Acid Radicals

Q.1.Which gas comes out when dil.H2SO4 is added to the following salts separately
and heated:i)carbonate ii)sulphite iii)sulphide iv)nitrite v)acetate
Q.2.Which gas is i)colourless having pungent odour and gives dense white fumes
with ammonia?ii)colourless with pungent odour and turns pot.dichromate
paper green?iii)colourless ,odourless and turns lime water milky but does not turn
pot.dichromate paper green?iv)colourless having smell of rotten eggs and
turns lead acetate paper black.
Q.3.With the confirmatory tests of which acid radicals are the following reagents
associated?a)chlorine water b)ferric chloride c)silver nitrate
Q.4.Why does AgCl dissolve in NH4OH?
Q.5.Why are HBr and HI not collected but HCl evolves?
Q.6.What are i)ring test ii)layer test iii)chromyl chloride test?Which of these
involve Redox reactions?
Q.7.What are amm.molybdate and phospho amm.molybdate?Where do you
come across them?What is oxi.no of Mo in them?
Q.8.Which alkaline earth metal sulphate has minimum solubility in water?
How do you precipitate it during acid radical analysis?

Class XI and XII

SALT ANALYSIS

Detection of Acid Radicals

1.Dil.H2SO4 group
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1. O.P + Dil .H2SO4 Brisk effervescence of a It may be
colourless,odourless gas. carbonate-CO32-
1.1 Pass the above gas It becomes milky.
through lime water
1.2 Pass it for a longer The milkiness disappears. Carbonate is
time. confirmed.
2. O.P + Dil H2SO4.heat A colourless gas with a It may be
smell of rotten eggs. sulphide-S2-
2.1 Expose a paper dipped Paper turns black. It confirms
in lead acetate solution sulphide-
to the gas.
3. O.P + Dil.H2SO4.heat A colourless gas with a It may be
smell of burning sulphur sulphite-SO32-.
or fire crackers.
3.1 Pass the gas through Milkiness appears first It may be
lime water for a short which disappears later. carbonate or
and a long time. sulphite
3.2 Expose a paper dipped The paper turns green. It confirms
in acid.potassium sulphite.
dichromate solution to
it.
4. O.P + Dil.H2SO4.heat Brown fumes come out It may be
nitrite-NO2-.
4.1 Expose a paper dipped The paper turns blue Nitrite is
in starch-iodide black. confirmed.
solution to it.
5. O.P + Dil.H2SO4.heat A smell of vinegar comes It may be
out. acetate-
CH3COO-.
5.1 Aq.solution of the A reddish brown ppt is Acetate is
salt+FeCl3 solution. obtained. confirmed.
5.2 Palm test-Take a pinch It gives smell of vinegar. Acetate is
of salt on your further
palm,add a pinch of confirmed.
oxalic acid to it and 2-
3 drops of water and
rub.
Page 1

Equations involved:
1.Test for carbonate
Na2CO3+ H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2↑ + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 ↓ +H2O
CaCO3+ CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
2.Test for sulphide
Na2S + H2 SO4 H2S↑ + Na2SO4
H2S + (CH3COO)2Pb CH3COOH ↑ +PbS ↓
Black
3.Test for sulphite
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + SO2 ↑ + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + SO2 CaSO3 ↓ +H2O
CaSO3+ SO2 + H2O Ca(HSO3)2 (aq)
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 (aq) + H2O
Green
4.Test for nitrite
NaNO2 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 +HNO2 + H2O
2HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO ↑ + H2O
2NO + O2 2NO2 ↑
Brown
2KI + 2NO2 2KNO2 + I2
I2 + Starch Blue complex of starch iodide
5.Test for acetate
CH3COONa + H2SO4 CH3COOH↑ + Na2SO4
3CH3COOH + FeCl3 (CH3COO)3Fe + 3HCl
Blood red colour
CH3COONa + (COOH)2 CH3COOH ↑ + (COONa)2
 Page 2

2.Conc.H2 SO4 group

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1. O.P + A colourless gas with a It may be
conc.H2SO4.heat pungent odour. chloride-Cl-
1.1 Bring a glass rod Dense white fumes are Chloride is
dipped in NH4OH produced. confirmed.
near the mouth of the
test tube.
1.2. Aq.solution + A white ppt
dil.HNO3 +AgNO3
solution.
White ppt + NH4OH Ppt dissolves.
Above solution + Ppt reappears. Chloride is
dil.HNO3 confirmed.
1.3. Chromyl chloride Orange Red fumes.
test
O.P + 4 times
K2Cr2O7(s) +
conc.H2SO4.heat
Orange red fumes Yellow solution is
passed through obtained.
NaOH solution
Yellow solution + Yellow ppt. Chloride is
Pb(CH3COO)2 confirmed.
solution.
1.4. O.P + MnO2 + Greenish yellow gas. Chloride is
conc.H2SO4.heat confirmed
2. O.P + Brown vapours It may be
conc.H2SO4.heat bromide-Br -
2.1 O.P + MnO2 + brown gas. bromide is
conc.H2SO4.heat confirmed
2.2 Aq.solution + A yellow ppt
dil.HNO3 +AgNO3
solution.
yellow ppt + NH4OH Ppt dissolves partially. Bromide is
confirmed.
2.4. Layer Test- Brown layer at the Bromide is
aq.solution+CCl4 or bottom. confirmed.
CHCl3 + Cl2 water in
excess.
3. O.P+conc.H2SO4.heat purple vapours It may be Iodide-
I-.
3.1 O.P + MnO2 + purple gas. Iodide is
conc.H2SO4.heat confirmed
Page 3
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
3.2 Aq.solution + A yellow ppt
dil.HNO3 +AgNO3
solution.
yellow ppt + Ppt does not dissolve. Iodide is
NH4OH confirmed.
3.3 Layer Test- purple layer at the Iodide is
aq.solution+CCl4 or bottom. confirmed.
CHCl3 + Cl2 water
in excess.
4. O.P + Brown gas It may be nitrate-
conc.H2SO4.heat NO3-.
4.1 To the above test Fumes become darker Nitrate is
tube add Cu- and solution blue (when confirmed.
turnings or paper Cu was added).
pellet.heat
4.2 Ring Test A brown ring at the Nitrate is further
Aq.solution + junction of two liquids. confirmed.
freshly prepared
FeSO4(aq) +
conc.H2SO4
dropwise by the
side of the test tube

Equations involved:
1.Test for chloride
NaCl(s) + H2SO4(conc) NaHSO4 + HCl ↑
1.1 HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O
White fumes
1.2 NaCl(aq)+ AgNO3(aq) AgCl ↓ + NaNO3(aq)
AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl(aq) +2H2O
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl + HNO3(dil) AgCl ↓ +2NH4NO3
1.3. 4NaCl(s) + K2Cr2O7(s) +6H2SO4(conc) 2CrO2Cl2 ↑ + 4NaHSO4 +
Orange red
2KHSO4 + 3H2O
CrO2CL2 + 4NaOH Na2CrO4(aq) + 2NaCl + 2H2O
yellow
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4 ↓ +2CH3COONa
yellow
1.4. 4NaCl(s) + MnO2(s) + 2H2SO4conc.  2Na2SO4 + MnCl2 + Cl2 ↑ +2H2O
 Greenish yellow

Page 4

Test for Bromide

2. NaBr(s) + H2SO4(conc) NaHSO4 + HBr
2HBr + 2H2SO4 Br2 ↑ +2SO2 ↑ +2H2O
Brown
2.1 4NaBr(s) + MnO2(s) + 2H2SO4conc.  2Na2SO4 + MnBr2 + Br2 ↑ +2H2O
brown
2.2 NaBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgBr ↓
2.3. NaBr(aq) + Cl2(water) NaCl(aq) + Br2(dissolved in CCl /CHCl )
Brown
Test for Iodide
3. NaI(s) + H2SO4(conc) NaHSO4 + HI
2HI + 2H2SO4 I2 ↑ +2SO2 ↑ +2H2O
purple
3.1 4NaI(s) + MnO2(s) + 2H2SO4conc.  2Na2SO4 + MnI2 + I2 ↑ +2H2O
purple
3.2 NaI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgI ↓
2.3. NaI(aq) + Cl2(water) NaCl(aq) + I2(dissolved in CCl /CHCl )
Purple
Test for Nitrate
4. NaNO3(s) + H2SO4(conc) NaHSO4 + HNO3
4HNO3 4NO2 ↑ + O2 +2H2O
Brown
Cu(s) + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 ↑ +2H2O
OR C(paper pellet) +2H2SO4 CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
4.2. 6FeSO4(aq) +2NaNO3(aq) +5H2SO4 2NaHSO4 +3Fe2(SO4)3
+2NO+4H2O
[Fe(H2O)6]SO4 + NO [Fe(H2O)5NO]SO4
Brown ring
Test for sulphate,phosphate and oxalate
S.No Experiment
1. O.P + dil HCl + A white ppt. It may be
BaCl2 solution. sulphate SO42-.
1.1 White ppt + Ppt does not dissolve. Sulphate is
conc.HCl or confirmed.
conc.HNO3
2. O.p + conc.HNO3 A canary yellow ppt. It confirms
heat+ phosphate PO43-.
amm.molybdate .
3. O.P + dil H2 SO4 A colourless gas comes It may be oxalate
out. C2O42-.
3.1 Bring a burning The gas burns with a blue It confirms
splinter near the flame. oxalate.
mouth of the test
tube.
3.2 Aq.solution + It decolourises KMnO4. It confirms
dil.H2SO4 + KMnO4 oxalate.

Test for sulphate

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4 ↓ + 2NaCl(aq)

Test for Phosphate

Na3PO4 +3HNO3 3NaNO3 + H3PO4
H3PO4 + 21(NH4)MoO4 + 21HNO3 (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 ↓ + 12H2O +
21NH4NO3
Test for Oxalate
3. Na2C2O4 + 2H2SO4 2NaHSO4 + H2O + CO2 ↑+ CO ↑
3.1 2CO + O2 2CO2
3.2 CaC2O4(aq) + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2C2O4
5H2C2O4 + 5[O] 10CO2 ↑+ 5H2O

Page 6
 Basic Radicals
Basic radicals are tested from their solutions called O.S-original solution,which is
clear and transparent solution,made by dissolving in water or dil.HCl.These
radicals are divided in several groups,where each group has a GROUP
REAGENT,which precipitates them.The groups are
zero,first,second,third,fourth,fifth and sixth.The ions of these groups are:
Group Group Ions detected.
no Reagent
0 none NH4+.
1 Dil.HCl Pb2+.
2 H2S Cu2+,Pb2+,As3+.
3 NH4OH Al3+,Fe3+.
4 H2S Zn2+,Mn2+,Co2+,Ni2+
5 (NH4)2CO3 Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+
6 Na2HPO4 Mg2+
Zero Group
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1. O.P + NaOH A pungent Zero
soln.heat smelling gas. group is
present-
NH4+ is
suspected.
1.1. Bring a glass rod Dense white NH4+ is
dipped in dil.HCl to fumes are given confirmed.
the mouth of the test out.
tube.
1.2. Aq.soln of the salt + A brown ppt. NH4+ is
Nessler’s reagent cofirmed.
+NaOH
Reactions involved:
1. NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH3 ↑ + H2O
1.1 NH3 + HCl NH4Cl ↑
1.2. NH4OH + 2K2 [HgI4] + 3NaOH  + 4KI + 3NaI + 3H2O

Millon’s base
st
1 Group
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1. O.S.+ dil.HCl A white ppt 1st group present,
Pb2+ is suspected.
1.1 White ppt + Ppt dissolves.
water.heat
1.2 Divide the solution in Pb2+ is cofirmed.
two parts.
a)1st part + KI soln A yellow ppt
nd
b)2 part + K2CrO4 A yellow ppt Pb2+ is cofirmed.
soln.

Equations involved:
1. Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)  PbCl2 ↓
1.1 PbCl2(aq) + KI(aq)  PbI2 ↓ + 2KCl(aq)
1.2 PbCl2(aq) + K2CrO4  PbCrO4 ↓ + 2KCl(aq)

2ndGroup
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1. O.S + dil HCl + H2S A black ppt. 2nd group is
present.Cu2+ is
suspected.
1.1 Black ppt + 50% Ppt dissolves.
HNO3.heat
1.2 Divide solution in Cu2+ is confirmed.
two parts.
a)add NH4OH in Ink blue solution is
excess. obtained.
b)add acetic acid and A chocolate brown ppt.
pot.ferrocyanide.
2. O.S.+ dil.HCl +H2S A yellow ppt 2nd group is
present.As3+ is
suspected.
2.1 Yellow ppt + Yellow ppt comes As3+ is confirmed.
conc.HNO3 + heat + finally.
amm.molybdate.
Equations involved:
1. Cu2+ + S2-  CuS ↓
CuS +4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
a)Cu(NO3)2 + 4NH4OH [Cu(NH3)4]NO3(aq) + 4H2O
b)2Cu(NO3)2 + K4[Fe(CN)6]  Cu2[Fe(CN)6] ↓ + 4KNO3

2. 2As3+ + 3S2-  As2S3 ↓

As2S3 + 10HNO3  2H3 AsO4+ 10NO2 +3S +2H2O
H3 AsO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3  (NH4)3AsO4.12MoO3 ↓ + 21NH4NO3
+ 12H2O.
rd
3 Group
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1. O.S + A gelatinous white ppt 3rdgroup is present.Al3+ is
dil.HCl+NH4Cl(s) indicated.
+NH4OH in excess.
1.1 White ppt + dil.HCl . Ppt dissolves.
Divide solution in 2
parts.
a)1st part + NaOH A white ppt comes Al3+ is confirmed.
dropwise in excess. which disappears.
+NH4Cl.Heat. A white ppt appears
again.
nd
b)2 part + blue Blue ppt floating in Al3+ is further confirmed.
litmus soln+ NH4OH colourless soln is
dropwise.(Lake Test) obtained.
2. O.S.+ dil.HCl + A brown ppt 3rd group is present and Fe3+ is
conc.HNO3 (if salt is indicated.
light green).heat.+
NH4Cl(s)+NH4OH in
excess.
2.1 Brown ppt + dil.HCl. Ppt dissolves.
Divide solution in 2
parts.
a)1st part + A dark blue solution Fe3+ is confirmed.
pot.ferrocyanide called ‘Prussian Blue’
soln. is obtained.
nd
b)2 part + A blood red colour is Fe3+ is further confirmed
pot.thiocyanate soln. obtained.
Reactions involved
Equations involved in the detection of Al3+
1.Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3↓
1.1 Al(OH)3 + HCl AlCl3 + H2O
a)AlCl3(aq) + NaOH Al(OH)3 ↓ +3NaCl
Al(OH)3 + NaOH  NaAlO2(aq) + 2H2O
NaAlO2(aq) + 2H2O +NH4Cl  Al(OH)3 ↓ +NaCl +NH4OH
b) AlCl3(aq) + 3NH4OH Al(OH)3 ↓ +3NH4Cl
Al(OH)3 +blue litmusadsorption of litmus soln on the ppt.

Equations involved in the detection of Fe3+

2.Fe3+(aq) + 3OH- Fe(OH)3↓
2.1 Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O
a) FeCl3(aq) + K4[Fe(CN)6] Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3+ 12KCl
b) FeCl3(aq) + 3KCNS Fe(CNS)3 + 3KCl

4thGROUP
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1. O.S + A white ppt 4thgroup is present
dil.HCl+NH4Cl(s) and Zn2+ is
+NH4OH in excess indicated.
+H2S(g).
1.1. White ppt + dil.HCl Ppt dissolves.
Divide the soln in 2
parts.
a)1stpart + NaOH A white ppt appears and then Zn2+ is confirmed.
dropwise and in excess. disappears.
Pass H2S . A white ppt comes again.
nd
b)2 part + A bluish white ppt. Zn2+ is further
pot.ferrocyanide soln. confirmed
2. O.S + A buff ppt 4thgroup is present
dil.HCl+NH4Cl(s) and Mn2+ is
+NH4OH in excess indicated.
+H2S(g).
White ppt + dil.HCl Ppt dissolves and reappears.. Mn2+ is confirmed.
+NaOH
3. O.S + A black ppt 4thgroup is present
dil.HCl+NH4Cl(s) and Ni2+ /Co2+ is
+NH4OH in excess indicated.
+H2S(g).
3.1 Add aqua regia (3 parts Ppt dissolves.
conc.HCl +1 part
conc.HNO3) to black
ppt and heat.Divide
solution in 2 parts
a)1stpart + NH4OH in Pink ppt Ni2+ is confirmed.
excess + Dimethyl
glyoxime(DMG)
b)2nd part + ammonium Fugitive green. Co2+ is confirmed.
thiocyanate +any
alcohol
Equations involved in the detection of Zn2+
1.Zn2+(aq) + S2- ZnS ↓
1.1 ZnS +2 HCl ZnCl2(aq) + H2S
ZnCl2(aq) + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 ↓ + 2NaCl
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
Na2ZnO2 + H2S ZnS ↓ + 2NaOH

Equations involved in the detection of Mn2+

2. Mn2+(aq) + S2- MnS ↓
2.1 MnS +2HCl MnCl2(aq) + H2S
MnCl2(aq) + 2NaOH Mn(OH)2 ↓ + 2NaCl

Equations involved in the detection of Ni2+

3. . Ni2+(aq) + S2- NiS ↓
 3.1NiS + 3HCl + HNO3 NiCl2 + NOCl +2H2O + S
NiCl2 + CH3C=NOH + OH- 
CH3C=NOH

Equations involved in the detection of Co2+

4. Co2+(aq) + S2- CoS ↓
4.1CoS + 3HCl + HNO3 CoCl2 + NOCl +2H2O + S
CoCl2 + 2NH4CNS (NH4)2[Co(CNS) 4] +2NH4Cl

5thGroup
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1. O.S + dil.HCl+NH4Cl(s) White ppt Group 5 is present
+NH4OH in excess + and Ba2+ /Sr2+/Ca2+
(NH4)2 CO3 is indicated.
1.1 White ppt +CH3COOH Ppt dissolves
Divide solution in 3 parts
a)1st part + potassium Yellow ppt Ba2+ is confirmed.
chromate soln.
b)2nd part +ammonium White ppt Sr2+ is confirmed.
sulphate
c)3rd part + ammonium White ppt Ca2+ is confirmed.
oxalate
Equations involved in the detection of Ba2+
Ba2+(aq) + CO32- BaCO3 ↓
BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH Ba(CH3COO)2 + H2CO3
Ba(CH3COO)2 + K2CrO4BaCrO4 ↓ +2CH3COOK

Equations involved in the detection of Sr2+

Sr2+(aq) + CO32- SrCO3↓
SrCO3 + 2CH3COOH Sr(CH3COO)2 + H2CO3
Sr(CH3COO)2 +(NH4)2SO4SrSO4 ↓ +2CH3COONH4

Equations involved in the detection of Sr2+

Ca2+(aq) + CO32- CaCO3 ↓
CaCO3 +2 CH3COOH Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2CO3
Ca(CH3COO)2 + +(NH4)2 C2O4CaC2O4 ↓ +2CH3COONH4
 6thGroup
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1. O.S + dil.HCl+NH4Cl(s) A white ppt 6thgroup is present
+NH4OH in excess + and Mg2+ is
(NH4)2 CO3 +Na2HPO4 indicated.
soln.
1.1 White ppt +titan yellow Red colour Mg2+ is confirmed.
+NaOH
Equations involved in the detection of Mg2+
Mg2+ + NH4OH +Na2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4↓ + 2Na+ + H2O
Acid Radicals
Q.1.Which gas comes out when dil.H2SO4 is added to the following salts
separately
and heated:i)carbonate ii)sulphite iii)sulphide iv)nitrite v)acetate
Q.2.Which gas is i)colourless having pungent odour and gives dense white
fumes
with ammonia?ii)colourless with pungent odour and turns pot.dichromate
paper green?iii)colourless ,odourless and turns lime water milky but does
not turn
pot.dichromate paper green?iv)colourless having smell of rotten eggs and
turns lead acetate paper black.
Q.3.With the confirmatory tests of which acid radicals are the following
reagents
associated?a)chlorine water b)ferric chloride c)silver nitrate
Q.4.Why does AgCl dissolve in NH4OH?
Q.5.Why are HBr and HI not collected but HCl evolves?
Q.6.What are i)ring test ii)layer test iii)chromyl chloride test?Which of these
involve Redox reactions?
Q.7.What are amm.molybdate and phospho amm.molybdate?Where do you
come across them?What is oxi.no of Mo in them?
Q.8.Which alkaline earth metal sulphate has minimum solubility in water?
How do you precipitate it during acid radical analysis?
BASIC RADICALS
1.Write the name and the formula of the reagent used and that of the
precipitate formed in the test of ammonium ion.
2.What is the group reagent for the third and the fourth group? Are the
media different for the precipitation of the ions in the second and the
fourth group?
3.How are ions precipitated in third group and with which reagent?What are
the ions precipitated in third group?
4.In which group are insoluble chlorides precipitated?Name the two reagents
used to confirm lead .
5.What is the a) ink blue solution b) a chocolate brown ppt in the tests of
Cu+2 ion due to.Write their names and formulae.
6.What reagent is used to confirm As+3 ion ?
7.What is Prussian blue? Which ion does it confirm?
8.What is blood red colouration in the test of Fe+3 due to ?
9.What is the principle of ‘Blue lake test’? Which ion is confirmed by this test?
10.Why does the ppt of Al(OH)3 dissolve in excess of NaOH?
11.Why is ammonium chloride added prior to the addition of
amm.hydroxide in third group?
12.Can sodium hydroxide be used in place of amm.hydroxide in third group?
Why?
13.Why is acidic medium in second group and ammonical medium in fourth
group required?
14.How is ferrous converted to ferric during analysis and why?
15.Why is acetic acid used to dissolve carbonates of fifth group?
16.Why are the fifth group members Ba+2. Sr+2 and Ca+2 tested in this order
only?
17.What is the composition of white ppt in the detection of Mg+2 with
Sod. dihydrogen phosphate?
18.What reagent is common for a) the detection of Pb+2 and Ba+2 ion
b) Cu+2 .Fe+3 and Zn+2 ions
19.Why does Zn(OH)2 dissolve in excess of NaOH soln.?
20.What solvent is used to dissolve NiS and CoS precipitates?What is its
dissolution power due to?
21.What reagent is used to detect Ni+2 ion and what is the composition of
pink ppt obtained?
22.Which of these basic radicals can be confirmed with flame test?
23.What happens when Fe2+(aq) is treated with [Fe(CN)6]3+?
24.why is acetic acid used to dissolve carbonates of fifth group?
25.Why are fifth group radicals tested in the order Ba2+,Sr2+ and Ca2+?

Aim:To detect the element present in the given organic compound.

Principle involved:An organic compound is a covalent molecule having C,H and/or
O along with elements like N,S,Cl,Br or I.When an organic
compound containing one of these extra elements is heated with Na and the products
are dissolved in water ,then an aqueous solution containing compounds of Na like
NaCN,Na2S,NaCl,NaBr and NaI are obtained.Thus from their aq.solution the presence
of these elements is detected.The aq.solution of these compounds is called
‘Lassaigne’s solution’ and abbreviated as L.S.

Observation Table:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1. L.S +freshly prepared A blue or green coloured The element
FeSO4(aq) .Heat + dil.H2 SO4 solution is obtained present is
Nitrogen.
2 a)L.S.+ sodium A purple solution is obtained The element
nitroprusside soln. present is
b)L.S + lead acetate soln. A black ppt is obtained. Sulphur.
3. L.S+dil.HNO3+AgNO3 soln A white ppt The element
White ppt + NH4OH Ppt dissolves. present is
Above soln +dil.HNO3 Ppt reappears. Chlorine.
4. a)L.S+dil.HNO3+AgNO3 A yellow ppt The element
soln. present is
Yellow ppt + NH4OH Ppt dissolves partially. Bromine.
b)L.S +CCl4 A brown layer at the bottom.
+Cl2 Water.Shake well.
5. a)L.S+dil.HNO3+AgNO3 A yellow ppt The element
soln. present is Iodine.
Yellow ppt + NH4OH Ppt does not dissolve.
b)L.S +CCl4 A purple layer at the bottom.
+Cl2 Water.Shake well.

Equations involved:

For N
Na + C+N NaCN(aq)
2NaCN+FeSO4Fe(CN)2+Na2SO4
Fe(CN)2+4NaCN Na4[Fe(CN)6]
Some Fe2+ ions get oxidised to Fe3+ by air.
3Na4[Fe(CN)6] +4Fe3+ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3+12Na+
Prussian blue
For S
2Na +S Na2S(aq)
a)Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]
Purple colour
b)Na2S + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbS ↓ +CH3COONa

For Cl
Na +Cl NaCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl↓+NaNO3(aq)
AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl(aq) + 2H2O
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl(aq) +HNO3 AgCl↓ +2NH4NO3

For Br
Na +Br NaBr(aq)
a)NaBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgBr↓+NaNO3(aq)
b)NaBr(aq) + Cl2 NaCl(aq) + Br2(CCl4)
brown layer

For I
Na +I NaI(aq)
a)NaI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgI↓+NaNO3(aq)
b)NaI(aq) + Cl2 NaCl(aq) + I2(CCl4)
purple layer
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