Process Systems Engineering

Edited by
Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos,
Michael C. Georgiadis, and
Vivek Dua

Volume 3
Supply Chain Optimization, Part I
Volume Edited by
Lazaros G. Papageorgiou and
Michael C. Georgiadis
Related Titles

Haber, R., Bars, R., Schmitz, U. Bröckel, U., Meier, W., Wagner, G. (eds.)
Predictive Control in Process Product Design and Engineering
Engineering Best Practices
approx. 400 pages with approx. 760 pages in 2 volumes with 355 figures and
150 figures 60 tables
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Logistic Optimization of Prenosil, J. E., Snape, J. B.

Chemical Production Chemical Engineering Dynamics

Processes An Introduction to Modelling and Computer
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approx. 500 pages with approx. 450 figures Product Engineering
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Keil, F. J. (ed.)
Modeling of Process
Agachi, P. S., Nagy, Z. K., Cristea, M. V.,
Intensification Imre-Lucaci, A.
422 pages with 180 figures and 28 tables
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Process Systems Engineering
Edited by
Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos, Michael C. Georgiadis, and
Vivek Dua

Volume 3: Supply Chain Optimization, Part I

Volume Edited by
Lazaros G. Papageorgiou and Michael C. Georgiadis
The Editors
Prof. Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos
Centre for Process Systems Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
Imperial College London
Roderic Hill Building
South Kensington Campus
London SW7 2AZ
United Kingdom
Dr. Michael C. Georgiadis
Centre for Process Systems Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
Imperial College London
Roderic Hill Building
London SW7 2AZ
United Kingdom
Dr. Vivek Dua
Centre for Process Systems Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
University College London
London WC1E 7JE
United Kingdom
Dr. Lazaros G. Papageorgiou
Centre for Process Systems Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
University College London
London WC1E 7JE
United Kingdom
All books published by Wiley-VCH are
carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors,
editors, and publisher do not warrant the
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including this book, to be free of errors.
Readers are advised to keep in mind that
statements, data, illustrations, procedural
details or other items may inadvertently be
inaccurate.
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applied for
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© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA, Weinheim
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ISBN: 978-3-527-31693-9
 V

Contents

Preface – Volume 3: Supply Chain Optimization XIII

List of Authors XVII

1 Bridging the Gap Between Production, Finances, and Risk in

Supply Chain Optimization 1
L. Puigjaner and G. Guillén-Gosálbez
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Merging Process Operations and Finances: A Literature Review 1
1.3 Integrated Models for Tactical and Strategic Decisions in SCM 4
1.3.1 Financial Formulation: How Can we Take Optimal Financial
Decisions? 4
1.3.1.1 Budgeting Model 5
1.3.1.2 Objective Functions 8
1.3.2 Design – Planning Formulation 11
1.3.2.1 Mass Balance Constraints 11
1.3.2.2 Capacity and Facilities Location Constraints 12
1.3.3 Integration Between Models 13
1.3.4 Case Study 15
1.4 SCM Under Uncertainty 28
1.4.1 Mathematical Formulation 29
1.4.1.1 Mass Balance Constraints 30
1.4.1.2 Capacity and Facilities Location Constraints 31
1.4.1.3 Objective Function Net Present Value (NPV) 31
1.4.2 Risk Management in SCM 31
1.4.2.1 Financial Risk 32
1.4.2.2 Downside Risk 34
1.4.2.3 Worst Case 35
1.4.3 Multiobjective Problem 35
1.4.4 Case Study 36
1.5 Conclusions 38

Supply Chain Optimization. Part I. Edited by Lazaros G. Papageorgiou and Michael C. Georgiadis
Copyright © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 978-3-527-31693-9
VI Contents

2 Multiagent Framework for Modeling and Design of Supply Chain

Networks 45
L. Puigjaner, G. Guillén-Gosálbez and F. D. Mele
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 A Discrete Event Simulator for SCM 46
2.2.1 Simulation Model 46
2.2.2 The Demand Model 49
2.2.3 The Inventory Model 49
2.3 A Multiagent System for SCM 50
2.3.1 The Site Agent 53
2.3.2 The Sales Subagent 54
2.3.3 The Inventory Subagent 56
2.3.4 The Production Subagent 58
2.3.5 The Purchasing Subagent 59
2.3.6 The Transportation Subagent 61
2.4 Novel Business Aspects in SCM 62
2.4.1 Environmental Impact 62
2.4.1.1 The Environmental Module 63
2.4.2 Financial Concerns 67
2.4.2.1 Implementation: Financial Module 67
2.5 Multiagent System: Integrated Framework 68
2.6 Case Study 71
2.6.1 Objectives 78
2.6.2 Results 79
2.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Work 83

3 Environmentally Conscious Supply Chain Management 87

M. Türkay
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 Closed-Loop Supply Chains 90
3.3 Environmentally Conscious Production 91
3.3.1 Process Models for Energy Production Systems 92
3.3.1.1 Boiler Models and Use of Biofuels 93
3.3.1.2 Turbine Models 94
3.3.1.3 Fuel Tank Models 94
3.3.1.4 Mixer Models 95
3.3.1.5 Environmental Considerations 95
3.3.1.6 Material Balance 96
3.3.1.7 Electricity Purchase 96
3.3.1.8 Operating and Startup Costs 96
3.3.1.9 Carbon Capture and Sequestering (CCS) Systems 96
3.3.1.10 Objective Functions 98
3.3.1.11 Illustrative Example 98
3.4 Sustainable Transportation 100
 Contents VII

3.4.1 Intermodal Transportation 101

3.5 Conclusions 103

4 Optimal Design and Operational Planning of Responsive Process

Supply Chains 107
F. You and I. E. Grossmann
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Literature Review 108
4.3 Motivating Example 110
4.4 Problem Statement 111
4.5 Model 114
4.5.1 Network Structure Constraints 114
4.5.1.1 Supplier: Plant Site 114
4.5.1.2 Plant Site: Customer 115
4.5.1.3 Input and Output of a Plant 115
4.5.2 Operational Planning Constraints 117
4.5.2.1 Production Constraints 117
4.5.2.2 Sale Constraints 117
4.5.2.3 Upper Bound Constraints 117
4.5.2.4 Mass Balance Constraints 118
4.5.3 Cyclic Scheduling Constraints 118
4.5.3.1 Assignment Constraints 119
4.5.3.2 Sequence Constraints 119
4.5.3.3 Production Constraints 120
4.5.3.4 Timing Constraints 120
4.5.3.5 Cost Constraints 121
4.5.3.6 Upper Bound Constraints 121
4.5.4 Lead Time Definition 122
4.5.5 Nonnegative Constraints 125
4.5.6 Net Present Value 125
4.5.7 Solution Procedure 125
4.6 Numerical Example 126
4.7 Conclusions 128

5 Reverse Production Systems – Optimization Modeling to Support

Supply Chains for Product Recovery 135
T. Assavapokee, M. J. Realff and J. C. Ammons
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Literature Review of Reverse Product System Modeling 136
5.3 Carpet and Carpet Recycling 137
5.4 Model Description 138
5.4.1 Objective Function 139
5.4.2 Mathematical Formulation 140
VIII Contents

5.5 Case Study Data and Scenarios 143

5.6 Results and Discussion 146
5.7 Conclusions 150

6 Optimal Design of Supply Chain Networks using Mathematical

Programming 157
P. Tsiakis, L. G. Papageorgiou and M. C. Georgiadis
6.1 Introduction 157
6.2 Optimal Design of Production and Distribution Network 161
6.2.1 Notation 163
6.2.2 Mathematical Formulation of Deterministic Problem 163
6.2.2.1 Network Structure Constraints 163
6.2.2.2 Logical Constraints for Transportation Flows 164
6.2.2.3 Material Balances 164
6.2.2.4 Production Constraints 164
6.2.2.5 Capacity of Distribution Centers 165
6.2.2.6 Objective Function 166
6.3 Distribution Center Location Case Study 168
6.3.1 Problem Description and Data Analysis 169
6.3.2 Production 169
6.3.3 Warehousing 170
6.3.4 Transportation 171
6.3.5 Demand 171
6.3.6 Results – Network Description 172
6.3.7 Comments 173
6.4 Optimal Production Allocation and Distribution Supply Chain
Networks 174
6.4.1 Problem Description – Data Analysis 175
6.4.1.1 Production Plants 175
6.4.1.2 Distribution Centers 175
6.4.1.3 Customer Zones 176
6.4.2 Network Optimization – Base Scenario 178
6.4.3 Fixed Product Allocation and Customer Assignment Scenario 180
6.4.4 Results Analysis 182
6.4.5 Comments 182
6.5 Conclusions 183

7 Design and Planning of Closed-Loop Supply Chains 187

A. P. Barbosa-Póvoa, M. I. Gomes Salema and A. Q. Novais
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Reverse Logistics 188
7.2.1 Defining the Closed-Loop Supply Chain 189
7.3 Literature Review 191
 Contents IX

7.3.1 Forward Supply Chain Models 192

7.3.2 Reverse Supply Chain Models 193
7.3.3 Closed-Loop Supply Chain Models 195
7.3.4 Research Agenda 197
7.4 Closed-Loop Supply Chains Modeling 198
7.4.1 Problem Description 198
7.4.2 Time Modeling 200
7.4.3 Model Formulation 201
7.4.3.1 Constraints 202
7.4.4 European Case 207
7.4.4.1 Results 208
7.5 Conclusions 212

8 Combining Strategic Design and Operative Planning in the Process

Industry 219
J. Kallrath
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 Combined Strategic and Operative Planning 222
8.2.1 Operative Planning 222
8.2.2 Multisite Design and Strategic Planning 223
8.2.2.1 The Need for Exact Optimization in Design Optimization 224
8.2.2.2 Design Planning under Uncertainty 226
8.2.3 Combined Approach: Design and Operative Planning 228
8.2.3.1 Motivation for the Combined Approach 228
8.2.3.2 The Choice of the Objective Function 229
8.2.3.3 Time Horizon and Time Resolution 230
8.2.3.4 Design Planning, Operative Planning, and Scheduling 230
8.2.4 The Need for an Integrated Tailor-Made Approach 230
8.2.4.1 Solution Approach 231
8.2.4.2 Software Design Issues 233
8.2.4.3 Limits of the Approach 233
8.3 Combined Strategic and Operative Planning – Commercial
Software versus Individual Models 234
8.3.1 Commercial Software for Operative Planning and Design
Planning 234
8.3.2 The Role of Individual Software for the CSOP Approach and
APS 236
8.3.3 When to Select Individual Tailor-Made Methods? 236
8.3.4 Developing and Maintenance Costs of the Inhouse Model 238
8.3.5 Dependences on Software Providers or Inhouse Modeling
Specialists? 239
8.4 Summary 239
X Contents

9 Chemical Supply Chain Redesign 245

P. K. Naraharisetti, I. A. Karimi and R. Srinivasan
9.1 Introduction 245
9.2 Chemical Supply Chains 247
9.3 Capacity Management 249
9.3.1 Operations Management 250
9.3.2 Factors Influencing Investment Decisions 251
9.4 Supply-Chain Redesign 252
9.4.1 Nonmathematical Models 252
9.4.1.1 Strategic Planning 253
9.4.1.2 Tactical Planning 256
9.4.1.3 Operational Planning 257
9.4.2 Mathematical Models 258
9.4.2.1 Strategic Planning 258
9.4.2.2 Tactical Planning 259
9.4.2.3 Contracts for Material Supply 259
9.4.2.4 Remarks 259
9.4.3 This Chapter 260
9.5 Problem Description 261
9.5.1 Problem Statement 264
9.6 Problem Formulation 265
9.6.1 Capacity Change 265
9.6.2 Capacity Utilization 267
9.6.3 Material Balance 269
9.6.4 Supply Contracts 271
9.6.5 Loans and Bonds 272
9.6.6 Costs and Incomes 272
9.6.7 Remarks 276
9.7 Example 276
9.7.1 Results and Discussion 281
9.7.2 Future Work 291
9.8 Conclusion 292

10 A Hybrid Tabu-Branch and Bound Approach for the Solution of

Large-Scale Supply Chain Management Models 301
J. M. Natali, P. Chen and J. M. Pinto
10.1 Introduction 301
10.2 Problem Statement 303
10.2.1 Mathematical Structure of the CFPN Model 304
10.2.2 Preliminary Analysis of the CFPN Model Solution Approaches 304
10.3 Hybrid Tabu Search Procedure 305
10.3.1 Mixed Integer Linear Relaxation 306
10.3.2 Algorithmic Description 308
10.3.2.1 Unrestricted Fractional Solutions 309
 Contents XI

10.3.2.2 Restricted Fractional Solutions 310

10.3.2.3 Tabu Search Guidance 310
10.3.3 General Algorithm 311
10.4 Results and Discussion 313
10.4.1 Algorithmic Analysis 314
10.4.2 Comparison to Full-scale Results 316
10.5 Conclusions 319

11 Enhancement of Oil and Gas Production via Network

Optimization 325
N. Thijssen, K.-J. Li and I. Mittendorff
11.1 Introduction 326
11.2 Integrated Network Analysis 327
11.3 High-Level Network Model 328
11.3.1 Supply Module 328
11.3.2 Production Module 329
11.3.2.1 Separators 329
11.3.2.2 Compressors 331
11.3.2.3 Pumps 331
11.3.3 Pipelines Module 332
11.3.4 Demand Module 333
11.4 Workflow 333
11.5 Results 335
11.6 Conclusions 337

Index 339
 XIII

Preface – Volume 3: Supply Chain Optimization

Modern industrial enterprises are typically multiproduct, multipurpose, and multi-

site facilities operating in different regions and countries and dealing with a global-
wide international clientele. In such enterprise networks, the issues of global enter-
prise planning, coordination, cooperation, and robust responsiveness to customer
demands at the global as well as the local level are critical for ensuring effective-
ness, competitiveness, business sustainability, and growth. In this context, it has
long been recognized that there is a need for efficient integrated approaches that
consider, in a systematic way, various levels of enterprise management, plant-wide
coordination and plant operation, in order to reduce capital and operating costs,
increase supply chain productivity and improve business responsiveness.
The supply chain concept has in recent years become one of the main approaches
to achieve enterprise efficiency. The terminology implies that a system view is taken
rather than a functional or hierarchical one. Enterprises cannot be competitive
without considering supply chain activities. This is partially due to the evolving
higher specialization in a more differentiated market. Most importantly, compe-
tition drives companies to reduced cost structures with lower inventories, more
effective transportation systems, and transparent systems able to support informa-
tion throughout the supply chain. A single company rarely controls the production
of a commodity as well as sourcing, distribution, and retail.
Many typical supply chains today have production that spans several countries
and product markets. The opportunities for supply chain improvements are large.
Costs of keeping inventory throughout the supply chain to maintain high customer
service levels are generally significant. There is a wide scope to reduce the inven-
tory while still maintaining the high service standards required. Furthermore, the
manufacturing processes can be improved so as to employ current working capital
and labor more efficiently.
It has widely been recognized that enhanced performance of supply chains ne-
cessitates: (i) appropriate design of supply chain networks and its components and
(ii) effective allocation of available resources over the network. Thus, in the last
few years, there has been a multitude of efforts focused on providing improve-
ments of supply chain management and optimization. These efforts include a wide
range of models: from commercial enterprise resource planning systems and so-

Supply Chain Optimization. Part I. Edited by Lazaros G. Papageorgiou and Michael C. Georgiadis
Copyright © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 978-3-527-31693-9
XIV Preface – Volume 3: Supply Chain Optimization

called advanced planning systems to academic achievements (for example, linear

and mixed-integer programming, multiagent systems).
Management of supply chains is a complex task mainly due to the large size of
the physical supply network and inherent uncertainties. In a highly competitive
environment, improved decisions are required for efficient supply chain manage-
ment at strategic, tactical, and operational levels with time horizons ranging from
several years to a few days, respectively. Depending on the level, one or more of the
following decisions are taken:
• Number, size and location of manufacturing sites,
warehouses, and distribution centers.
• Network connectivity (e.g., allocation of suppliers to plants,
warehouses to markets, etc.).
• Production decisions related to plant production planning
and scheduling.
• Management of inventory levels and replenishment policies.
• Transportation decisions concerning mode of transportation
(e.g., road, rail, etc.) and also size of material shipment.
• Sustainability aspects (e.g., environmental impact
considerations, recycling policies etc.).
Most of the above challenging research issues are addressed in Volumes 3 and 4
of this book series.
Volume 3 of this book series focuses on strategic and tactical supply chain plan-
ning with emphasis on the process industries.
The need to incorporate financial considerations in the design and operation
of supply chains has long been recognized and it is addressed in Chapter 1 by
Puigjaner and coworkers. In the first part of their work, they present a systematic
mathematical programming framework that incorporates financial considerations
at the tactical and strategic supply chain decision-making levels. In the second part,
different techniques are described that aim to manage risk associated with the op-
eration of supply chain systems under uncertainty. In the subsequent chapter, the
same authors describe a new simulation-based modeling technique for taking sup-
ply chain management (SCM) decisions by utilizing software agents as building
blocks. The resulting agent-based system is a discrete event simulator that is able
to use a number of tools such as if-then rules and mathematical programming
algorithms. Furthermore, an alternative strategy for tackling SCM decision is de-
veloped, which is based on metaheuristic rules applied in the multiagent simulator.
The resulting tool is flexibile enough to accommodate further extensions and de-
tails of integrated supply chains.
Türkay in Chapter 3 presents an integrated approach to ensure an environmen-
tally conscious performance of supply chain systems in addition to the economi-
cal performance. Three different approaches are considered and modeled: (i) the
product-centric approach involves avoiding the use of environmentally harmful
materials in the product at the product design stage and the recovery and reuse
of the product after it has been consumed by the end user; (ii) the production-
system-centric approach considers the selection of raw materials and the design
 Preface – Volume 3: Supply Chain Optimization XV

of the production systems for minimizing the environmental impact; and (iii) the
transportation-centric approach focuses on the use of different transportation sys-
tems that would reduce the environmental effects.
You and Grossmann consider in Chapter 4 the problem of optimal design and op-
erational planning of multiechelon, multisite process supply chain networks with
consideration of responsiveness and profitability. The problem is formulated as
a bicriterion optimization model in which the objectives are to maximize the net
present value and to minimize the lead time. This allows establishing trade-offs be-
tween the economics and responsiveness of the supply chain network. The model
produces a Pareto-optimal curve, which reveals how the optimal net present value,
and therefore the network structure of the supply chains, changes with different
specifications of lead time.
The work of Assavapokee, Realff, and Ammons described in Chapter 5 is moti-
vated by the increasing pressure to design large scale recovery and recycling sys-
tems for electronics, carpet, and other complex products with relatively low value
at their end-of-life. A supply chain mathematical programming model is proposed
for reverse production system design for carpet recycling. The overall modeling
and optimization approach can inform decision makers as to where to focus their
efforts in recruitment of sources of material and the overall target costs that are
achievable.
In Chapter 6, Tsiakis, Papageorgiou, and Georgiadis present the application of
a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model on two real examples where
the aim is to determine the optimal configuration of a production and distribution
network subject to operational and financial constraints. Operational constraints
include quality, production and supply restrictions, and are related to the allocation
of the production and the workload balance between production sites. Financial
constraints include production costs, transportation costs, and duties for the mate-
rial flowing within the network subject to exchange rates. As a business decision
the outsourcing of production is considered whenever the organization cannot sat-
isfy the demand.
The group of Barbosa and coworkers in Chapter 7 propose a generic modeling
approach for the design and planning of closed-loop supply chains. This considers
the simultaneous analysis of both strategic and tactical decisions where the system
structure is defined taking into account the planning of the related logistic activ-
ities. Several challenging problems in the area of reverse and closed-loop supply
chains are critically discussed.
Kallrath in Chapter 8 presents an integrated modeling framework addressing var-
ious conceptual issues in strategic, multisite design, and planning problems in the
process industry. The need for a combined design and operative planning model is
emphasized and efficient tailored-made modeling and solution techniques for real-
world problems are discussed. Finally, several problems for supply chain planning
and design in large companies focusing on the needs for appropriate modeling and
maintainable IT structures are highlighted.
Naraharisetti, Karimi, and Srinivasan in Chapter 9 present a novel MILP model
for making efficient capacity management and supply chain redesign decisions
XVI Preface – Volume 3: Supply Chain Optimization

for a multinational corporation. The model can provide the basis for obtaining the
best strategy for investment, involving a variety of real decisions such as facility
relocation, disinvestment, technology upgrade, raising capital through loans and
bonds, and hedging risk through signing contracts for material supply. The same
model can repeatedly be used to analyze various probabilistic scenarios and thus
make the choice of implementing one of the various resulting plans. A realistic
case study was used to illustrate the benefits that can be achieved by using the
developed model.
Pinto and coworkers in Chapter 10 present a hybrid algorithm for the solution
of mixed-integer linear programming problems in which a small subset of the dis-
crete variables account for most of the computational complexity of the model. The
algorithm builds upon the parametric tabu-search procedure proposed by Glover
and the use of a structured branch-and-cut (B&C) solver to harness the advantages
of both methods. The suggested procedure was applied to a continuous flexible
process network model and optimal solutions of small- to large-scale instances of
the model were obtained in a relatively small number of iterations.
In the final chapter, Thijssen, Li and Mittendorff present an integrated approach
for the optimal timing of developing new oil and gas fields. The overall framework
is capable of identifying future bottlenecks in the network and evaluating options
for removal of these bottlenecks. Several studies performed by the authors indicate
that such an integrated network analysis helps to bring production closer to the
technical potential of the wellhead platforms. It also provides significant insight
into the impact that all changes together have on the performance of the network
and the savings that can be achieved.
This collection represents a set of stand-alone works that captures recent re-
search trends in the development and application of techniques, methodologies,
algorithms, and tools for optimizing various aspects of supply chain systems. We
hope that by the end of the book, the reader will have developed a commanding
comprehension of the main aspects of integrated supply chains, the ability to criti-
cally access the key characteristics and elements related to the design and operation
of supply chains and the capacity to implement the new technology in practice.
We are extremely grateful to the authors for their outstanding contributions and
for their patience, which have led to a final product that far exceeded our expecta-
tions.

London, June 2007

L. G. Papageorgiou
M. C. Georgiadis
 XVII

List of Authors

Jane C. Ammons Dr. Michael C. Georgiadis

Georgia Institute of Technology Imperial College London
School of Industrial and Systems Centre for Process Systems Engineering
Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering
Atlanta, GA 30332-0295 Roderic Hill Building
USA South Kensington Campus
London SW7 2AZ
Tiravat Assavapokee UK
University of Houston
Department of Industrial Engineering Maria Isabel Gomes Salema
Houston, TX 77204-4008 Centro de Matemática e Aplicações
USA FCT, UNL
Monte de Caparica
Professor Ana Paula Barbosa-Póvoa 2825-114 Caparica
Centro de Estudos de Gestão Portugal
IST, UTL
Professor Ignacio E. Grossman
Av. Rovisco Pais
Carnegie Mellon University
1049-101 Lisboa
Department of Chemical Engineering
Portugal
5000 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890
Peter Chen
USA
Polytechnic University
Othmer-Jacobs Department of Chemical Dr. Gonzalo Guillén-Gosáblez
and Biological Engineering Universtitat Politècnica de Catalunya
6 Metrotech Center Chemical Engineering Department
Brooklyn, NY 11201 Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria
USA Industrial
Avda. Diagonal 647
E-08028 Barcelona
Spain

Supply Chain Optimization. Part I. Edited by Lazaros G. Papageorgiou and Michael C. Georgiadis
Copyright © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 978-3-527-31693-9
XVIII List of Authors

Professor Josef Kallrath João M. Natali

BASF Aktiengesellschaft Othmer-Jacobs Department of Chemical
GVC/S-B009 and Biological Engineering
D-67056 Ludwigshafen Polytechnic University
Germany 6 Metrotech Center
and Brooklyn, NY 11201
University of Florida USA
Dept. of Astronomy
Gainesville, FL 32611 Dr. Augusto Q. Novais
USA Departmento de Modelação e Simulação
INETI
Professor Iftekhar A. Karimi Est. do Paço do Lumiar
National University of Singapore 1649-038 Lisboa
Department of Chemical and Portugal
Biomolecular Engineering
4 Engineering Drive 4 Dr. Lazaros G. Papageorgiou
Singapore 117576 University College London
Singapore Centre for Process Systems Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
Kuei-Jung Li
Torrington Place
Shell Global Solutions International BV
London WC1 7JE
P.O. Box 541
UK
2501 CM
The Hague Professor Jose M. Pinto
The Netherlands Polytechnic University
Fernando Daniel Mele Othmer-Jacobs Department of Chemical
Universtitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Biological Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department 6 Metrotech Center
Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Brooklyn, NY 11201
Industrial USA
Avda. Diagonal 647
Professor Dr. Luis Puigjaner
E-08028 Barcelona
Universtitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Spain
Chemical Engineering Department
Ilse Mittendorff Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria
Shell Global Solutions International BV Industrial
P.O. Box 541 Avda. Diagonal 647
2501 CM E-08028 Barcelona
The Hague Spain
The Netherlands
Professor Matthew J. Realff
Pavan Kumar Naraharisetti
Georgia Institute of Technology
Institute of Chemical and Engineering
School of Chemical Engineering
Sciences
Atlanta, GA 30332-0100
1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island
USA
Singapore 627833
Singapore
 List of Authors XIX

Professor Rajagopalan Srinivasan Dr. Panagiotis Tsiakis

Institute of Chemical and Engineering IBM UK Ltd
Sciences 76–78 Upper Ground, South Bank
1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island London SE1 9PZ
Singapore 627833 UK
Singapore
and Professor Metin Türkay
National University of Singapore Koc University
Department of Chemical & College of Engineering
Biomolecular Engineering Rumelifeneri Yolu
4 Engineering Drive 4 Sariyer 34450 Istanbul
Singapore 117576 Turkey
Singapore Dr. Fengqi You
Dr. Nort Thijssen Carnegie Mellon University
Shell Global Solutions International BV Department of Chemical Engineering
P.O. Box 541 5000 Forbes Avenue
2501 CM Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890
The Hague USA
The Netherlands