CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION

Over the most recent couple of decades, India has advanced at such a gigantic rate, to the point that
numerous organizations have firmly settled themselves here. These organizations carry an enormous
measure of workforce with them. Organizing transportation to such an enormous mass is an awkward
undertaking including numerous complexities. Vehicle following frameworks have conveyed this
technology to the daily existence of the basic individual. Today GPS is utilized as a part of autos,
ambulances, and police vehicles which are regular sights on the streets of created nations. All the
current technology bolster following the vehicle area and status. The GPS/IoT based framework is a
standout and unique amongst the most imperative frameworks, which coordinate the two GPS
technology and upcoming IoT or Internet of Things phrasing. With the use of GPS Technology the vehicle
can be easily tracked non-stop and which also helps the concerned authorities to know about the vehicle
if it gets stolen or meets with an accident. GPS is one of the innovations that are utilized as a part of
countless today. One of the applications is following your vehicle and keeping general checking on them.
This following framework can help us illuminate the area and course went by a vehicle, and this data can
be seen from some other remote area. It additionally incorporates the web application that gives us the
correct area of the objective. This framework empowers us to track the objective in any climate
conditions. Our proposed system is designed to track and monitor vehicles that are used by certain party
for particular purposes, also to stop the vehicle if stolen and to track it online for retrieval. This system is
an integration of several modern communication technologies. To get the latitude and longitude data,
there are various web based geo-location services.

In recent years vehicle theft has become a major issue which should be traced and detected. The safety
and security of the vehicle is essential. Even there are many existing mechanisms they have some
limitations and high cost. So, an efficient security mechanism is needed. This project detects vehicle
theft. Arduino is the main component which is used to interface dc motor and GPS, IoT. The place of the
vehicle identified using GPS and IoT with the help of Wi-Fi module ESP 8266. GPS is a space-based
navigation system used to track the vehicle and it gives the location of the robbed device in all weather
conditions. It gives the latitude and longitude of the device using GPS antenna. This total system is
operated with a switch which is made on when we park the vehicles out. Now if the vehicle theft
happened, dc motor starts and the above procedure continues and the information is posted using
internet of things. This vehicle theft prevention and tracking system is used in client’s vehicle as a theft
prevention and rescue device.

BASICS OF PROJECT

Vehicle Tracking Systems are a necessity of today's commuters. Such systems are essential to keep
personal vehicles safe from theft and robberies. The Vehicle Tracking Systems are possible to design only
by empowering them with internet. In this project, a simple vehicle tracking system is designed which
will keep updating the current location of the vehicle to a custom designed webpage.
 The vehicle tracking systems are designed for tracking the movement of a vehicle from a location at any
time. Such system is equipped with a GPS receiver which maintains the GPS location of the device. The
GPS location of the device traced by the GPS sensor is sent to a cloud server or cloud service with the
help of a controller. This project is a simple implementation of such system on one of the most popular
prototyping boards - Arduino Mega.

The vehicle tracking device designed here is an IoT device. It has Arduino interfaced with Neo-6M GPS
Module, a character LCD and ESP8266 Wi-Fi Modem. The Arduino receives the location of the device
from the GPS receiver and display it on the character LCD. As the device finds a data connection through
Wi-Fi like Wi-Fi hotspot of a smart phone, it sends the current GPS location to a custom designed
webpage.

This simple vehicle tracking device is easy to design, implement and can be installed in any vehicle. It
keeps track of the vehicle at which it is installed in real time. The GPS data which this device displays and
send to the remote webpage are the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the device.

The Arduino Sketch manages the functionalities of the device like getting GPS location, displaying it on
LCD module, connecting to a Wi-Fi access point and sending the GPS data to a real time generated
webpage. The Arduino sketch is written, compiled and loaded with the help of Arduino-IDE.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a nifty current control technique that enables you to control the
speed of motors, heat output of heaters, and much more in an energy-efficient (and usually quieter)
manner. Existing applications for PWM include, but are not limited to:

Variable speed fan controllers.

VRF HVAC compressor drives.

Hybrid and electric vehicle motor drive circuits.

LED Dimmers.

PWM varies the speed of the appliances’ motors so they only consume as much power as they need, but
without the usual consequence of burning off unused current as heat. An example of an older
alternative is a simple transistor circuit that varies the current passing through it by varying its resistance.

The same efficiency rule that applies to resistors also applies to transistors — Their resistance results in
wasted energy because they burn off some of it as heat. They act like heaters in that regard.

Fortunately, these circuits were never mainstream. Appliances such as air conditioners and refrigerators
just ran at full speed all the time, making lots of noise, and wasting lots of energy because they had to
cycle on and off frequently.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Microcontroller based Vehicle Security System with Tracking Capability utilizing IoT and GPS
Technologies, is a framework that can be utilized to expand vehicle security, as it can track area of
missing vehicle, and enable specialists to have dependable proof that the vehicle is stolen. The task
utilizes the IoT and the GPS technology, which incorporates the utilization of GPS collector module, IoT
module, and microcontroller as its essential segments. It also uses a RELAY that senses vehicle
movement and an LED that sends an alarm when sensors are triggered. This project focuses on the
design and implementation of a microcontroller based smart card car security system with call intrusion
alert capability. The Electromagnetic relay served as the mechanical tool that secures the car ignition
system, and the IoT modem was used to call the car owner whenever there is an intrusion attempt. It
utilizes the IoT portable communication to transmit a caution flag and control the direction. The control
and communication between the client and the framework are accomplished through a location update
convention are accessible in the cell phone application.

The brain behind the ARDUINO MEGA is the ATmega2560. Thanks to the ATmega2560 (and its
associated crystal oscillator), the Arduino Mega sports 16 MHz clocking speed, as well as 256 KB of flash,
8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM. Because of its brawnier processor, the Mega has 54 digital I/O pins
(15 of which can provide PWM output) and 16 analog pins, which is almost four times that of its little
brother, the Uno. See the graphic below for a (dare I say) mega-map of the Mega’s pins.

As far as other hardware on the Mega goes, it also touts four serial ports for general attachments, a USB
connection (with a dedicated ATmega16U2 processor for interfacing with your computer), a reset button
and a power supply port.

Like the Uno, the Mega operates in the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The open-
source coding terminal has a variety of features that make it accessible to both novices and
programming gurus alike, most notably the IDE’s associated library of projects and other syntaxes
created by the massive community of Arduino users. With it, anyone can add to or use the massive
selection of codes to provide easy access to a world of programming possibilities.

IoT is short for Internet of Things. The IoT refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects that
feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between these
objects and other Internet-enabled devices and systems.

LCD is used in our project to get the feedback from the system and the system is working properly or not,
it is also used to display speed of the vehicle and display regarding the system

RemoteXY is easy way to make and use a mobile graphical user interface for Arduino boards and other
controllers.It is used in our project to access the engine

GPS- Global Positioning System GPS is a space-based navigation system that provides location and time
information in all weather conditions anywhere. on or near the earth where there is an unobstructed
line-of-sight to for more GPS satellites. GPS (or global positioning system), is a satellite-based navigation
system made up of a network of 24 satellites orbiting the earth at all times. This system, when the
proper signals are received, allows a user to tell where they are located.
MOTOR RELAY- It is a switch that is operated electrically. For controlling purpose the relay is used. It is
having the particular low power signal.

Wi-Fi Module - ESP 8266: The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained SOC that can give any
microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT
command set firmware, that is, it can simply have hooked up to Arduino device and get Wi-Fi ability. The
ESP8266 module is an extremely cost-effective board with a huge, and ever growing, community.

MOTIVATION

Insecurity is one of the major challenges that the entire world is facing now, each country having their
peculiar security issues. The crime rate in every part of the society these days has become a
threatening issue such that vehicles are now used for committing criminal activities more than before.
The issue of vehicle theft has increased tremendously, mostly at gunpoint or car parks. In view of these,
there is a need for adequate records of stolen, identified and recovered vehicles which are not readily
available in our society and as such very important. The development of a vehicle theft alert and
location identification system becomes more necessary for vehicle owners to ensure theft
prevention and a speedy identification towards recovery efforts in situations where a vehicle is
missing, stolen or driven by an unauthorized person. The theft alert function makes use of a GSM
application developed and installed in a mobile phone device which is embedded in the vehicle to The
communication is established via SMS (i.e. between the installed mobile phone device and that of the
vehicle owner). The communications established include. Sending an SMS alert from installed mobile
phone device to vehicle owner mobile phone when the car ignition is mobile phone to start and stop
the installed mobile phone device application. The location identification function makes use of a
web application developed to determine the real time location of a vehicle by means of tracking using
GPS. Broadcast missing or stolen vehicle information to social media and security agency. The
implementation of the installed mobile phone device application was done using JAVA because of its
capabilities in programming mobile applications while PHP and MySQL was used for the web
application functions. Integration testing of the system was carried out using simple percentage
calculation for the performance evaluation. Vehicle owners were sampled and questionnaires were
distributed to them in order to ascertain the acceptability and workability of the developed system.
The result obtained shows the effectiveness of the system and hence it can be used to effectively
monitor vehicle as it is been driven within or outside its jurisdiction. More so, the system can be used as
database of missing, identified or recovered vehicles by various security agencies.