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Biological Basis of Behavior PDF
Biological Basis of Behavior PDF
Faculty Member
Saima Rizwan
Quaid-i-Azam University
Islamabad
WHAT PARTS DO YOU KNOW THAT ARE
IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nerves
10/21/2019
What makes up the brain, the spinal cord
or your peripheral nerves?
• Neurons are “the cell”
• Cell body
• Nucleus
• Axon
• Dendrite QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
10/21/2019
Cells of the Nervous System
There are two kinds of cells of the
nervous system:
• Neurons
• Supporting Cells
– Glial Cells
– Schwann Cells
4/23/2017
Neurons
Neurons act as the communicators of
the nervous system.
10/21/2019
Basic structure and function of
Neurons
• Soma: central area of the neuron. It contains
the nucleus.
• Dendrites: receive information from other
neurons or from sense organs.
• Axon: send information to other neurons, to
muscle cells, or to gland cells.
• Terminal Buttons: release
neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that
can cross over to neighboring neurons and
activate them.
10/21/2019
Neuron
10/21/2019
Synapse
• Neurons usually
do not connect
directly to one
another. A gap
called a synapse
controls the
transmission of
signals.
• Neurotransmitter
s cross the
synapse and
stimulate the
next neuron.
Some Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter Location Some Functions
10/21/2019
How are neurons connected?
• Synapses!!
10/21/2019
Why are neurons connected?
10/21/2019
Close up look at your
synapse
AXON
About how many neurons are in the human brain? 100 billion
How10/21/2019
long do you think the longest axon in the world is? around 15 feet
How many synapses
are in one neuron?
1,000 to 10,000!!
10/21/2019
What if
neurons
die here?
or here or here
or here
or here
10/21/2019
Neural Organization
Central Nervous System
• Consists of brain and spine
• Functions:
– Receives sensory signals and determines
appropriate response
– Stores memory
– Carries out thought
Spine: structure
• The spinal cord is
protected by the
vertebrae.
• Gray matter
contains cell
bodies; white
matter contains
myelinated fibers.
• PNS nerves extend
outside of the
vertebrae.
Brain: Structure
• Hindbrain
carries out
the most
basic
functions.
• Midbrain
coordinat
es signals.
• Forebrain
processes
signals,
stores
memories,
creates
thought.
Peripheral Nervous System
• Nerves, neurons, and sensory organs
outside the central nervous system
• Functions:
– Sends signals to the CNS
– Receives and transmits motor signals
from the CNS
Somatic Nervous System
• Motor neurons that control voluntary
movements by activating skeletal
muscles.
• (though voluntary control of the
muscles involved, such as tensing
them, can reduce the response).
Autonomic Nervous System
Cerebrum
Cerebru
m
Cerebellum
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
Cerebral Cortex - The outermost layer of
gray matter making up the superficial
aspect of the cerebrum.
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-6.tif.jpg
The Cerebral Cortex is made
up of four Lobes.
Lobes of the Brain - Frontal
• The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the
Frontal Bone of the skull.
• It plays an integral role in the following functions/
actions:
- Memory Formation
- Emotions
- Decision Making/
Reasoning
- Personality
Visual
Association
Area
Korbinian Broadmann - Learn about the man who divided the Cerebral Cortex into 52 distinct regions: http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.