TRACE ELEMENTS

Nutrition Department Faculty of Medicine

University of North Sumatera
IRON; FERRUM (Fe)
• ​A component RBC’s in hemoglobin
formation
• ​A component of muscles in the form
of myoglobin
• ​Stored and transported through
ferritin, ​transferrin and pretransferrin
• ​Heme is the iron haloding part of
the Hb ​molucule and found in animal
sources
• ​Nonheme usually found in plant
sources
Dietary sources of Fe
• ​MFP factor
• ​Eating vitamin C at the same time
helps to promote Fe absorption
• ​High Ca intake promotes the
absorption
• ​A decrease in stomach acid,
phytates, oxalates, ​tannins and
minerals excesses (Cu, Zn and Mg)
can lead to decreased absorption
• ​Deficiency state ​▫ Nutritional anemia
– Iron Deficiency Anemia
present with fatigue, weakness,
headache, pallor, temperature
intolerance and behavior change ​▫ Pica
▫ At risk population include females due
to menses and pregnant female due to
dilutional anemia of pregnancy
IODINE (I)
• ​An important component of the
thyroid hormones (T3, T4 and TSH)
• ​Needed for growth and
development, ​reproduction and
balance of metabolic rate and
temperature in the body
• ​RDA is 150 μg for adult males and
females
Dietary sources
• ​Found in saltwater fish and shellfish
• ​Found in iodized salt (fortified) in
bread and milk
• ​Broccoli, brussel sprout, cabbage
and cauliflower ​act as goitrogen or
thyroid antagonist in the ​body
Iodium deficiency
Excess intake
• ​Lead to goiter development
• ​Hyperthyroidism → increase
metabolic rate, promote weight loss
and lead to intolerance to head and
tachycardia
• ​Accidental exposure during
pregnancy can lead ​to teratogenic
effect
COPPER; CUPRUM (Cu)
• ​A cofactor in Hb, blood clotting and
collagen formation
• ​Participates in iron metabolism
• ​Participates as an antioxidant with
Zn to help support immune system
• ​Found in organ meat, seafood, nuts,
seeds, legumes and whole grain
product
Deficiency state of Cu
• ​RARE, associated with increased
Zn, Fe, Ca, Mn, phytates, antacids,
vitamin C, diets high in ​fructose and
TPN solutions
• ​Anemia
• ​Skeletal demineralization,
decreased pigments ​in skin and kinky
hair
ZINC; ZINKUM (Zn)
• ​Participating in DNA and RNA
synthesis and heme formation for the
protein Hb
• ​Carbohydrates metabolism (insulin)
and release ​of energy and in
essential fatty acid metabolism
• ​Activation vitamin A and attaches
albumin and ​transferrin for transport
in the body
• ​Immune response by stabilizing cell
membranes and preventing the
damage of free radicals
• ​An important coenzyme
Intake of Zn
• ​Shellfish (oysters and crabmeat),
red meat (beef sirloin), poultry, wheat
germ, green peas, yogurt ​and whole
grain products
• ​Caffeine, oxalic acid, fiber, phytic
acid, tea, ​increase Fe and folate lead
to decrease in ​Zn absorption
• ​RDA ​▫ → 15 mg/day ​▫ → 12
mg/day
• ​Clients at risk include pregnant
adolescents, ​vegetarians, the elderly,
low income clients prone to
malnutrition, people who in stress
states (myocardial infarction, burn),
Crohn’s disease and lymphoma
SELENIUM
• ​An antioxidant (part of enzyme
glutathione peroxidase) and with
vitamin E provides a ​synergistic
effects to increase immune activity
• ​Involved in iodine metabolism
• ​Found in seafood, liver, meats,
green vegetables ​and dairy products
• ​RDA for adults : 55 μg/day
MANGANESE (Mn)
• ​A cofactor in energy metabolism
and bone formation
• ​The liver and pancreas have the
highest content ​in the body
• ​Found in wheat bran, legumes,
cereal grains, ​green leafy vegetables,
coffee and tea
Mn deficiency
• ​Clients who have diabetes, PEM
and epilepsy
• ​Clinical manifestation include weight
loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
change in hair color and increased
cholesterol level
• ​Decreased absorption of Mn ​▫ Phytic
and oxalic acid ​▫ High intake of Ca, Mg
and Fe ▫ Use of antacids and
tetracyclines
FLUORIDE; FLUOR
• ​Part of dental structure in the
formation of tooth enamel, teeth and
bones
• ​Helps to strengthen resistance to
bacterial acid ​in the body
• ​Ca, phosphorus and fluoride is
subtance that ​make bone and teeth
stronger
• ​Found in fluoridated water
• ​Recommendation in the diet (AI) ​▫
→ 3,8 mg/day ​▫ → 3.1 mg/day
• ​Deficiency ​▫ Tooth decay and
increased dental caries
• ​Excessive intake
CHROMIUM (Cr)
• ​CHO metabolism (enhance the
action of insulin)
• ​Lipid metabolism
• ​Participates in RNA and DNA
• ​A cofactor in fat and cholesterol
metabolism
Dietary sources of Cr
• ​Found in spices (thyme and black
pepper), brewes yeast, broccoli,
unrefined foods and ​meat, liver, fats
and vegetables oil
• ​Vitamin C increased absorption
• ​Antacids and phytates decrease
absorption
MOLYBDENUM
• ​A cofactor in protein synthesis
• ​Found in the liver, kidneys, bone
and adrenals glands
• ​Dietary sources in organ meats,
legumes, grains ​and milk
- A metallic transition element
- A part of vitamin B12
- Function :
-An essential cofactor ~ regulation of translation - A
constituent of an oxygen sensor
• ​A strict vegetarian : Fe, Ca ​(soybean
milk fortified with ​Ca, orange juice with added Ca)

• ​Live inland, away from the ocean

• ​A man and a woman
• ​Pregnant and Breast Feeding ​(Ca, P,
Mg,Fe, Zn and
Selenium)

• ​Menopause
Nutrition Matters

• End of Presentation ​-

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