Semester 1 – Benchmark

Graphing
Type of Graph Best use for this graph
Bar Graph A bar graph is best used for comparing
data quickly and easily.

DV

IV

Pie Graph A pie or circle graph is best used for

showing percentages (%). Must = 100%.

100%

Line Graph A line graph is best used for looking at

changes over time.

DV

IV
Hypothesis
IV & Variables

If IV then DV .
Independent Variable (IV) is the variable being tested, the one the experimenter changes.
Dependent Variable (DV) is the variable that is being measured, by the experimenter.

Metric Units
Basic Units Tool Used
Length (distance between 2 points) meter (m) Metric ruler
Mass (amount of matter in an object) gram (g) Triple beam balance
Volume (amount of space an object takes up) cm3 Graduated cylinder or equation
Temperature Celsius (oC) Metric thermometer

Metric Scale g (gram)

m (meter)
k (kilo) h (hecto) da (deca) L (liter) d (deci) c (centi) m (milli)

Important Scientists
Robert Hooke first observed cells in cork under a microscope.
Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow all helped in the development of the Cell Theory.

Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the smallest form of life.
3. All cells come from other cells.

Cells & Cell Parts

Prokaryotic cells are one-celled, have no nucleus, and are typically bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells are multi-celled, have a nucleus, and are animals, plants, etc.

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and makes energy for the cell.
Ribosomes make proteins for the cell.
The nucleus directs the cell’s activities.
Chloroplasts are green food-making structures within plant cells.
Endoplasmic Reticula are tubular passageways that carry proteins through the cell.
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance in the cell.
Vacuoles store substances in a cell.