****SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY****

A
Project Report
submitted
in partial fulfilment
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in Department of Electrical Engineering

by

Zaki Ahmed
16E1JGEEM40P017

Under the supervision of

Aniva Sharma
(HOD of EE Department)

JNIT
Department of Electrical Engineering

JaganNath Gupta Institute of

Engineering & Technology
Jaipur
Augest 2019
Annexure - 1

Candidate Declaration

I, Zaki ahmed hereby declare that the work presented in this report
entitled “ Smart grid technology ” in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology,
submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Jagannath
Gupta institute of Engineering & technoloogy , Jaipur, is an authentic
record of my own work under the supervision of a Aniva sharma(HOD
of EE Department)

I also declare that the work embodied in the present project report is my
original work/extension of the existing work and has not been copied
from any Journal/thesis/book, and has not been submitted by me for any
other Degree/Diploma.

(Zaki Ahmed)

Enrolment No: 16E1JGEEM40P017

Date:- Augest 2019

Annexure – II

Certificate of the Supervisor(s)

This is to certify that the project report entitled “Smart grid

technology”submitted by for the award of Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in the Department of Electrical Engineering of Jagannath
Gupta institute of Engineering & Technology, Jaipur, is a record of
authentic work carried out by him/her under my/our supervision.

The matter embodied in this project report is the original work of the
candidate and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree
or diploma. It is further certified that he/she has worked with me/us for
the required period in the Department of Electrical Engineering of
Jagannath Gupta institute of Engineering & Technology, Jaipur.

(Aniva Sharma)

Date:- Augest 2019

 Acknowledgements

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my project guide

“ANIVA SHARMA” for giving me the opportunity to work on this
topic. It would never be possible for us to take this project to this level
without his innovative ideas and his relentless support and
encouragement.

Zaki Ahmed
16EJGEE017
 Abstract

The smart grid, which is known as the next-generation power grid, uses
Two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely
Distributed automated energy delivery network. This article is a survey
of smart grid literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the
smart grid. In this paper, three major systems are explored namely the
smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the
smart protection system. Possible future directions are also proposed in
each system. For the smart infrastructure system, we specifically
explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem,
and the smart communication subsystem. Various management
objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand,
maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission are explored
for the smart management system and for the smart protection system,
various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of
the smart grid, and the security and privacy issues in the smart grid are
explored.

Keywords: - Smart grid. Power grid. Security. Privacy.

 CONTENTS
1. Introduction.
Objectives and motivation.
2. History.
Brief history of smart grid.
First Cities with Smart Grids
3. Smart grid
Definition
4. Smart grid drives.
5. Smart grid technologies.
6. Key Characteristics of Smart Grid.
7. Smart Grid and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources.
Key characteristics
• Case Study: Asia Solar Energy Initiative Example.
8. Steps to performing a smart grid cost/ benefit analysis.
Cost analysis.
9. Indian Government Initiatives toward a Smart Grid.
India Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF)
• Functions
India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF)
Distribution Reform, Upgrades, and Management (DRUM)
Re-Structured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms
Program (R-APDRP)
10. Smart Gird Initiatives- Overseas
11. How Does Smart Grid Benefit Different Stakeholders?
12. Smart Grid Projects in India.
 Running.
Upcoming.
13. Barriers to Implementation
14. Overview of Smart Grid Technology and Its Operation and
Application
Smart Grid Components.
Key Considerations for Integrated Communication.
Benefits of Smart Grid.
Disadvantages of Smart Grid.
15. Aims and need of the smart grid
Aims.
Needs.
16. Referance
1. INTRODUCTION
Objectives And Motivation:-
Traditionally, the term grid is used for an electricity system that
may support all or Some of the following four operations:
electricity generation, electricity transmission,electricity
distribution, and electricity control.
A smart grid (SG), also called smart electrical or power grid,
intelligent grid, intelligrid, future grid, intergrid, or intragrid, is an
enhanced version of the twentieth century power network.
Carrying power from a few central generators to a large number of
users or customers is one of the main and general usage of the
traditional power grids. In contrast, the SG uses two-way flows of
electricity and information to create an automated control and
distributed advanced energy delivery network. A brief comparison
between the existing grid and the SG is presented in Table 1. Using
newly introduced information technologies, the SG is capable of
delivering power in more efficient ways and responding to wide
ranging conditions and events. The SG could respond to events
that take place anywhere in the power grid, such as power
generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption, and
accord the corresponding predefined strategies. As an example,
once a medium voltage transformer failure event happens in the
distribution grid, the SG may automatically change the power flow
and recover the power delivery service. Let us perceive another
example of demand profile shaping. Since lowering peak demand
and smoothing demand profile decrease the total plant and capital
cost requirements, in the peak period the electric utility can
activate real-time pricing to ensure some users to reduce their
power demands; so that the total demand profile full of peaks can
be shaped to a daintily smoothed demand profile. More
specifically, the SG can be regarded as an electric system that uses
information, two-way, cyber-secure communication technologies,
 and computational intelligence in an integrated method across
electricity generation, transmission, substations, distribution and
consumption to achieve a system that is clean, safe, secure,
reliable, recessive, effectiveness, and sustainable. This description
covers the entire spectrum.

Existing Grid Smart Grid

Table 1 A brief comparison between the existing grid and the smart
grid

of the energy system from the generation to the end points of utilization
of the electricity. A “smart grid” is simply an advanced electrical
distribution system that has the capability to balance electrical loads
from diverse, and often intermittent, alternative energy generation
sources. One key component of the “smart grid” is the capacity to store
electrical energy; this allows the demand from consumers to be met.

The ultimate SG is a vision. It is an integration of complementary

sections, subsystems, functions, and services under the control of highly
intelligent management and control systems. Given the extensive view
of the SG research, different researchers may express different points of
view for the SG due to different concentrations and plans. According to
this introduction, in this paper, three major systems in SG are discussed
to from a technical view:

Smart infrastructure system:

The smart infrastructure system is the energy, information, and
communication infrastructure underlying of the SG that supports:-
1. advanced electricity generation, delivery, and utilization;
2. advanced information metering, monitoring, and management; and
3.advanced technologies in communication.

Smart management system:

The smart management system is the subsystem in SG that prepared
advanced management and control tasks.

Smart protection system:

This section is the subsystem in SG that provides advanced grid
reliability and safety analysis, failure protection, and security and
privacy protection services.
2. HISTORY
Brief History of Smart Grid
Commercialization of electric power began early in the 21th
century. With the light bulb revolution and the promise of the
electric motor, demand for electric power exploded, sparking the
rapid development of an effective distribution system. At first,
small utility companies provided power to local industrial plants
and private communities. Some larger businesses even generated
their own power. Seeking greater efficiency and distribution, utility
companies pooled their resources, sharing transmission lines and
quickly forming electrical networks called grids. George
Westinghouse boosted the industry with his hydroelectric power
plant in Niagara Falls. His was the first to provide power over long
distances, extending the range of power plant positioning. He also
proved electricity to be the most effective form of power
transmission. As the utility business expanded, local grids grew
increasingly interconnected, eventually forming the three national
grids that provide power to nearly every denizen of the continental
US. The Eastern Interconnect, the Western Interconnect, and the
Texas Interconnect are linked themselves and form what we refer
to as the national power grid. Technological improvements of the
power system largely raised in the 51s and 61s, post World War II.
Nuclear power, computer controls, and other developments helped
fine tune the grid’s effectiveness and operability. Although today’s
technology has flown light-years into the future, the national power
grid has not kept up pace with modernization. The grid has evolved
little over the past fifty years.
The government is keen on overhauling the current electrical
system to 21st century standards. With today’s technology, the
power grid can become a smart grid, capable of recording,
analyzing and reacting to transmission data, allowing for more
efficient management of resources, and more cost-effective
appliances for consumers. This project requires major equipment
upgrades, rewiring, and implementation of new technology. The
process will take time, but improvements have already begun to
surface. Miami will be the first major city with a smart grid
system. We are witnessing a new stage of technological evolution,
taking us into a brighter, cleaner future.
Smart grid technologies have emerged from earlier attempts at
using electronic control, metering, and monitoring. In the
1981s, Automatic meter reading was used for monitoring loads
from large customers, and evolved into the Advanced Metering
Infrastructure of the 1991s, whose meters could store how
electricity was used at different times of the day. Smart meters add
continuous communications so that monitoring can be done in real
time, and can be used as a gateway to demand response-aware
devices and “smart sockets” in the home. Early forms of
such Demand side management technologies were dynamic
demand aware devices that passively sensed the load on the grid by
monitoring changes in the power supply frequency. Devices such
as industrial and domestic air conditioners, refrigerators and
heaters adjusted their duty cycle to avoid activation during times
the grid was suffering a peak condition. Beginning in 2111, Italy’s
Telegestore Project was the first to network large numbers (27
million) of homes using such smart meters connected via low
bandwidth power line communication. Recent projects
use Broadband over Power Line (BPL) communications, or
wireless technologies such as mesh networking that is advocated as
providing more reliable connections to disparate devices in the
home as well as supporting metering of other utilities such as gas
and water.
Monitoring and synchronization of wide area networks were
revolutionized in the early 1991s when the Bonneville Power
Administration expanded its smart grid research with
prototype sensors that are capable of very rapid analysis of
anomalies in electricity quality over very large geographic areas.
The culmination of this work was the first operational Wide Area
Measurement System (WAMS) in 2111. Other countries are
rapidly integrating this technology China will have a
comprehensive national WAMS system when its current 5-year
economic plan is complete in 2112.

First Cities with Smart Grids

The earliest, and still largest, example of a smart grid is the Italian
system installed by Enel S.p.A. of Italy. Completed in 2115, the
Telegestore project was highly unusual in the utility world because
the company designed and manufactured their own meters, acted
as their own system integrator, and developed their own system
software. The Telegestore project is widely regarded as the first
commercial scale use of smart grid technology to the home, and
delivers annual savings of 511 million euro at a project cost of 2.1
billion euro.
In the US, the city of Austin, Texas has been working on building
its smart grid since 2113, when its utility first replaced 1/3 of its
manual meters with smart meters that communicate via a wireless
mesh network. It currently manages 211,111 devices real-time
(smart meters, smart thermostats, and sensors across its service
area), and expects to be supporting 511,111 devices real-time in
2119 servicing 1 million consumers and 43,111
businesses. Boulder, Colorado completed the first phase of its
smart grid project in August 2118. Both systems use the smart
meter as a gateway to the home automation network (HAN) that
controls smart sockets and devices. Some HAN designers favor
decoupling control functions from the meter, out of concern of
future mismatches with new standards and technologies available
from the fast moving business segment of home electronic devices.

Hydro One, in Ontario, Canada is in the midst of a large-scale

Smart Grid initiative, deploying a standards-compliant
communications infrastructure from Trilliant. By the end of 2111,
the system will serve 1.3 million customers in the province of
Ontario. The initiative won the “Best AMR Initiative in North
America” award from the Utility Planning Network. The City
of Mannheim in Germany is using real time Broadband Power line
(BPL) communications in its Model City Mannheim “MoMa”
project adelaide in Australia also plans to implement a localized
green Smart Grid electricity network in the Tonsely Park
redevelopment.

InovGrid is an innovative project in Evora that aims to equip the

electricity grid with information and devices to automate grid
management, improve service quality, reduce operating costs,
promote energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, and
increase the penetration of renewable energies and electric
vehicles. It will be possible to control and manage the state of the
entire electricity distribution grid at any given instant, allowing
suppliers and energy services companies to use this technological
platform to offer consumers information and added-value energy
products and services. This project to install an intelligent energy
grid places Portugal and EDP at the cutting edge of technological
innovation and service provision in Europe.
3. SMART GRID
Definition - What does Smart Grid mean?
A smart grid is an electricity network based on digital technology
that is used to supply electricity to consumers via two-way digital
communication. This system allows for monitoring, analysis,
control and communication within the supply chain to help
improve efficiency, reduce energy consumption and cost, and
maximize the transparency and reliability of the energy supply
chain. The smart grid was introduced with the aim of overcoming
the weaknesses of conventional electrical grids by using smart net
meters.
Many government institutions around the world have been
encouraging the use of smart grids for their potential to control and
deal with global warming, emergency resilience and energy
independence scenarios.

Smart grid technology is an extended form of analog technology

that has also been introduced for controlling the use of appliances
by employing two-way communication. However, the prevalence
of Internet access in most homes has made the smart grid more
practically reliable to implement. Smart grid devices transmit
information in such a way that enables ordinary users, operators
and automated devices to quickly respond to changes in smart grid
condition systems.

Smart grid is equally advantageous for enterprises, retail stores,

hospitals, universities and multinational corporations. The entire
smart grid system is automated for tracking the electricity
consumption at all the locations. Grid architecture is also combined
with energy management software for estimating the energy
consumption and its associated cost for a specific enterprise.
Generally, electricity prices increase along with demand. By
 providing consumers with information about current consumption
and energy prices, smart grid energy management services help to
minimize the consumption during high-cost, peak-demand times.

A modern smart grid system has the following capabilities:

• It can repair itself.

• It encourages consumer participation in grid operations.
• It ensures a consistent and premium-quality power supply that
resists power leakages.
• It allows the electricity markets to grow and make business.
• It can be operated more efficiently.

A smart grid’s key features include:

• Load Handling: The sum/total of the power grid load is not stable
and it varies over time. In case of heavy load, a smart grid system
can advise consumers to temporarily minimize energy
consumption.
• Demand Response Support: Provides users with an automated way
to reduce their electricity bills by guiding them to use low-priority
electronic devices when rates are lower.
• Decentralization of Power Generation: A distributed or
decentralized grid system allows the individual user to generate
onsite power by employing any appropriate method at his or her
discretion.
4. Smart Grid Drivers
The drivers for change are both external to the network, like preparing
for a low-carbon future by reducing greenhouse gas, as well as internal,
like the need for replacement of an ageing infrastructure.

Fig: Smart Grid Drivers

5. Smart Grid Technologies
The many smart grid technology areas – each consisting of sets of
individual technologies – span the entire grid, from generation through
transmission and distribution to various types of electricity
consumers. Some of the technologies are actively being deployed and
are considered mature in both their development and application, while
others require further development and demonstration.

Fig: Overview of Smart Grid Technology

6. Key Characteristics of Smart Grid
Smart grid might be defined by its capabilities and operational
characteristics rather than by the use of any particular technology.
Deployment of smart grid technologies will occur over a long period of
time, adding successive layers of functionality and capability onto
existing equipment and systems. Technology is the key consideration to
build smart grids and it can be defined by broader characteristics.

Fig: Key Characteristics of Smart Grid

7. Smart Grid and Integration of
Renewable Energy Sources.
Renewable-energy resources vary widely in type and scalability. They
include biomass, waste, geothermal, hydro, solar, and wind. Renewable-
energy resources can be used for standalone or islanded (system
isolated) power generation, but their benefits are greatly enhanced when
they are integrated into broader electric power grids. With greater use of
smart grid technologies, higher degrees and rates of penetration can be
accommodated. Each resource is different from the grid’s perspective
and some are easier to integrate than others. Variable generation,
provided by many renewable-energy sources, can be a challenge to
electric system operations, but when used in conjunction with smart grid
approaches, responsive distributed generation also can be a benefit to
system operations if coordinated to relieve stress in the system.
Key characteristics of renewable resources that impact their
integration into power grids are their size (generation capacity as
compared to other sources of power generation on a system), their
location (both geographically and with respect to network topology), and
their variability (minute by- minute, daily, seasonally, and
intermittently).
Smart grid technology can control renewable resources to effect
changes in the grid’s operating conditions and can provide additional
benefits as distributed generation assets or when installed at the
transmission level. Small, electricity-generating systems located at or
near the place where the energy is used and connected at the distribution
level are referred to as distributed generation. Residential-scale wind and
solar energy projects are examples of distributed generation. Distributed
generation assets can support weak grids, adding grid voltage and
improving power quality. Having generation close to load can reduce
transmission losses and infrastructure costs and can support the
operation of local islands of electricity to reduce impacts of wide scale
black-outs.
Smart grid technologies and concepts can significantly reduce barriers to
the integration of renewable resources and allow power grids to support
a greater percentage of variable renewable resources. Enabling smart
grid technology, such as distributed storage, demand response, advanced
sensing, control software, information infrastructure, and market signals,
increases the ability to influence and balance supply and demand. With
smart grid technology, grid operators can better coordinate and control
the system in response to grid conditions, thus allowing integration of
increasingly greater levels of renewable resources more effectively and
at lower cost.
Case Study: Asia Solar Energy Initiative Example
In May 2010, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) announced its Asia
Solar Energy Initiative (ASEI) to generate 3,000 MW of solar power
over the coming three years in Asia and the Pacific region (ADB2010).
The initiative is encouraging the development of the associated
transmission and distribution systems with smart meters and storage
batteries to support the integration of largescale solar PV and
concentrated solar thermal projects, urban solar PV, and off-grid solar
PV and battery projects. Before the ASEI was started, the region had
less than 500 MW of installed solar capacity. The capacity is expected to
reach 1,000 MW by the end of 2011 before the final goal of 3,000 MW
is achieved in May 2013, three years from the launch of the initiative
(Eco-Business 2010).
8. Steps to performing a smart grid
cost/ benefit analysis
Smart grid initiatives are taking place all over the world that are utilizing
advanced technologies in order to optimize the performance of the
power system to the benefit of consumers and society at large, as well as
utilities.
Step 1: Define the research problem
The first step in the cost/benefit analysis process is to define the research
problem or opportunity that prompted the project. This statement will
define the project goals and objectives and specify what needs to be
measured for their achievement.
Step 2: Identify technology to be deployed
Identifying the functions needed, inform the selection of technologies
that can be deployed to provide those functions.
Step 3: Develop a research plan and measurement and verification
protocols
Developing a detailed research plan is the pivotal step in the process.
The research plan should incorporate the following Establish the
baseline – What would have resulted, if the experimental treatment had
not been applied?
Specify the experimental design – How will the technology be
operated to isolate its impact from other influences? How will its
performance be measured? What other factors might affect performance
or need to be tracked?
Measurement and verification protocols – Identify performance
metrics for both the baseline and the experimental treatment.
Step 4: Measure project benefits and costs
The steps involve calculating project impacts by beneficiary group,
converting physical impacts to monetary values, and identifying
functions that create benefits for multiple stakeholders. It is important to
ensure that all benefits are properly accounted for, and to avoid double
counting benefits when calculating total benefits across all groups.
Step 5: Perform a cost/benefit analysis and communicate results
Ultimately, great value can be extracted from the demonstrations by
aggregating the results to understand the system-wide costs and benefits
of smart grids around the world. Communicating results to all
beneficiaries will also facilitate wide-scale understanding of smart grid
technology.
To maximize learning opportunities from smart grid demonstration
projects, the cost/benefit analysis should ensure:

• Transferability of results - Projects, individually as well as part of a

larger portfolio, should produce results that can be extrapolated to other
technical and market circumstances.

• Advancing the understanding of where, how, and why smart grid

technologies perform as they do.

• Smart grid technologies are deployed in a manner that maximizes

benefits to consumers, utilities, and society.

Cost Analysis
The typical costs associated with the smart grid are categorized
according to the elements and functions they provide. The major cost
items are:

• Cost of project design and feasibility studies

• Cost of program management
 • Cost of setting up infrastructure to enable two-way communications
between the consumer and the utility; this will include the costs of the
communications medium (e.g., fiber optic, PLC), installing sensors,
monitoring equipment, and software, and an online tracking
mechanism

• Cost of purchasing and installing the smart meters

• Costs for in-home devices and customer information systems

• Training and development of key staff.

It is difficult to provide a more specific sense of costs because most of the

utilities in the US and Europe are still in the initial stages of implementing
smart metering, so the actual costs of deployment are not available.
However, from the estimated cost proposals submitted by various US
utilities (such as PG&E and Allegheny Power), the total capital invested
tends to vary from $250 to $600 per meter installed. It is notable that the
range provided by utilities is wide and hence estimating a reasonable cost
based on this range is not prudent.

Some key variables that can have a major impact on costs are also worth
noting:

• Size of the project, which is determined by the number of transmission

and distribution lines
in the grid, and number of buildings to be covered

• Strength and compatibility of the existing infrastructure, if the project

is not a green field project

• Ability to forecast the schedule of generation for that area.

9. Indian Government Initiatives toward
a Smart Grid
India Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF)
The Government of India formed the India Smart Grid Task Force in
2010 as an inter-ministerial group and will serve as the government focal
point. It is a body composed of officials from different government
departments and is primarily meant for understanding and advocating
policies in smart grid technologies.
Major functions of the ISGTF are:
a. Ensure awareness, coordination, and integration of diverse activities
related to smart grid technologies
b. Promote practices and services for R&D of smart grids
c. Coordinate and integrate other relevant intergovernmental activities
d. Collaborate on an interoperability framework
e. Review and validate recommendations from the India Smart Grid
Forum.
India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF)
The Government of India also formulated the India Smart Grid Forum in
2010 as a non-profit, voluntary consortium of public and private
stakeholders with the prime objective of accelerating development of
smart grid technologies in the Indian power sector. The ISGF has roles
and responsibilities complementary to the ISGTF.
The goal of the Forum is to help the Indian power sector to deploy Smart
Grid technologies in an efficient, cost-effective, innovative and scalable
manner by bringing together all the key stakeholders and enabling
technologies.
 The India Smart Grid Forum will coordinate and cooperate with
relevant global and Indian bodies to leverage global experience and
standards where ever available or helpful, and will highlight any gaps in
the same from an Indian perspective.

Fig: Information flow and hierarchy diagram of the ISGTF and the ISGF
Distribution Reform, Upgrades, and Management
(DRUM)
The Ministry of Power, Government of India, and the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID)–India jointly designed the
Distribution Reform, Upgrades and Management (DRUM) Project with
the purpose of demonstrating “the best commercial and technological
practices that improve the quality and reliability of 'last mile' power
distribution in selected urban and rural distribution circles in the
country.” The project is in synch with the Indian Government's policy on
power sector reforms, the Electricity Act of 2003, and the Re-Structured
Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Program (R-APDRP)
scheme.
The overall programmatic goal of the DRUM Project is to demonstrate
commercially viable electricity distribution systems that provide reliable
power of sufficient quality to consumers and to establish a commercial
framework and a replicable methodology adopted by India’s financial
institutions for providing non-recourse financing of DRUM activities
and programs.
Re-Structured Accelerated Power Development and
Reforms Program (R-APDRP)
Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, as a part of Reforms in the Power
Sector, has launched the RAPDRP in the XI Five year Plan. The focus of
the program is on the actual demonstrable performance in terms of
AT&C loss reduction, establishment of the reliable and automated
sustainable systems for collection of base line data, adoption of
information technology in the areas of electricity accounting, Consumer
care and strengthening of Distribution network of State Power Utilities.
Projects under the scheme shall be taken up in two parts. Part-A shall
include the projects for nestablishment of baseline data and IT
applications for energy accounting/auditing & IT based consumer
service centers. Part-B shall include regular distribution strengthening
projects.
10. Smart Gird Initiatives- Overseas
USA
• In December 2007, Congress passed, and the President approved, Title
XIII of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA).
EISA provided the legislative support for DOE’s smart grid activities
and reinforced its role in leading and coordinating national grid
modernization efforts.

• Smart grids received further support with the passage of the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which set aside $11 billion for
the creation of a smart grid.

• As of end-March 2012, the Smart Grid Investment Grant program

(SGIG) had provided close to $3 billion for smart metering, $1 billion
for electricity systems, and roughly a half billion dollars each for electric
transmission and customer systems. More than 10.8 million smart
meters--8 percent of all electricity meters in the United States—have
been newly installed in the program, and 287 networked phasor
measurement units (PMUs).
China
• As the leading player in the construction of the smart grid in China, the
SGCC has played a positive role in carrying out pilot projects by means
of independent investment and public tendering. It is estimated that the
SGCC will invest a total of 1 trillion Chinese Yuan ($100.8 billion) by
2020 across the three phases of its power grid plan.

• In 2010 Beijing Electric Power Company worked together with

Shenzhen State Power Technology Communication Co., Ltd. to establish
a pilot project in Shunyi Hua Zhong Yuan Resort with a smart grid of
five energy sources, including natural gas, solar power, battery, grid-
connected inverter, and electric power.
Germany
• E-Energy – The Internet of Energy initiative.

• 6 pilot projects in 6 regions.

• Govt mandated all buildings to be equipped with Smart Meters from

2010 and Demand Response program from 2011.

• Smart Grid investment by 2020 estimated at €40 B.

Japan
• Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) announced a recovery plan
which includes the installation of 17 million smart meters in households
by 2018 and 27 million meters for all residential customers by 2023.

• METI emphasizes measures to smart grid-related technology

developments and demonstration projects. For example, METI has a
budget of 12.6 billion Yen (USD 157 million) in 2012 for large- scale
demonstration projects, the “Smart

• Community Demonstration” in four cities in Japan. In addition, 8.9

billion yen (USD 111 million) in 2012 is reserved for the development
of stable power grids by utilizing advanced technologies.
11. How Does Smart Grid Benefit
Different Stakeholders?
Various stakeholder groups will benefit from the smart grid in different
ways:

Fig: Benefit Analysis of Smart Grid on Various Stakeholders

12. Smart Grid Projects in India
Running/Implemented.

Fig: Major Initiatives taken for Smart Grid Implementation in

India
Agency
Details
 Upcoming/Proposed
ISGTF has shortlisted 14 Smart Grid pilot projects for Power
Distribution segment on January 2013 as compared to the 8 planned
initially, the number of projects have been increased to expand the scope
of these pilots to reflect diversity in project profiles. The projects will
receive fund under the R-APDRP and a matching financial support from
the states.

Fig: List of 14 shortlisted smart grid pilot projects by ISGTF

13. Barriers to Implementation
The barriers to implementing the so-called smart grid in India are much
the same as those that have stymied power sector reform ever since
market liberalization was first announced nearly 20 years ago. The
problems that afflict India’s power sector are many and serious, and are
very well known to policy makers, industry experts and, indeed, the
general public.
Mainly seven barriers are holding back the implementation of smart
grids; none of which are ninsurmountable. The paramount issue is a
regulatory framework that is out of sync with today’s industry needs and
society’s broader environmental objectives.

Fig: Barriers to Smart Grid Implementation

14. Overview
view oof Smart Grid Technology
Techno
and Itss Oper
Operation and Applicatio
lication
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decarbonizes electricity supply to replace
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and analysis within the supsupply chain. This system can find nd the solution
to the problems very quick
quickly in an existed system that can an reduce
red the
workforce and it will ll targe
targets sustainable, reliable, safe and
nd quality
qua
electricity to all consumer
sumers.
Overview
w of S
Smart Grid Technology

Fig: Overv
Overview of Smart Grid Technology
The smart grid can be define
defined as a smart electrical network
k that combines
electrical network and smart digital communication technology.
ology. A smart
grid has capable of providin
oviding electrical power from multiplele and widely
distributed sources, likee from wind turbines, solar power systems
stems, and
perhaps even plug-in hybrid
ybrid electric vehicles.

Smart Grid Components

To achieve a moderni
dernized smart grid, a wide range of techno
echnologies
should be developed
oped aand must be implemented. These technologies
techn
generally grouped
d into following key technology areas as discussed
dis
below.
pliances: Intelligent appliances havee capable
• Intelligent Applianc capa of
deciding when to con
consume energy based on customer er pre-set
pr
preferences. This
his can lead to going away along toward
ward reducing
r
peak loads which
ich ha
have an impact on electricity generatio
neration costs.
For example, smart
mart ssensors, like temperature sensor
or which
whi is used
in thermal stations
ions to control the boiler temperaturee based
base on
predefined temperatu
perature levels.

Fig: Smart Grid Components

 ons: substations are included monitoring
• Smart Substations: toring and
control non-critical
itical aand critical operational data such
ch as power
status, power factor
actor pperformance, breaker, security,, transformer
trans
status, etc. substation
stations are used to transform voltage ge at several
s
times in many locati
locations, that providing safe and reliable
liable delivery
of energy. Smartart sub
substations are also necessary forr splitting
splitt the
path of electricity
city flo
flow into many directions. Substations
tations require
large and very expen
expensive equipment to operate, includin
cluding
transformers, switch
switches, capacitor banks, circuit breakers
eakers, a network
protected relayss and several others.

Fig: Smart Substations

cting Cables: These are used to provide

• Super Conducting vide long
l
distance powerr trans
transmission, and automated monitoring
toring and
analysis tools capabl
capable of detecting faults itself or even
ven predicting
p
cable and failures
res ba
based on real-time data weather,, and the
t outage
history.
 mmunications: The key to a smart grid technology
• Integrated commun te
is integrated commu
munications. It must be as fast as enough
enoug to real-
time needs of the sys
system. Depending upon the need, d, Many
Ma
different technologie
ologies are used in smart grid communica
unication
like Programmable
able L
Logic Controller (PLC), wireless,
cellular, SCADA A (Su
(Supervisory Control and Data Acquis
cquisition), and
BPL.Key Considerat
siderations for Integrated Communication
cation.

Fig:SCADA
 Key Consider
nsiderations for Integrated Communica
unication
• Ease of deployment
ment
• Latency
• Standards
• Data carrying capaci
capacity
• Secure
• Network coverage
rage ca
capability

Fig: Key Conside

onsiderations for Integrated Communicati
nication
Benefitss of Sm
Smart Grid:-
• Integrate isolated
ted tec
technologies: smart grid enables better energy
management
• Protective managem
agement of electrical network duringg emergency
eme
situation
• Better demand,, supp
supply/ demand response
• Better power quality
uality
• Reduce carbon emiss
emissions
• Increased demandand fo
for energy: Requires more complex
plex and
a critical
solutions with better energy management
• Renewable Integratio
egration
 Disadvantages of Smart Grid
• Privacy Problems
The biggest concern is Security in a smart grid system. Grid
system uses some smart meters, which are automated and provides
communication between power provider and customer. Here some
type of the smart meters can be easily hacked and they may control
the power supply of a single building or an entire neighborhood.
• Grid Volatility
Smart Grid network has much intelligence at its edges; that is, at
the entry point and at the end user’s meter. But the grid has
insufficient intelligence in the middle, governing the switching
functions. This lack of integrated development makes the grid a
volatile network. Engineering resources have been poured into
power generation and consumer energy consumption, which are
the edges of the network. However, if too many nodes are added to
the network before developing the software intelligence to control
it, the conditions will lead to a volatile smart grid.

• Applications of Smart Grid

Smart grid plays an important role in modern smart technologies.
Following are the most common applications of smart grid
technology.
 • Software Require
equirements
Keil compiler, Langua
nguage: Embedded C or Assembly

• Hardware Requir
equirements
Pre-programmed Mi Microcontroller (AT89C51/S52),, Energy
Ener Meter,
Max232, Resistors,
stors, GSM module, LCD (16×2), LED, Crystal
Oscillator, Capacitor
pacitors, Diodes, Transformer, Regulator,
lator, and Load.

• IOT Based Electric

lectricity Energy Meter Reading Throug hrough
Internet
The main objective
ctive oof this project is to develop an IOT (internet
( of
things) based energy meter reading displayed for units nits consumed
c
and cost for consump
nsumption, over the internet in the chart anda gauge
format.

Block Diagram of Sm
Smart Energy Meter IoT-based Energy
ergy Meter
M

In this project, we had

ad tak
taken a digital energy meter whose
se blinking
blin LED
signal is interfaced to a mi
microcontroller of 8051 familiess through
throu an
LDR. Per 1 unit, Thee blink
blinking LED flashes 3200 times. The LDRL sensor
gives an interrupt to the programmed microcontroller, at each time of the
meter LED flashes.
The microcontroller takes this reading and displays it on an LCD duly
interfaced to the microcontroller. This reading of the energy meter is
also sent to a GSM modem being fed by the microcontroller via level
shifter IC and RS232 link. A SIM used in the modem being internet
enabled transmits the data directly to a dedicated web page for display or
to the customer mobile phone, anywhere in the world in multi-level
graphical format.
AIM’SAND NEED OF SMART GRID

Aims of the Smart Grids-the Vision

• Establish innovation as an economical driver for the electricity networks renewal;
• Provide a user-centric approach and allow new services to enter into the market;
• Maintain security of supply, ensure integration and interoperability;
• Provide accessibility to a liberalized market and foster competition;
• Enable distributed generation and utilization of renewable energy sources;
• Ensure best use of central generation;
• Consider appropriately the impact of environmental limitations;
• Enable demand side participation (DSR, DSM);
• Inform the political and regulatory aspects;
• Consider the societal aspects.
•

Smart Grid and its Need

Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a
few facts about our infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone
of the modern civilization, a complex society with often
conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewer fossil fuels,
increased reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure
distribution with less maintenance, effective new construction and
efficient disaster reconstruction. But while demand for electricity
has risen drastically, its transmission is outdated and stressed. The
bottom line is that we are exacting more from a grid that is simply
not up to the task.
 References

1. Zahran M (2013) Smart grid technology, vision management

andcontrol. WSEAS transactions on systems, vol 12, Issue 1
2. Akyol B, Kirkham H, Clements S, Hadley M (2010) A survey of
wireless communications for the electric power system. Prepared
for the U.S, Department of Energy
3. Baumeister T (2010) Literature review on smart grid cyber
security,TechnicalReport. http://csdl.ics.hawaii.edu/techreports/10-
11/10-11.pdf
4. Brown HE, Suryanarayanan S (2009) A survey seeking a
definition of a smart distribution system. North American power
symposium’09, pp 1–7
5. Chen S, Song S, Li L, Shen J (2009) Survey on smart grid
technology (in Chinese). Power SystemTechnol 33(8):1–7
6. From google

Thankyou