Aristocracy, oligarchy, monarchy, and democracy are old concepts of government which can be traced

back to Ancient Greece.

Aristocracy is "rule by the best," and the concept comes from Plato's Republic. Plato argued for an
aristocracy of philosopher kings. He thought that philosophers were ideally suited to political leadership.
Historically, aristocracies have been based on wealth or land ownership. But other criteria have been
used throughout the ages.

Monarchies have often flourished alongside aristocracies. Both have been the targets of revolutionaries,
as in eighteenth-century France. Monarchies are ruled by a king or queen. Throughout most of history,
the monarchs' powers were absolute. Today, most are constitutional monarchs, and they serve as
symbols of the state with few real powers. However, Saudi Arabia is an example of a country where the
king still holds great power.

Democracy is "rule by the people" themselves or through their representatives. Today, this is the
dominant form of government in the West. However, many believe that their representatives do not
always act in the interests of the people they represent. For instance, in the United States, elected
representatives often pass legislation that overwhelmingly benefits the affluent classes or corporations.
Another problem with modern-day democracy is low voter turnout.

Oligarchy is "rule by the few," and that often means the rich. Many people believe that the United
States is now an oligarchy rather than a democracy. Billionaires donate huge sums to candidates and are
usually rewarded by the passage of favorable legislation. One way to combat this problem is by public
financing of election campaigns.

The 8 types of government[1]

1. The 8 Types of GovernmenT

2. The 8 Types of GovernmenT Democracy monarchy republicanism ToTaliTarianism fascism

DicTaTorship communism oliGarchy

3. Democracy The word democracy comes from ancient Greek words meaning ‘people’ and ‘rule of
government’. It is a system of governmentof a country whose leaders have been elected by the people.
When the elected representatives meet in parliament to make laws, the form ofgovernment is a
parliamentary democracy.

4. monarchy A monarchy is a form of government led by anindividual who holds the position for life,
having inherited the position, and who passes it on to a relative, usually a son or daughter. In the past,
all monarchs held great power andmade all of the decisions and laws of the country.This is known as
absolute monarchy. Today most monarchs act as Head of State, filling a ceremonial role with little or no
power regarding the actual governing of the country.A constitutional monarchy is a country which has a
written Constitution that sets out the rules for how the country will be governed and the rights and
responsibilities of its people, and has a
5. republicanismA republic is a country whose head of government is anelected or chosen president.
Sometimes the president isalso the Head of State, for example the President of the United States.
Presidents are usually elected for aspecific length of time. This is called a ‘term of office’. In some
countries a president may only serve a particular number of terms. A republic may or may not be
democratic. In a democratic republic, the people choose their leaders through elections, although in
countries where thepresident is a ceremonial role, it may be by government appointment rather than by
election. In some undemocratic republics the leaders are chosenby a small number of people and may
stay in office fora long time, sometimes without ever being elected or re-

6. ToTaliTarianism In a totalitarian society, the government holds absolute control over all aspects of the
lives of its people. A set of beliefs is imposed onthe people, who have to conform or face unpleasant
consequences. This formof government came into being in the 1920s when the Fascist governmentsof
Italy and Nazi Germany came into power.

7. fascism Fascism is a form of government usually headedby a dictator. It involves total government
control of political, economic, cultural, religious and social activities. Some industries may be owned by
individuals, but under government control. This form of government includes extreme patriotism,
warlike policies and extreme discrimination against minority groups.

8. DicTaTorship In a dictatorship, one person, called a Dictator, has absolute power. This differs from
totalitarianism in that it is lesscontrolling and not marked by a rigid set of beliefs. Sometimes a country
run bydictatorship may be called a republic. Suchrepublics have only one political party and the Dictator
makes most government policies and decisions.

9. communismCommunism is an economic system in which there is little or no private ownership -

property is heldby the community rather than by individuals. Alleconomic activity is controlled by the
government, including things like what crops are grown, what goods are manufactured, and to whom
they are sold and at what prices. The decisions made by Communist governments are those that are
normally made by private individuals in non- Communist countries. Communist governments are usually
a form of totalitarianism, and traditionally allow onlyapproved candidates to stand for election and
there is usually little or no choice of candidates at an election.

10. oliGarchy An oligarchy is a form of government inwhich only a few wealthy people hold power. A
republic may be an oligarchy if just a few people have the right to vote. Anexample of this was the time
of apartheid inSouth Africa. In most oligarchies, the power of the leadership is supported by the wealthy
and the military.

A federal government is a system that divides up power between a strong national government and
smaller local governments. We'll take a look at how power plays out between the national and local
government, and the benefits of a federal government.

Definition of a Federal Government

Are you a fan of Hollywood cop films? If you are, you may know that a common plot line in these movies
is jurisdiction friction, or when some kind of tension between local police (usually the hero) and federal
investigators (usually the antagonist) takes place over who has control of an investigation. Take, for
example, the film Rush Hour. In this movie, an LAPD police officer (Chris Tucker) tries to help a fellow
Chinese cop (Jackie Chan) find the abducted daughter of the Chinese Ambassador to America. While
they face many road blocks, one of the biggest obstacles in their investigation is the FBI, which orders
Tucker and Chan to stop their investigation because it is outside of local jurisdiction and a matter of
federal jurisdiction.

What this common Hollywood plot line reveals is the nature of a federal government. A federal
government is a system of dividing up power between a central national government and local state
governments that are connected to one another by the national government. Some areas of public life
are under the control of the national government, and some areas are under control of the local
governments. For this reason, cop films like to create drama by making the federal government and
local government bump heads over who should be investigating the crime at hand. Federal government
systems usually have a constitution that specifies what areas of public life the national government will
take control over and what areas of public life the state governments will take control over.

Benefits of A Federal Government

Why does the United States have a federal government but not Great Britain? The answer has to do
with size. Federal governments are best used in large countries where there exists a diverse group of
people with diverse needs but a common culture that unites them together.

For example, think of the difference between Wyoming (the least densely populated state) and New
Jersey (the most densely populated state). Clearly, the needs at the local level of each state will be
different, so they should have different local governments to address those needs. Nonetheless, both
tates share a common culture and interest and, therefore, are united by the national government.

Federal governments help address the wide variety of needs of a geographically large country. It is no
wonder, then, that federal governments exist in large countries, like the United States, Mexico,
Germany, Canada, Australia, Brazil, and others.

Federal Government in the United States: Division of Power

In the United States, the Constitution created the federal system by limiting the activities of the national
government to a few areas, such as collecting taxes, providing for defense, borrowing money on credit,
regulating commerce, creating a currency, establishing post offices and post roads, granting patents,
creating lower courts, and declaring war. The 10th amendment of the Constitution, on the other hand,
gave all other powers to the states. As a result, any specific power not given to the Federal government
is a power of the state government. The chart explains which powers are given to the federal
government and which are given to state governments. Example
We need a limited government, because all of the power should not be solely in the hands of on person,
or one group of people, we should have different people working together to better the entire
community.

Life Without a GovernmentA condition in which there is no government is called a state of nature, there
are no laws yet made, no agreement among people, there would be no social contract and no
government, however, the laws of nature or natural rights (life, liberty, and property) would always be
in play.

A government that has restrictions dictating what it can and can't do to the people it governs.

A government where the people are guaranteed certain rights that protect them from the potential
buses of government.

What we need to ensure our protection...

A limited government and an unlimited government.

So why is government important to a society?

A government that has no restrictions dictating what it can and can't do to the people it governs.

A government where the people are not given rights that protect them fro potential abuses of
government.

This movie was about a group of young boys that got stranded on an island with no food, water, or any
means of transportation. Their guide had a serious brain injury. There was no authority, no leadership
and they were all frightened. Ralph, one of the boys was elected leader on the spot, everyone yelled out
his name and agreed to elect him leader. The boys all got along for a few days under the leadership of
Ralph, but soon the group of boys started to split into two. Jack, another boy that was stranded as well
wanted to hunt and play games, he gathered the older boys with him and ran off from the initial group,
causing the other boys to be confused and angry. The two group of boys did not get along at all at this
point, both group wanted different things. While Ralph was focused on getting rescued, Jack was
focused on having fun, even if this fun involved hurting other people. The two groups fought countless
times and killed a few of the boys, until miraculously, a naval officer, who saves them all. This movie
shows what could happen if we did not have a government.

Types of Governments

John Locke was a political philosopher who wanted to find out what the purpose of government was. He
imagined what life would be like in a perfect world if we did not have government, everyone would get
along and there would be no crime committed, however, because of human nature (traits of personality
and character that people possess), someone is bound to gain power and then abuse it. We need
guidelines to follow, we become selfish and that leads to conflict.

Limited Government A democracy: multiple branches to equal out the power.

protects our rights, fair trails, checks and balances

Example

John LockeGovernment keeps everyone save. A social contract signed between the government and the
people ensures that the government will protect the people as long as the people let the government do
what is best for them, such as making laws. Without a government, there would be even more crime in
the world than there is now, so many people would be killed or injured and nobody would get along.
With a government, we have to abide by their rules and in return they protect our natural rights.

Unlimited Government

The Purpose of Government

Lord of the Flies

John Locke used the idea of a ‘state of nature’ to try to establish and figure out what the purpose of
government should be because in a perfect world, without a government, this is what would happen,
not every person is perfect, or good. A government protects our natural rights and we need them to be
protected. Locke trusted the people to govern themselves in a state of nature, he also took into account
for the strong and the smart overpowering the weak (checks and balances).

We need a social contract, a social contract is an agreement where the people create and live under a
government and give it the power to make and enforce laws, the social contract is the consent, we are
agreeing to that consent by living by the social contract and in turn we are trusting that the
government's work will be legitimate.

The purpose of our Federal Government, as found in the Preamble of the Constitution, is to "establish
Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and
secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselveGovernment creates many laws to follow for the sake of the
people's safety and order.

Government imposing taxes for the projects,healthcare, education, infrastructure and other expenses
spend.

Government assures the people protect their rights.

Government punishes and corrects any lawbreaking citizen back to the civil life.

And,of course, Government defending the country from any threat comes(including anarchy and
terrorism).

That's why Government is important to us.s and our posterity." Government in a democracy is
essentially a conservative institution. It is responsible for creating and sustaining markets, enforcing
contracts, protecting private property, and producing systems of education and infrastructure that allow
commerce to function efficiently.
The current conventional wisdom that liberals are pro-government and conservatives are anti- is
frequently traced to President Ronald Reagan’s often-invoked notion that government is the problem,
not the solution. But when you read Reagan’s first inaugural address, delivered in 1981 in the middle of
a crushing recession, what he actually said was this: “In this present crisis, government is not the
solution to our problem; government is the problem.” This was not a blanket condemnation of
government, but a reaction to a specific situation in which the federal government seemed particularly
ineffective. Reagan went on to say that “it’s not my intention to do away with government. It is rather to
make it work.”

Near the end of his speech, Reagan invoked the first Republican president, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln had
his own clear and, I think, conservative ideas of government. He wrote that government should do the
things that individuals could not do for themselves, including “maintaining roads, bridges and the like”
and dealing with “noncompliance with contracts.”

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Our ‘Policy’ Fantasy

Lincoln’s lawyer-like invocation of the evils of contract noncompliance hints at a theme that Governing
columnist Alex Marshall has made explicit in his most recent book. In The Surprising Design of Market
Economies, Marshall demonstrates that free markets are created by, and cannot exist without,
governments. Governments, he writes, create the legal framework trading requires, provide police and
courts to enforce laws and contracts, and build the “commons” -- roads, bridges, ports and other
facilities necessary for commerce.

The relationship of government to markets is an ongoing one that requires continual intervention from
government to maintain order and stability. This is because markets are inherently disruptive. The term
“creative destruction,” used by Joseph Schumpeter in his 1942 book Capitalism, Socialism and
Democracy, describes “the process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic
structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one.” Schumpeter
thought that the creative-destructive processes inherent in capitalism would eventually lead to its
destruction. The fact that this has not occurred -- or at least not yet -- is the result of government’s
continuing ability to intervene, moderating the disruptive impacts of the ever-changing market
economy.
20

Tinuturing suliraning panlipunan ang kakapusan o kakulangan pagkat ito ay problemang hingil sa
ekonomiya na pagkakaroon ng walang hanganan na pangangailangan sa mundong may limit na likas na
yaman.....

30Ang bawat tao ay may pangangailangan, ngunit hindi lahat ng kanyang pangangailangan ay
matutugunan dahil sa limitadong pinag-kukunang yaman. At dahil dito, kinakailangang maging matalino
ang isang nagdedesisyon sa pag-pili ng kanyang mga bibilihin kung ito ba ay pangangailangan o
kagustuhan.Nararapat lamang na malaman ng isang mamimili kung ano ang dapat at di dapat niyang
bilihin.