ensure sufficient rotational capacity for

moment redistribution to occur (SS NA, BS NA)

xu redistributed _ moment
   0.4 
d elastic _ bending _ moment

xu
  0. 4  Redistribu  Limiting
d -tion (%) xu/d
 0.7(Class _ B & C _ reinft.) ≤ 15  0.85 0.45
 0.8(Class _ A _ reinft.) 20 0.8 0.40
25 0.75 0.35
30 0.7 0.30
Valid for fck  50 MPa
and fyk  500 MPa

©Tan K H, NUS 18
 Doubly-reinforced rectangular sections:
K = M / (fckbd2)
Redistribu  K’
K’ = 0.167 (for redistribution ≤ 15%) -tion (%)
K’ = 0.453( – 0.4) – 0.182( – 0.4)2
≤ 15  0.85 0.167
(for redist. > 15%)
20 0.8 0.152
where  = moment after re-distribution/
moment before re-distribution 25 0.75 0.136
30 0.7 0.120
When K > K’ :
z = d {0.5 + (0.25 – K’/1.134)} ≤ 0.95d
fs’ : stress in
As’ = (K – K’)fckbd2/[fs’(d – d’)]
compression steel
As = K’fckbd2/(fydz) + As’
Refer Ch. 2, Slides 33-34 & 36
for derivation of formulae.

© Tan K H, NUS 19

5.2 Design of Beams

• Idealize beam as simply-supported, continuous, cantilever or
part of a frame or sub-frame
• Preliminary sizing – durability & fire resistance; span-depth limits
• Analyse the beam under combinations of actions at ULS
• simplified analysis or full analysis
• Design for bending moments
• critical sections – at mid-span, support
• check for min. and max steel areas
• Design for shear forces
• critical sections at d from face of support
• check for min. link area and max. link spacing
• Check for cracking and deflection at SLS
• Detailing of reinforcement
• use simplified rules or first principles
Tan K H, NUS 20
 Preliminary Sizing of Beams

Overall depth
Typical
Element Simply
span (m) Continuous Cantilever
supported
Rect. beams
3 – 10 L / 12 L / 15 L/6
(width > 250 mm)
Flanged beams 5 – 15 L / 10 L / 12 L/6

• Although span/depth ratios are a good indication, beams

tend to need more depth to fit sufficient reinforcement into
the section in order to satisfy deflection requirements.
• Check the detailing early – especially for clashes with steel at
column/beam junctions.
• Shear stress should be limited to 2 MPa in preliminary design.

© Tan K H, NUS 21

5.2.1 Continuous Beams

© Tan K H, NUS 22
 Effective flange width

transverse steel

bw
2b1 2b2

beff = bw + beff,i

beff,i = (2bi + l0 )/10

≤ 0.2l0 and
≤ bi
Plan where
2bi = clear dist. bet. webs of adj. beams;
l0 = dist. bet. pts. of contraflexure along
Elevation beam
© Tan K H, NUS 23

Definition of l0

Note:
1. Length of cantilever should be less than ½ the length of adj. span
2. Ratio of adjacent span lengths should bet. 2/3 and 3/2.

© Tan K H, NUS 24
Example 1 – Effective flange width

Figure shows a typical floor in a multi-storey building that is supported on

beams and columns. The floor is 175 mm thick. All beams have an
overall depth of 500 mm and a web width of 300 mm. All columns
measure 400 mm by 400 mm in cross-section. Concrete class is
C30/37 and fyk = 500 MPa for all members. Determine the effective
flange width, beff, of the support section at A3 in beam A1-A4.

A B C D E F

beff
4
50
6.5 m
175
3
500
7m
2 50

6.5 m 300

1
Beam cross-section
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m at support A3
(All dimensions in
Plan mm)
© Tan K H, NUS 25

Solution
A B C D E F

4
6.5 m
lo = 0.15(l1 + l2)
3
= 0.15(6500 + 7000) = 2025 mm
7m
2
b1 = ½ (4000 – 300) = 1850 mm
6.5 m
1 beff,1 = (2b1 + lo)/10
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m = (2 x 1850 + 2025)/10 = 573 mm
Plan
> 0.2lo = 0.2 x 2025 = 405 mm
< b1 = 1850 mm
beff
 beff = bw + beff,1
50

175 = 300 + 405 = 705 mm

500

50
300

© Tan K H, NUS 26
 Analysis (Load Combinations)

SS NA:
Load Set 1 – Consider a) & b) only
Load Set 2 – Consider a) & c) only

© Tan K H, NUS 27

Example 2 – Analysis of continuous beams

Determine the design bending moment (BM) envelope for the 3-

span continuous beam shown. Given: gk = 20 kN/m, qk = 15
kN/m; and assume 20% moment redistribution from interior
supports.

4m 4m 4m

Note: Theorem of 3 moments

w MB w'
MA MC
MAl + 2MB(l + l’) + MCl’
= - ¼(wl3 + w’l’3) l l’

© Tan K H, NUS 28
Solution

Max. load, 1.35gk+1.5qk = 1.35 x 20 + 1.5 x 12 = 27 + 18 = 45 kN/m

Min. load, 1.35gk = 1.35 x 20 = 27 kN/m

‐80 72
LC1 ‐60 57.6

Bending Moment (kNM)
‐40
‐20
0 2 4 6
LC2 0 LC3
20 LC2 LC1
LC2
40 32.4
LC3 LC1 LC3 /LC1(re /LC1
60
61.2 -dist.) (re-
80 dist.)
LC1 LC2 LC3 LC1(re‐distributed)

Distance from left support (m)

© Tan K H, NUS 29

 Simplified Analysis Method using

moment & shear coefficients
• For continuous beams with:
• substantially uniform loading
• Gk ≥ Qk
• at least 3 spans that do not differ by > 15%
Near
At outer Penultimate Interior Interior
middle of
support support spans suppprts
end span

Moment 0 0.09Fl -0.11Fl 0.07Fl -0.10Fl

Shear 0.45F - 0.6F - 0.55F

Note: F = total design ultimate load (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk ) for each span
l = effective span

© Tan K H, NUS 30
Example 3 – Simplified analysis

Determine the design bending moments at the midspan and

supports for the 3-span continuous beam shown in Example 2.
Given: gk = 20 kN/m, qk = 12 kN/m.

l=4m
F = (1.35gk+1.5qk)l
4m 4m 4m = 45 x 4 = 180 kN
Fl = 180 x 4 = 720 kNm

Near
At outer Penultimate Interior
middle of
support support spans
end span

0 0.09Fl -0.11Fl 0.07Fl

Design BM (kNm)
0 64.8 79.2 50.4

BM from Example 1 0 61.2 72.0/57.6* 32.4

© Tan K H, NUS * after re-distribution 31

5.2.2 Detailing of Beams

• Longitudinal reinforcement
fck (MPa) As,min/btd
• min. & max. areas
20 0.13%
As,min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)btd ≥ 0.13%btd
30 0.15%
[bt: width of tension zone]
40 0.18%
As,max = 0.04Ac
50 0.21%

• Minimum clear bar spacing

• Largest of (a) max. bar size; (b) 20 mm;
& (c) max. aggregate size + 5 mm
clear bar
spacing
• Maximum bar spacing
• based on crack control

Tan K H, NUS 32
 Curtailment of reinforcement

(TCP)

(PCP)

0.5 M
(approx.) M
© Tan K H, NUS 33

Example 4 – Curtailment of bars

Determine (a) the theoretical and (b) practical curtailment point

for 2H20 bars for the cantilever beam shown. Assume b = 300
mm, d = 700 mm, cover = 30 mm, and C20/25 concrete. Also,
 = 45o .

4H20 2H20 H8-240

© Tan K H, NUS 34
 20
Solution 30 53.3
30

300
4H20 2H20 H8-240
Basic anchorage length:
lb,req = [435 /(4 x 2.3)] x 20
x’ = 2.92 m = 946 mm
Design bond length:
cover = 30 mm
Assuming steel stress = fyd = cd = min(53.3/2, 30)
500/1.15 = 435 MPa and 1 = 1
z = 0.9d = 630 mm 2 = 1 – 0.15(26.7 – 20)/20 = 0.95
At section distant x from free end: lbd = 0.95x946 = 899 mm = 0.9 m
MEd = qx2 /2 = 10x2 > 0.3 lb,req & 10 & 100 mm
VEd = qx = 20x x’ = x – lbd
Equating MEd/0.9d + 0.5VEd = As fyd = 3.82 – 0.90
where As = 628 mm2 (2H20): = 2.92 m
x = 3.82 m
© Tan K H, NUS 35

 Shift Rule

M F  z
aal  
VEd VEd

Members with vert. links:

al = (z cot )/2
Note: z=0.9d gives
al = 0.45d cot   1.125d

© Tan K H, NUS 36
Example 5 –
Solve Example 4 using Shift-rule”

Solution

At section distant x from free end:

MEd = qx2 /2 = 10x2
4H20 2H20 H8-240 Equating MEd = As fyd (0.9z) where
As = 628 mm2 (2H20):
 x = 4.15 m
x’ = 2.94 m

x’ = x – 0.45d cot  – lbd

= 4.15 – 0.45 x 0.7 x 1 - 0.9
= 2.94 m
(cf. 2.92 m in Example 4)

© Tan K H, NUS 37

 Simplified rules for curtailment of bars

© Tan K H, NUS 38
 H

H H

H H
H

Example –
Curtailment of bars
Effective span, L = 5450 mm

© Tan K H, NUS 39

5.2.3 Design Example 1a –

Simple Beam

u.d.l.

200 mm 6000 mm 200 mm

Exposure: XS-1;Fire resistance: 2 hours

fy = 500 MPa (all reinforcement); fck = 40 MPa
Max. B.M. = 216 kNm
Max. S.F. at face of support = 140 kN
(Shear at d from face of support = 116 kN
Shear at 2d from face of support = 96 kN)

(c) Tan KH, NUS 40

 Solution
(a) Design for ultimate strength
Ref. Calculations Output

Section Dimensions
4-8 For 2 hrs fire resistance,
(Ch 4 -Slide 8) min. beam width = 300 ___ mm b = 300
___ mm
Assume h = (1.5~2) x b = ___500 mm h = 500
___ mm
Axis dist. to reinft. = 55
__ mm

4-6 For exposure class XS-1,

nominal cover = 50
__ mm

424
500
Assume max. bar size = 32 mm;
max. link size = 10 mm;
500 50 10 32 = 424
d=___-__-__-__/2 ___ mm 300

(c) Tan KH, NUS 41

Ref. Calculations Output

Design for moment

MEd = 216 kNm
2-33 K = MEd/(fckbd2) Use 3_ nos. 25
__
300 424
= 216x106/(40x___x ___ 2) mm dia. bars
0.100 < 0.167 3 25
(_H__)
= ______
As = 1472
____ mm2
z=d[0.5+(0.25 – K/1.134)]
=0.87 369 mm < 0.95d
___d = ___
As = MEd/(0.87fykz)
500

424

369
= 216x106/(0.87x500x___)
1347
= ____ mm 2 3_H__
25

300

(c) Tan KH, NUS 42

 Ref. Calculations Output
Check:
5-32 As,min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)bd = 0.0018 bd ( > 0.0013bd)
232 mm2
= ___
< As,prov = 1472
____ mm2 As’ = 226 mm2

Provide 2H12 bars (= 226 mm2) at top of beam for

anchoring links.
2H12

500

424
5-32 Check:
As,max = 0.04bh = 6000____ mm2 3H25
> As,prov or As’,prov
300

43

(c) Tan KH, NUS

Ref. Calculations Output

Design for shear
Take  = 45
__o
Check maximum allowable shear:
2-32 VEf (at face of support) = 140 kN
855 kN
< VRd,max = fcdbd/(cot  + tan ) = ____

2-57 k = 1 + (200/424)1/2 = 1.687 ; 2H12

___

___
500

424

 = 1472/(300x424) = 0.0116
VRd,c = 0.12 x 1.687 x (1.16 x 40)1/3 x 300x424 x 10-3 3H25
= 92.5
____ kN
At section d from face of support, 300
___
VEd = 116 kN > VRd,c
provide
Asw/s = 116 x 103/(0.87x500x0.9x424) = 0.699 mm

(c) Tan KH, NUS 44

 Ref. Calculations Output

2-63 Check min. links

Asw/s = 0.08(fck1/2/fyk)b 10 single closed link @ 225
H__ ___
= 0.08(401/2/500)b = 0.304 mm mm c/c (Asw/s =0.698
____ mm)

10 single closed link at 225

Use H__ ___ mm c/c
(Asw/s =0.698
____ mm)

_500

424
Check s = 225
___ mm <0.75 d = 318
___ mm 3H25

300

(c) Tan KH, NUS 45

(b) Check for deflections using l/d ratio

Ref. Calculations Output
Check for deflection
Effective span le :
l + d = 6 + 0.424
____ = 6.424
___ m ; lo = 6.2 m
 le = smaller of (l + d) and lo = 6.2
___ m
le/d = 6200 424 = ___
____/___ 14.6

3-16,17 K = 1.0 ; ’ = 0;
 = 1347/(300x424) = 0.01059 > 0 = 40 x 10-3 = 0.00632
 Limiting span/depth ratio,
l/d = 1.0{11+1.540(0.00632/0.01059)} = 16.7
s = 310 (As,reqd/As,prov)
13471472 = 284
= 310 (____/____) ___ MPa
18.2
16.7 x 310/s = _____
Allowable le/d = ____
> actual le/d (=14.6)

(c) Tan KH, NUS 46

(c) Crack control by detailing rules

Ref. Calculations Output

Check for cracking

Clear spacing between bars in tension, s =
54.3
___ mm

3-9,10 Assume s = 284

___ MPa
Max. spacing = 150
___ mm >54.3
___ mm 10 10

or 54.3 54.3
50 50
12 mm < ___
Max. bar size = ___ 25 mm 25 25
25

50
5-32 Check min. distance between bars:
54.3 mm > hagg+5 mm = 25 mm
s = ____ 300

(c) Tan KH, NUS 47

(d) Check for anchorage & curtailment

Ref. Calculations Output

5-38 Check for detailing

Curtailment of bars:
0.08l = 0.08x6200= 496 mm
500
 500 mm
mm 2H12
 the central
_____ H__25 bar(s) will be stopped
(500-100)=400 mm from the face of the
support.
3H25
2H25

(c) Tan KH, NUS 48

 5.2.4 Design Example 1b –
Continuous Beam
L
c

5.425 m 6m 3m
A B C
Given: Beam along gridline 4
Number of spans = 5
Overall depth, h = 400 mm
Web width, bw = 200 mm
Slab thickness, hf = 100 mm
Spacing of beams = 2.5 m
Exposure: XC-1; Concrete class: C25/30
Characteristic loads on slab:
Dead load (incl. finishes)= 4.12 kN/m2
Imposed load = 4.00 kN/m2
Tan K H, NUS 49

Ref. Calculations Output

DURABILITY & FIRE RESISTANCE

4-6 Nominal cover to all steel for exposure

class XC1 and C25/30 = 25 mm

For 1 hr fire resistance:

4-8 Min. dimension of beam= 200 mm (= bw)
Min. axis dist. a = 30 mm Cover to
 Provide cover to links 25 mm; links = 25 mm
(a = 25 + link dia. + ½ x bar diameter
>30 mm)

Tan K H, NUS 50
 Ref. Calculations Output

LOADING

Characteristic dead load:

From slab, incl. finishes: 4.12x2.5 =10.3 kN/m
Beam, rib & finishes: 0.3x0.2x25+5% = 1.6 kN/m
gk = 11.8 kN/m gk = 11.8 kN/m

Characteristic imposed load:

qk = 10.0 kN/m
qk = 10.0 kN/m

Design load: 1.35gk + 1.5qk = 30.93 kN/m

wu=30.93kN/m

Tan K H, NUS 51

Ref. Calculations Output

ANALYSIS FOR M AND V

5-30 Check limitations for approx. analysis:

(i) gk = 11.8 > qk = 10.0 kN/m
(ii) 5.425/6 = 0.9 > 0.85
(iii) Loading is uniformly distributed
Use approx. (simplified) analysis method.

At outer support A
M = 0;
V = 0.45 F = 0.45 x 30.93 x 5.425 = 75.5 kN

Near middle of end span

M = 0.09Fl = 0.09 x (30.93 x 5.425) x 5.425
= 81.9 kNm

Tan K H, NUS 52
 Ref. Calculations Output

At 1st interior (penultimate) support B

Consider average span, (5.425+6.0)/2 = 5.71m
5-30 M = - 0.11Fl
= - 0.11 x (30.93 x 5.71) x 5.71 = 110.9 kNm;
V = 0.6F = 0.6 x 30.93 x 5.425 = 100.7 kN;

At middle of interior span

M = 0.07Fl = 0.07 x (30.93 x 6) x 6 = 77.9 kNm

At interior support C
M = - 0.10Fl = -0.10 x (30.93x6) x 6 =111.3kNm;
V = 0.55F = 0.55 x 30.93 x 6 = 102.1 kN

Tan K H, NUS 53

Ref. Calculations Output

DESIGN FOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH IN FLEXURE

Near middle of end span (design as T-section)
5-23 Effective flange width, beff
2b1 = 2b2 = 2500 – 200 = 2300 mm
l0 = 0.85l = 0.85 x 5425 = 4611 mm
beff,1 = beff,2 =(2b1 + l0)/10 = (2300+4611)/10 = 691mm
< 0.2l0 = 0.2 x 4611 = 922 mm
< b1 = 2300/2 = 1150 mm
beff = bw + beff,1 + beff,2 = 200 + 691 + 691 = 1582 mm beff = 1582 mm
Assuming H20 bars and H10 links, 1582
d = 400 – 25 – 10 – 20/2 = 355 mm
M/bd2fck = 81.9 x 106/(1582 x 3552 x 25) = 0.0164
From design chart, Asfyk/bdfck = 0.02 355
 As = 0.02 x 1582 x 355 x 25 / 500 = 562 mm2
5-32 > 0.13%btd = 0.0013 x 200 x 355 = 92.3 mm2 2H20
 Provide 2H20 (As,prov = 628 mm2) 200

Tan K H, NUS 54
 Ref. Calculations Output

Check n.a. position

x = 628x(500/1.15)/(0.567x25x1582x0.8)
= 15.2 mm < 100 mm 

At middle of interior span

M = 77.9 kNm; beff = 1420 mm
Assuming H20 bars and H10 links, d = 355 mm
M/bd2fck = 77.9 x 106/(1420 x 3552 x 25) = 0.0174
From design chart, Asfyk/bdfck = 0.022
 As = 0.022 x 1420 x 355 x 25 / 500 = 554 mm2
> 0.13%btd = 0.0013 x 200 x 355 = 92.3 mm2
 Provide 2H20 (As,prov = 628 mm2)

Tan K H, NUS 55

Ref. Calculations Output

At 1st interior support (design as rect. Section)

M = 110.9 kNm; b = 200 mm; assume d = 355 mm
M/bd2fck = 110.9 x 106/(200 x 3552 x 25) = 0.176
From design chart,
Asfyk/bdfck = 0.24 & A’s fyk/bdfck = 0.05 1582
 As,reqd = 0.24 x 200 x 355 x 25 / 500 = 852 mm2
> 0.13%btd = 0.0013 x 200 x 355 = 92.3 mm2 3H20
 provide 3H20 (As,prov = 942 mm2) 355
A’s,reqd = 0.05 x 200 x 355 x 25 / 500 = 178 mm2
> 0.13%btd = 0.0013 x 200 x 355 = 92.3 mm2 2H12
 provide 2H12 (A’s,prov = 226 mm2) 200

At interior support
M = 111.3 kNm; b = 200 mm;
M/bd2fck = 111.3 x 106/(200 x 3552 x 25) = 0.177
Same as 1st interior support.

Tan K H, NUS 56
 Ref. Calculations Output

DESIGN FOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH IN SHEAR

At exterior support
Let 2H20 be carried to the support; d = 355 mm.
 = 0.6(1-fck/250) = 0.6(1-25/250) = 0.54;  = 45o
VRd,max = fcdbz/2
= 0.54x(25/1.5)x200x(0.9x355)x10-3/2
= 288 kN > VEd = 75.5 kN 
As/bd = 628/(200x355) = 0.00885;
k = 1+(200/355)2 = 1.75
 VRd,c = 0.12 x 1.75 x(0.885x25)1/3 x 200x355x10-3
1582
= 41.9 kN (> 0.035k3/2fck1/2bwd = 28.8 kN)
< VEd = 75.5 kN
Asw/s = 75.5 x 103 / (0.9x355x500/1.15) = 0.544 mm
355 H10-
 Provide 2-legged H10 links @ 250 mm c/c 250
(Asw/s = 628 mm2/m)
2H20
Check spacing: 0.75d = 0.75x355= 266 mm > s  200

Tan K H, NUS 57

Ref. Calculations Output

At interior support
VEd = 102.1 kN; d = 355 mm;  = 45o H10@100 mm;
As/bd = 829/(200x355) = 0.01168; k = 1.75 increase
VRd,c = 45.9 kN < VEd = 102.1 kN spacing to 250
mm where VEd =
Asw/s = 102.1 x 103 / (0.9x355x500/1.15) = 0.735 mm VRd,c
 Provide 2-legged H10 links @ 100 mm c/c
(Asw/s = 785 mm2/m)
Check spacing: 0.75d = 0.75x355= 266 mm > s 

Tan K H, NUS 58
 Ref. Calculations Output

DEFLECTION

3-16  = 628/(200x355)=0.00885 > 0 = 25 x 10-3 = 0.005

’ = 0; beff/bw > 3 ;
End span:
(l/d)allow =1.3[11+1.5x5x0.005/0.00885) x 0.8 =15.9
> (l/d)actual = 5425/355 = 15.3 
Interior span:
(l/d)allow =1.5[11+1.5x5x0.005/0.00885) x 0.8 =18.3 Deflection ok.
> (l/d)actual = 6000/355 = 16.9 

CRACKING
Assume s = 310 MPa; wk = 0.3 mm.
3-10 Crack widths are controlled by limiting the spacing
45 45
of bars to 112.5 mm 110
Crack width ok.

Tan K H, NUS 59

Sketch the reinforcement details

Tan K H, NUS 60
Test Your Understanding –
Design of Beams
1. How is the effective flange width of beams defined?
Ans:

2. What are the load combinations for analyzing continuous beams?

Ans:

3. What conditions have to be satisfied for the “Simplified Merhod”

based on moment and shear coefficients to be applicable?
Ans:

4. In the simplified rules for bar curtailment, what %tage of the mid-
span reinft. has to be extended to the support? What %tage of the
support reinft. has to be extended into the mid-span?
Ans:

©Tan K H, NUS 61

Further Reading:

Bhatt, P., et al., “Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocodes”,

Ch. 7 & 13.

O’Brien, et al., “Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Design

to EC2”, Part II, Sect. 6.1-6.3, 6.5; Part III, Ch. 8.

Mosley et al., “Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2”, Chaps. 1

& 7.

© Tan K H, NUS 62
5.3 Design of Slabs

© Tan K H, NUS 63

 General Procedure
1. Assume cross-section thickness & cover complying with
requirements for fire resistance
2. Check that cover & concrete grade comply with
requirements for durability
3. Calculate bending moments & shear forces (per unit width)
4. Calculate reinforcement & detail the reinforcement
5. Check bar spacing/size and span/depth ratios

Overall depth
Typical
Element Simply
span (m) Continuous Cantilever
supported
1-way slabs 5–6 L/22-30 L/28-36 L/10
2-way slabs 6 – 11 L/24-35 L/34-40 -
Note: Two-way spanning slabs are normally about 90% of the thickness of one-way
spanning slabs.

© Tan K H, NUS 64
 Analysis
• Bending moments & shear forces
• slabs should be designed to withstand the most
unfavourable arrangements of design loads
• for continuous slabs subjected to predominantly
uniformly distributed loads it will be sufficient to
consider only the following:
• Alternate spans carrying max. design dead & imposed load (i.e.
1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), other spans carrying the max. design dead load
(i.e. 1.35Gk )
• All spans carrying the max. design dead & imposed load (i.e.
1.35Gk + 1.5Qk). The moments obtained from elastic analysis
may be redistributed up to a max. of 30%.
• Note that the resulting distribution of moments should remain in
equilibrium with the applied load; & the design redistributed
moment at any section should be not less than 70% of the
elastic moment.

© Tan K H, NUS 65

5.3.1 One-Way Slabs

• For continuous slabs with:
• substantially uniform loading
• Gk ≥ Qk
• at least 3 spans that do not differ by more than 15%

Simple Continuous Penulti

Interior Interior
mate
End End End End spans suppprts
support
support span support span
Moment 0 0.086Fl -0.04Fl 0.075Fl -0.086Fl 0.063Fl -0.063Fl

Shear 0.04F - 0.46F - 0.6F - 0.5F

Note: F = total design ultimate load (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk ) for each span
l = span
Allowance has been made for 20% redistribution of moments.

© Tan K H, NUS 66
5.3.2 Two-Way Slabs
• Bending moments may be calculated by any valid method provided
the ratio bet. support & span moments are similar to those obtained
by elastic theory with appropriate redistribution.
• In slabs where corners are prevented from lifting, the bending
moments per unit width in the two directions are:
y
msx = sxnlx2 msy
msy = synlx2

where
msx x
sx and sy = coefficients depending
on edge conditions (see Table on next slide)
n = total design ultimate load per unit area (1.35 gk + 1.5 qk)
lx = shorter span

© Tan K H, NUS 67

sx sy

© Tan K H, NUS 68
• Arrangement of reinforcement

• calculated max. moments apply only to middle strips

• reinforcement in edge strip: min. tension reinft.
• Torsion reinft. to be provided at discontinuous corners (Slide 68)
© Tan K H, NUS 69

5.3.3 Detailing of slabs

• Flexural reinforcement
• main steel (principal reinft.)
• min. & max. steel areas – same as beams (Slide 27)
• transverse (secondary reinft.)
• at least 20% of principal reinft. (for 1-way slabs)
• maximum spacing of bars
• smaller of 3h & 400 mm (for principal reinft.) & smaller of
3.5h & 450 mm (for secondary reinft.) in general
• smaller of 2h & 250 mm (for principal reinft.) & smaller of
3h & 450 mm (for secondary reinft.) in areas with
concentrated loads or areas of maximum moment

If detailing rules are followed and slab thickness ≤ 200 mm, no check
on cracking is necessary.
© Tan K H, NUS 70
© Tan K H, NUS 71

• Corner
h
reinforcement
 2h
(2-way slabs)
• should be
provided where
lifting of slab at a
corner is
restrained
• consists of top &
bottom reinft.,
each with layers
of bars placed
parallel to sides of
slab

As = area of reinft.
req'd for max. mid-
span moment
© Tan K H, NUS 72
5.3.4 Design Example 2 –
Restrained 2-Way Slab

A part of the floor plan for an office building is shown in Fig. (a).
This consists of restrained slabs poured monolithically with the
edge beams. The slab is 175 mm thick and the loading is as
follows:

Total dead load = 6 kN/m2

Imposed load = 2.5 kN/m2

Design the corner slab using C30/37 concrete and Grade 500
reinforcement. Show reinforcement on sketches.

(c) Tan KH, NUS 73

-0.047
0.036

0.034

-0.045

(b) Location of moments and

(a) Part floor plan coefficients

(c) Tan KH, NUS 74

Solution

Ref. Calculations Output

Design load

Consider a 1-m wide section across the middle strip.

n = (1.35 x 6) + (1.5 x 2.5) =11.85
___ kN/m2
________________________________________ 11.9 kN/m2
n = ____
Effective depths

Assume 10 mm bars in both directions, 15 mm cover

and outer layer in x-direction.
x-dir.: d = 175-15-5 = 155 mm
y-dir.: d = 155-10 = 145 mm

(c) Tan KH, NUS 75

Ref. Calculations Output

Steel areas and bars - middle strips
___________________________________________________________________________________________

1 2 3 4 5 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

M(kNm/m) - -20.1
___ 15.4
___ - -19.2
___ 14.5
___ -
d(mm) 155 155 155 145 145 145
2
M/bd fck 0.030
___ 0.021
___ - 0.030
___ 0.023
___ -
___ 0.025
Design Asfyk/bdfck 0.037 ___ - 0.037
___ 0.028
___ -
chart A (mm2/m) 344 ___ 233
___ ___ 344
___ 244
___ -
s
Bars same same same H10- H8- H8-
as 4 as 5 as 6 180
___ 150
___ 200
___
436
(___ 335
(___ 252
(___
mm2) mm2) mm2)
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Min. area of tension reinft.= 0.15%x1000x150 = 225

___ mm2/m 
5-32

(c) Tan KH, NUS 76

 Ref. Calculations Output
Check for shear (per m width)
_________________________________________________________
1 3
___________________________________________________________________________________ _

V due to u.d.l. 11.9

½ x6x___ 11.9
½ x6x___ u.d.l. M1
= 35.6
___ kN =35.6
___ kN
V due to hogging mt. 20.1
____/6 -20.1
____/6 V3 V1
3.4
= ___ kN -3.4
= ___ kN
Total V (kN) 39.0
____ 32.2
____
vEd =V/bd(MPa) 0.27
____ 0.22
____
vRd,c (MPa) 0.50*
____ 0.42**
____ 
2-57 _____________________________________________
Similar for locations 4 and 6.

*  = 436/(1000x145) = 0.3%; k = 1+(200/145)1/2 = 2.17 > 2

**  = 252/(1000x145) = 0.174%; k = 2

(c) Tan KH, NUS 77

Ref. Calculations Output

Torsion reinforcement

5-72 Corner A: ¾ As = ¾ x 244

___ = 183
___ mm2/m Use H8 @
200 mm
Corner B: (3/8) As = (3/8) x 244 92 mm2/m
___ = ___ (As=252
mm2/m)

See slide 80 for

reinforcement
layout.

(c) Tan KH, NUS 78

 Ref. Calculations Output
Deflection
3-16,17 K=1.3;  =233/(1000x155) = 0.00150 < o = 0.00548
Limit l/d = 1.3[11+1.530(0.00548/0.00150)+3.230
(0.00548/0.00150-1)3/2] = 151.8
_____ ;
38.7 < 151.8
Actual l/d = 6000/155 = ____ ____ Deflection OK

Cracking
Clear dist. bet. bars  400 mm & 3h = 3x175 = 522 mm;
Since slab thickness < 200 mm,
no further check is required. Cracking OK

(c) Tan KH, NUS 79

H H
H
H

H
H
H

H
H

H
H

H H

© Tan K H, NUS 80
Test Your Understanding –
Design of Slabs
1. How are one-way slabs and two-way slabs defined?
Ans:

2. In one-way slabs, bars are needed only in one longitudinal direction.

True or False?
Ans:

3. In two-way slabs, corner reinforcement is required only at corners

bounded by at least one free edge. True or False?
Ans:

4. In two-way slabs, span-depth ratio should be checked for the longer

span. True or False?
Ans:

©Tan K H, NUS 81

Further Reading:

Bhatt, P., et al., “Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocodes”,

Ch. 8, Sect. 8.1 – 8.7.

O’Brien, et al., “Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Design

to EC2”, Part II, Sect. 6.4-6.5.

Mosley et al., “Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2”, Chap. 8.

Tan K H, NUS 82
5.4 Design of Columns

© Tan K H, NUS 83

Braced column: lateral

stability is provided by
shear walls or core walls.

Unbraced column: lateral

stability is provided by
bending in columns and
beams.

Braced = Non-sway
(usually true!)
Unbraced = Sway
(conservative!)
© Tan K H, NUS 84
5.4.1 Classification of Columns

 Slenderness ratio
 = lo / i = lo / ( I / A)
where
lo is the effective length (height) of column
i is the radius of gyration about the axis considered
I is the second moment of area of section about the axis
A is the cross-sectional of the column

 = 3.46 lo / h for rectangular sections

= 4.0 lo / d for circular sections
where
h = height in the direction under consideration
d = diameter

© K H Tan, NUS 85

 Effective Length lo

 length of a pinned ended strut of the same cross-section

as the column and having the same buckling load

Buckling
Load

NB=2EI/lo2

© K H Tan, NUS 86
Braced column: ≤l

Unbraced column: ≥l

Notes:
k1 , k2 : relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at column ends,
defined by
k = ( / M) (EI / l ) [fixed  k = 0; pinned  k = ]
 : rotation of restraining members for bending moment M
EI : bending stiffness of compression member
l : clear height of compression member.

A minimum value of 0.1 is recommended for both k1 and k2 .

© K H Tan, NUS 87

Ignoring* adjacent column:

Ignore*

column stiffness
k
Ignore*
 beam stiffness
( EI / l )column ( I / l )column
 
 2( EI / l )beam  2( I / l )beam
* i.e., adjacent column
assumed non-failing &
having similar stiffness
(within 15% difference)
= 4 x ½ to cater for cracking in beams

© K H Tan, NUS 88
 Approximate limits

 Unbraced columns:

lim = 10.8 / [NEd /(Ac fcd )] Note:

fcd = ccfck/c
 Braced columns:

lim = 26.2 / [NEd /(Ac fcd )]

If actual  < lim, the column can be considered as short.

© K H Tan, NUS 89

Example – Classification of column

Determine if the braced column shown is short or slender for bending
about y-y axis . Given: width of beams = 300 mm; length of beam = 6
m; NEd = 3000 kN; fck = 40 MPa.

Bending about y-y axis:

k1 = k2 = (EI/l)col/(2EI/l)beam
= (EI/l)col/(4EI/l)beam
= (200x4003/4.15)/(4x300x5003/6)
= 0.123 > 0.1
h=
loy = 0.607 2216 mm
____x3650 = _____
z z
3.65 m

2216
y = 3.46loy/h = 3.46 x _____/400
19.2 < 26.2/[(NEd/(Acfcd)]
= ____
b=

= 26.2/[(3000x103/(400x200x0.567x40)]
= 20.4

 short

Note:
(c) Tan KH, NUS 90
5.4.2 Preliminary Sizing and Analysis
 Preliminary Sizing
• Typical height: 2.5 – 8 m
• Minimum column dimensions for a short braced column =
clear column height / 17.5
• For short columns with C28/35 concrete, the column area Ac
can be estimated as follows*:

%tage of steel Column area, Ac (mm2)

1% N / 15
2% N / 18
3% N / 21

Note: N is the design axial load in N.

*based on N = 0.75 [0.567fckAc + 0.002EsAs] .

© Tan K H, NUS 91

 Analysis

• Axial loads: assume that beams and slabs are simply

supported and increase the reaction by 10%
• Moments obtained from subframe analysis

K=I/l

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

ML

ML = Mub KL/(Ku+KL+0.5Kb1+0.5Kb2)

© Tan K H, NUS 92
5.4.3 Design for axial load & bending

N0 =
0.9[0.567fck+
0.9N0 0.002EsAs]

emin

Mmin =
Nemin

Refer 2.3.5
(Slide 2-44)

Note: MEd  NEd (h/30) where h/30  20 mm; or

MEd  NEd (lo /400)
© Tan K H, NUS 93

 Simplified design method for symmetrically reinforced

rectangular section under biaxial bending (BS 8110)
 if My/h' > Mz/b', design for My' = My + β(h'/b')Mz
if My/h' < Mz/b', design for Mz' = Mz + β(b'/h')My

z
Mz where b' and h' are the effective
depths; β is obtained from

y y

My

z
© Tan K H, NUS 94
5.4.4 Detailing of Columns

 Longitudinal reinforcement
• bar diameter ≥ 12 mm (SS NA)
• As,min = 0.10 NEd / fyd ≥ 0.2%Ac
• As,max = 4%Ac (outside laps) ; 8%Ac (at laps)
• no. of bars
• at least one at each corner for polygonal cross-section;
• at least 4 for circular section

© Tan K H, NUS 95

Tan K H, NUS
Typical Arrangement of Reinforcement 96
  Transverse reinforcement (links, loops, helical spirals)

• diameter ≥ ¼ of max. diameter of longitudinal bars

≥ 6 mm

• spacing ≤ 20 x min. diameter of longitudinal bars

≤ lesser dimension of column (b)
≤ 400 mm

• max. spacing to be reduced by a factor of 0.6

• In sections within a distance equal to the larger dimension of
column cross-section above or below a beam or slab;
• Near lapped joints of longitudinal bars > 14 mm dia.

© Tan K H, NUS 97

• Every corner bar to be held by transverse reinft.; no

comp. bar should be >150 mm from a restrained bar

Tan K H, NUS 98
5.4.5 Design Example 3 –
Axially loaded column
Design a short, braced column for an ultimate axial load of 2000 kN.
Use fck = 30 MPa and fyk = 500 MPa.
Ref. Calculations Output
Assume a 300 mm square section, that is, Ac = 90,000 mm2

Using N = 0.9[0.567fckAc + 0.002EsAs] gives As = 1728

____ mm2
5-93
 use 6 20 bars (As = 1885
_H__ ____ mm2).

5-95 Check: As/Ac =1885 2.1

____/90,000 = ____%
> 0.10NEd/fydAc = 0.51%
____ > 0.2%
and < 4% 
8 mm > ¼ x __
link size: __ 20 mm = 5_ mm
5-97
> 6 mm
200
link spacing: ___ mm < 20x__ 20 mm = 400 mm
See slide 100 for
< b = 300 mm detailing.
< 400 mm
(c) Tan KH, NUS 99

H
H

© Tan K H, NUS 100

5.4.6 Design Example 4 –
Column under bi-axial bending
Design the longitudinal reinforcement for a 500 mm by 300 mm
column section if NEd = 2300 kN, MEdy = 300 kNm and MEdz = 120
kNm. Use C32/40 concrete and fyk = 500 MPa.

Ref. Calculations Output

(i) Calculate enhanced moment:
N/bhfcu = 2300x103/(300x500x40) =0.383
____
5940 0.55 .
 by interpolation from Table, β = ____
Assuming 50 mm cover to centres of bars, then
h' = 500 - 50 = 450 mm
b' = 300 - 50 = 250 mm
My/h' = 300x103/450 = 667 kN
Mz/b' = 120x103/250 = 480 kN
Hence My/h' > Mz/b'. Design for
My' = My + β(h'/b')Mz
0.55
= 300 + ____x(450/250)x120 419 kNm
= ___

(c) Tan KH, NUS 101

Ref. Calculations Output

(ii) Design the reinforcement for (N, My'):
0.479
N/bhfck = 2300x103/(300x500x32) = ____
2 6 2 0.175
My'/bh fck = 419x10 /(300x500 x 32) = ____ 3H32
From design chart (d/h = 0.9),
___ bhfck/fyk = 4800
As =0.50 ___ mm2.
Provide reinforcement as shown.
3H32

Total Asc is
6 32 : 4824
_H__ ____ mm2

(c) Tan KH, NUS 102

Test Your Understanding –
Design of Columns
1. How are “braced” and “unbraced” columns defined?
Ans:

2. How is a column classified as “short” or “slender?

Ans:

3. A sway column must be a slender column. True or False?

Ans:

4. Give an example of a column subjected to bi-axial bending.

Ans:

5. What are transverse reinft. In columns for?

Ans:

©Tan K H, NUS 103

Further Reading:

Bhatt, P., et al., “Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocodes”,

Ch. 9, Sect. 9.1 – 9.5.

O’Brien, et al., “Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Design

to EC2”, Part II, Sect. 6.6; Part III, Sect. 10.1-10.5.

Mosley et al., “Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2”, Chaps. 3

(Analysis) & 9 (Column Design).

© Tan K H, NUS 104

5.5 Design of Bases (Footings)

© Tan K H, NUS 105

Assume elastic, homogenous soil and rigid base:

M = Ne M = Ne

B B B

 pmax  pb

© Tan K H, NUS 106

 5.5.1 Punching Shear in Bases

Slabs & foundations are

subjected to concentrated
loads from columns & piles

Pipers Punching shear failures occur on

Row Car inclined faces of truncated
Park cones or pyramids

© Tan K H, NUS 107

Basic
control
perimeter,
u1

© Tan K H, NUS 108

 Check punching shear stress at column face:
vEd = VEd/uod ≤ vRd,max = 0.5fcd

 Check punching shear resistance at basic control perimeter

u1:

vRd,c = (0.18/c) k (100l fck) 1/3  (0.035k3/2fck1/2 )

l = (ly lz) 1/2  0.02 ; k = 1 + (200/d)1/2  2

vEd ≤ vRd,c  no punching shear reinft. required

vEd> vRd,c  provide punching shear reinft. (*)

*not covered in this module

© Tan K H, NUS 109

5.5.2 Prescriptive Method

 size (area of footing) is determined ensuring
that bearing pressure does not exceed the
allowable (safe) value at SLS (pmax  pb)
Soil pb (kN/m2)
Gravel, sand and gravel, compact 600
Medium dense sand 100 - 300
Loose fine sand < 100
Hard clay 300 - 600
Medium clay 100 - 300
Soft clay < 75

 detailed structural design (for B.M. & S.F.)

based on ULS
© Tan K H, NUS 110
 Procedure
1. Calculate the plan size of footing using the
allowable bearing pressure and the critical
loading arrangement for SLS. Note:
Use C30/37 &
2. Calculate the bearing pressures associated above
with the critical loading arrangement at ULS.
3. Assume a suitable thickness (h) and effective c  75 mm if cast
depth (d). Check that the shear force at against ground;
column face is less than 0.5fcduod. c  50 mm if cast
against blinding
4. Determine reinft. required to resist bending.
5. Check for shear at d from face of loaded = 0.6(1 – fck/250)
area.
6. Check for punching shear.
7. Check for detailing of reinforcement (i.e., bars
should extend a full tension anchorage length
beyond critical section for bending).
© Tan K H, NUS 111

5.5.3 Design Example 5 – Design of footing

Design a pad footing to carry characteristic axial loads of 1400 kN

and 600 kN due to dead and imposed loads respectively, delivered
by a square column 450 mm in width. Given: fck = 30 MPa, fyk =
500 MPa, and safe soil bearing pressure pb = 180 kN/m2.
Ref. Calculations Output
Area and thickness of footing

Ignoring self-wt. of footing,

req'd area, A = (1400+600)/180 = 11.1 m2
 D = 3.33 m, say 3.6 m
Try 3.6m x 3.6m base (area=12.96m2)

Assume thickness = 3600/5  700 mm base

area=12.96m2
Check: (1400+600+0.7x25x12.96)/12.96 thk. =700 mm
= 171.8 kN/m2 < 180 kN/m2

(c) Tan KH, NUS 112

 Ref. Calculations Output

Design for bending

Design ultimate axial load

= 1.35x1400 + 1.5x600 = 2790
____ kN

 earth pressure = 2790

____/12.96 = 215.3
____ kN/m2

1.575 m

3.6 m

(c) Tan KH, NUS 113

Ref. Calculations Output

Force on shaded area
215.3 =1221
= 1.575x3.6x____ ____ kN
1.575 m
 M = 1221 961 kNm
____x½x1.575 = ____
Assume d = 700 – 50 -20 = 630 mm
3.6 m (D)

961
M/bd2fck = ____x10 6/(3600x6302x30)

= 0.0224
______
Design
chart  A s = 0.028
____ bdfck/fyk =3810
____ mm2 > As,min=0.15%bd
=3420 mm2
 provide 15 20 bars (As=____
__H__ 4710mm2).
Provide H20-250
Since D =3600 mm 1.5(c+3d)=3510 mm,
distribute reinft. evenly across width.
[Note: If D > 1.5(c + 3d), distribute 2As/3 to zone of
width (c+3d) centred on centreline of column.]

(c) Tan KH, NUS 114

 Ref. Calculations Output
Design for shear
5-108 (a) Check for vertical shear
1.575 m
Force on shaded area
= (1.575 - 0.63) x 3.6 x 215.3
____

3.6 m
=732.5
____ kN
 vEd = 732.5
____ x 103 / (3600 x 630)
____ MPa < vRd,max = 0.5fcd = 5.28 MPa
= 0.323

0.2 k = 1+ (200/630)1/2 =1.563

For 100As/bd = ____, ____ 0.63 m
vRd,c = 0.12 x 1.563 0.2
___ x (____x30) 1/3

0.341
= ____ MPa > v 

(c) Tan KH, NUS 115

Ref. Calculations Output

(b) Check for punching shear

Face shear,
5-108
vEd,f = (2790x103)/(4x450x630) = 2.46 MPa
< 0.5fcd = 5.28 MPa 
Critical perimeter,
u = 2(450 + 450) + 4 x  x 630
3.6 m

= 9718
____ mm
Area within perimeter
= 7458739
_____ mm2 = ____ 7.46 m2
 punching shear force 1260 450 mm 2x
= 2790
____ - ____ ____ =1184
7.46 x215.3 ____ kN 630
 vEd = 1184
____ x 10 / (9360 x 630)
3
3.01 m
=0.193
____ MPa
< vRd,c = 0.341
____ MPa 

(c) Tan KH, NUS 116

 Ref. Calculations Output

H
H

(c) Tan KH, NUS 117

Ref. Calculations Output

(c) Tan KH, NUS 118

Test Your Understanding –
Design of Bases (Footings)
1. The plan area of a pad footing is usually governed by the design
ultimate loads. True or False?
Ans:

2. A pad footing is to be designed for bending in two perpendicular

directions even though the applied bending moment is in one
direction only. True or False?
Ans:

3. A pad footing is to be check for vertical shear and punching shear,

besides bending. True or False?
Ans:

4. A pad footing can be designed to carry more than one columns.

True or False?
Ans:

©Tan K H, NUS 119

Further Reading:

Bhatt, P., et al., “Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocodes”,

Ch. 11, Sect. 11.1 – 11.5.

Mosley et al., “Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2”, Chap.

10.

© Tan K H, NUS 120