Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR

PRINCIPLES
ELEMENTS OFOF
ELECTROMAGNETICS
ASIAN EDITION
INTERNATIONAL SIXTH EDITION

Matthew N. O. Sadiku
Prairie View A&M University

Sudarshan R. Nelatury
Pennsylvania State University

S.V. Kulkarni
IITYork
New Bombay
Oxford
Oxford University Press

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

CHAPTER 1

P. E. 1.1
(a) A + B = (1,0,3) + (5,2,−6 ) = (6,2,−3)

A + B = 36 + 4 + 9 = 7

(b) 5 A − B = (5,0,15) − (5,2,−6) = (0,−2,21)

(c) The component of A along ay is Ay = 0

(d) 3 A + B = (3,0,9 ) + (5,2,−6 ) = (8,2,3)

A unit vector parallel to this vector is
a11 =
(8,2,3)
64 + 4 + 9
= ±(0.9117a x + 0.2279a y + 0.3419a z )

P. E. 1.2 (a) rp = a x − 3a y + 5a z
rR = 3a y + 8a z

(b) The distance vector is

rQR = rR − rQ = (0,3,8) − (2, 4, 6) = −2a x − a y + 2a z

(c) The distance between Q and R is

| rQR |= 4 + 1 + 4 = 3

P. E. 1.3 Consider the figure shown on the next page:

40
uZ = uP + uW = −350a x +
2
( −a x + a y )
= −378.28a x + 28.28a y km/hr
or
uz = 379.3∠175.72 km/hr
Where up = velocity of the airplane in the absence of wind
uw = wind velocity
uz = observed velocity

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

22

N
y

up W E
x
uW
uz

P. E. 1.4
Using the dot product,
A B −13 13
cos θ AB = = =−
AB 10 65 50
θ AB = 120.66 

P. E. 1.5
(a) E F = ( E ⋅ a F )a F =
(E ⋅ F )F =
− 10(4,−10,5)
2
F 141
= − 0.2837a x + 0.7092a y − 0.3546a z
ax a y az
(b) E × F = 0 3 4 = (55,16,−12 )
4 − 10 5
a E ×F = ± (0.9398,0.2734,−0.205)

P. E. 1.6 a + b + c = 0 showing that a, b, and c form the sides of a triangle.

a ⋅ b = 0,
hence it is a right angle triangle.

1 1 1
Area = a×b = b×c = c×a
2 2 2
1 1 4 0 −1 1
a×b = = (3,−17,12)
2 21 3 4 2
1
Area = 9 + 289 + 144 = 10.51
2

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

P. E. 1.7
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
(a) P1 P2 =
= 25 + 4 + 64 = 9.644

(b) rP = rP1 + λ rP2 − rP1 ( )

= (1,2,−3) + λ (− 5,−2,8)
= (1 − 5λ ,2 − 2λ ,−3 + 8λ ).
(c) The shortest distance is
d = P1 P3 sin θ = P1 P3 × a P1P2
1 6 −3 5
=
93 − 5 − 2 8
1
= (− 14,−73,−27 ) = 8.2
93

P.E. 1.8
1.3 a) A – 3B
Prob.1.1
r = 4a= 4a
− 5xa– 2a
+ ay + 6az – 3(12ax + 18ay – 8az)
OP x y z
r –32ax –(4,
= 56a y + 30az
−5,1)
arOP = OP = = 0.6172a x − 0.7715a y + 0.1543a z
  b) | (2A
r | + 5B)/|B|
(16 + 25 + 1)
OP
[2(4ax – 2ay + 6az) + 5(12ax + 18ay – 8az)]
=
Prob. 1.2
(12 2
+ 182 + 82)1/2
r = (−3, 2, 2) − (2, 4, 4) = (−5, −2, −2)
68ax + 86ay – 28az
r = (−5, −2, −2)
ar = =
23.06 = −0.8704a x − 0.3482a y − 0.3482a z
r 25 + 4 + 4
= 2.94ax + 3.72ay – 1.214az
ax × A
  c) 1.3
Prob.
rMN = rN −axrM× =(4a
= x–−
(3,5, 6a−z)4, −2) = 2a x + 9a y + a z
2a1)y −+(1,
= 4(ax × ax) – 2(ax × ay) + 6(ax × az)
Prob. 1.4
= 0 – 2az – 6ay = –6ay – 2az
A − 2 B× =a (4, −6,3) − 2(−1,8,5) = (4, −6,3) − ( −2,16,10)
  d) (B
(a) x) ⋅ ay
((12a =+(6, x
−22, −7)
18a – 8a ) × a ) ⋅ a
y z x y
(12(ax × ax) + 18(ay × ax) – 8(az × ax)) ⋅ ay
(b) A B = (4, −6,3)(−1,8,5) = −4 − 48 + 15 = −37
(0 – 18az – 8ay) ⋅ ay = 0 – 8 = –8

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 −2 4 4 3 −462−6 1
Let C = =A × B= = (−30, −18,12)
as expected. 2 −1 2 −20= ( −54,12, −10 )
(c)
Sadiku & Kulkarni
Q × P
Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

a⊥ =Q±×1.14
Prob. PC⋅ R= =±( −(4,12,
−30, − −18,12)
10 ) ⋅ ( −1,1,
=±2 )(−=0.8111
4 + 12a−x 20 = −4 a y + 0.3244a z )
− 0.4867
|C | 30 2
+ 18 2
+ 12 2 4
(a) Using the fact that −1 1 2
( A × B ) × C = ( A ⋅ C )B − (B ⋅ C )A,
or Q × P ⋅ R = R ⋅ Q × P = 4 3 2 = − ( −6 + 2 ) − ( −8 − 4 ) + 2 ( −4 − 6 ) = −4
P.E.we
Prob. 1.9get
1.12 2 −1 −2 7
A×
(d) ( P (Q
×PQ ⋅=( Q
A) × )×=−R6,5)
B(2, −)(=A(×(0,3,1)
4,B−)12,10
× A==0)(− (18
⋅B )5A=−7−)(13
−+10,
4,⋅ A A ⋅ A+)B120 + 70 = 206
= 16
(b) A × ( A × ( A ×2B )−) 6= A45× −( 12 ) A- ( A+ ⋅6Aa ) B 
A ⋅ B10
(e) ( P ×PQ×)Q× (=Q0× R3) = 1 = −21a x - 2a y a +z 12a + 8a
= 16
= ( 4A ⋅ B−)10
- ( A7× A) − ( A ⋅ A) - ( A × B )
x y z

P ⋅Q 2− 13
cos θ P=⋅ R = =− A( − 2A−×1 −B=4) )−0.51 −7⎯⎯
( → θ PQ = 120.66o
(f) cos θ PR =PQ PQ= 10 65 = = −0.9526
since AxA = 0P R 4 +1+ 4 1+1+ 4 3 6
Prob. 1.13 θ PR = 162.3

P.E.
Prob.1.101.15
If A and B are parallel, then B = kA and A x B = 0. It is evident that k = -2 and that
1 1 4 1 −5 1
Area = a x| D a×yE |=a z = | (3 + 10)a x + (5 − 12)a y + (8 + 1)a z |
2 P × Q 2 − 16 +21443+ 100
1 2 = 260 3 = 0.998
(g)
A× Bsin=θ PQ 1 = −2 3 = = 0
1 P Q 31 16 + 9 + 4 3 29
= −2| (13, 4 −7,9) − 6 |= 169 + 49 + 81 = 8.646
P. E. 1.7θ PQ 2 = 86.45 2
as expected.
(a) P1 P2 = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2

Prob.1.11
P.E.
Prob. 1.11
1.14
(a) Using = the + 4 +that
25fact 64 = 9.644
A B = (4, −6,1)(2, 0,5) = 8 − 0 + 5 = 13
( A × B ) × C = ( A ⋅ C )B − (B ⋅ C )A,
(b)
we get
( )
(a) r|P B=|2r=P1 2+2 λ+ 5rP22 =−29 rP1
AA=B (1,2,−3B))|+2==λ−13
× (+A2×| B
(−( A+5,×2−2B×,829
) ×) A= 71
= (B ⋅ A)A − ( A ⋅ A)B
= (1 − 5λ ,2 − 2λ ,−3 + 8λ ).
(b) A × ( A × ( A × B ) ) = A × ( A ⋅ B ) A- ( A ⋅ A) B 
(b)
(c) The shortest distance is
a⊥ = ± d = P1 P3 sin θ ==( P A ⋅PB )×-a( A × A) − ( A ⋅ A) - ( A × B )
A× B
1 3 P1 P2
| A× B | = − A2 ( A × B )
1 6 4 −−63 15
since Ax=A ==0
Let C A ×93 B =− 5 − 2 8 = (−30, −18,12)
2 0 5
Prob. 1.15 1
C=
a⊥ = ± 1 = 93
((−1430,,−−73 ,−27 ) = 8.2
18,12)
± 1 4 1 −5= ±(1−0.8111a x − 0.4867a y + 0.3244a z )
Area = | C || D × E30 |= + 18 + 122 = | (3 + 10)a x + (5 − 12)a y + (8 + 1)a z |
2 2
2 2 −1 2 3 2
1 1
= | (13, −7,9) |= 169 + 49 + 81 = 8.646
Prob. 1.12
Prob.1.1 2 2
P Q = (2, −6,5)(0,3,1) = 0 − 18 + 5 = −13
rOP = 4a x − 5a y + a z
rOP (4, −5,1)
arOP = = = 0.6172a x − 0.7715a y + 0.1543a z
| rOP | (16 + 25 + 1)

Prob. 1.2
r = (−3, 2, 2) − (2, 4, 4) = (−5, −2, −2)
r (−5, −2, −2)
ar = = = −0.8704a x − 0.3482a y − 0.3482a z
r 25 + 4 + 4

Prob. 1.3
rMN = rN − rM = (3,5, −1) − (1, −4, −2) = 2a x + 9a y + a z

Prob. 1.4 Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

A − 2 B = (4, −6,3) − 2(−1,8,5) = (4, −6,3) − ( −2,16,10)
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(a) 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM
 r (−5, −2, −2)
ar = = = −0.8704a x − 0.3482a y − 0.3482a z
Sadiku & Kulkarni
r 25 + 4 + 4 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

Prob. 1.3
5
rMN = rN − rM = (3,5, −1) − (1, −4, −2) = 2a x + 9a y + a z

Prob. 1.3
1.4
A − 2 B = (4, −6,3) − 2(−1,8,5) = (4, −6,3) − ( −2,16,10)
(a)
= (6, −22, −7)
4
(b) A B = (4, −6,3)(−1,8,5) = −4 − 48 + 15 = −37
4 −6 3
A× B = = (−30 − 24)a x + (−3 − 20)a y + (32 − 6)a z
(c) −1 8 5
= −54a x −23a y + 26a z

1.5
Prob. 1.4
3 5 1
B×C = = (−35 − 1)a x + (0 + 21)a y + (3 − 0)a z
0 1 −7
= −36a x + 21a y + 3a z
A( B × C ) = (4, 2,1)(−36, 21,3) = −144 + 42 + 3 = −99

Prob. 1.6
1.5
1 1 1
B×C = = a x − 2a y + a z
(a) 0 1 2
A( B × C ) = (1, 0, −1)(1, −2,1) = 1 + 0 − 1 = 0

1 0 −1
A× B = = a x − 2a y + a z
(b) 1 1 1
( A × B )C = (1, −2,1)(0,1, 2) = 0 − 2 + 2 = 0

1 0 −1
(c) A × ( B × C ) = = −2a x − 2a y − 2a z
1 −2 1

1 −2 1
(d) ( A × B ) × C = = −5a x − 2a y + a z
0 1 2

Prob.1.7
Prob. 1.6
(a) T = (3, -2, 1) and S = (4, 6, 2)

(b) rTS = rs – rt = (4, 6, 2) – (3, -2, 1) = ax + 8ay + az

(c) distance = |rTS| = 1 + 64 + 1 = 8.124 m

Prob. 1.8
(a) If A and B are parallel, A=kB, where k is a constant.

(α ,3, −2) = k (4, β ,8)

Equating coefficients gives
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 Prob.1.7
(a) T = (3, -2, 1) and S = (4, 6, 2)
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
(b) rTS = rs – rt = (4, 6, 2) – (3, -2, 1) = ax + 8ay + az
6
(c) distance = |rTS| = 1 + 64 + 1 = 8.124 m

Prob. 1.8
1.7
(a) If A and B are parallel, A=kB, where k is a constant.

(α ,3, −2) = k (4, β ,8) 5

Equating coefficients gives

1
−2 = 8k ⎯⎯
→ k =−
4
α = 4k = −1
3 = βk ⎯⎯→ β = 3 / k = −12
This can also be solved using A X B = 0.
(b) If A and B are perpendicular to each other,
A• B = 0 ⎯⎯ → 4α + 3β − 16 = 0

Prob. 1.9
1.8

(a) A ⋅ B = AB cos θ AB
A × B = ABsin θ AB an
( A⋅ B) + A × B = ( AB ) ( cos 2 θ AB + sin 2 θ AB ) = ( AB )
2 2 2 2

(b) a x ⋅ (a y × a z ) = a x ⋅ a x = 1. Hence,
a y × az ax
= = ax
a x ⋅ a y × az 1
az × a x ay
= = ay
a x ⋅ a y × az 1
ax × ay az
= = az
a x ⋅ a y × az 1

1.9
Prob. 1.10

(a) P + Q = ( 6, 2, 0 ) , P + Q − R = ( 7,1, −2 )
P + Q − R = 49 + 1 + 4 = 54 = 7.3485
2 −1 −2
(b) P .Q × R = 4 3 2 = 2 ( 6 − 2 ) + ( 8 + 2 ) − 2 ( 4 + 3) = 8 + 10 − 14 = 4
−1 1 2
4 3 2
Q×R = = ( 4, −10, 7 )
−1 1 2
P .Q × R = ( 2, −1, −2 ) ⋅ ( 4, −10, 7 ) = 8 + 10 − 14 = 4

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Prob. 1.10

(a) P + Q = ( 6, 2, 0 ) , P + Q − R = ( 7,1, −2 ) 7
P + Q − R = 49 + 1 + 4 = 54 = 7.3485

2 −1 −2
(b) P .Q × R = 4 3 2 = 2 ( 6 − 2 ) + ( 8 + 2 ) − 2 ( 4 + 3) = 8 + 10 − 14 = 4
−1 1 2
4 3 2
Q×R = = ( 4, −10, 7 )
−1 1 2
P .Q × R = ( 2, −1, −2 ) ⋅ ( 4, −10, 7 ) = 8 + 10 −614 = 4

4 3 2
(c) Q × P = = ( −4,12, −10 )
2 −1 −2
Q × P ⋅ R = ( −4,12, −10 ) ⋅ ( −1,1, 2 ) = 4 + 12 − 20 = −4
−1 1 2
or Q × P ⋅ R = R ⋅Q × P = 4 3 2 = − ( −6 + 2 ) − ( − 8 − 4 ) + 2 ( − 4 − 6 ) = − 4
2 −1 −2
(d) ( P × Q ) ⋅ ( Q × R ) = ( 4, −12,10 ) ⋅ ( 4, −10, 7 ) = 16 + 120 + 70 = 206
4 −12 10
(e) ( P × Q ) × ( Q × R ) = = 16ax + 12a y + 8az
4 −10 7

(f) cos θ PR =
P⋅R
=
( −2 − 1 − 4 ) = −7 = −0.9526
P R 4 +1+ 4 1+1+ 4 3 6
θ PR = 162.3 7

P ×2Q −6 16 5 + 144 + 100

= −21a x - 2a=y + 6260
(g) sin θPPQ× Q
= = = a z = 0.998
P Q0 3 1
3 16 + 9 + 4 3 29
P ⋅ Q −13
θcos
PQ θ=PQ86.45
= = = −0.51 ⎯⎯ → θ PQ = 120.66o
PQ 10 65
Prob. 1.11
1.13
Prob. 1.10
If A and B are parallel, then B = kA and A x B = 0. It is evident that k = -2 and that
A B = (4, −6,1)(2, 0,5) = 8 − 0 + 5 = 13
ax a y az
(a) | B |2 = 22 + 52 = 29
A × B = 1 −2 3 = 0
A B + 2 | B |2 = 13 + 2 × 29 = 71
−2 4 −6
as expected.
(b)
Prob. A× B
a⊥ = ±1.14
| Athe
(a) Using × Bfact
| that
( A × B ) × C = (4A ⋅−C6)B 1− =(B(−⋅ C30,)A−,18,12)
Let C = A × B =
we get 2 0 5
A ×C( A × B ) (=−−
30,( A−×18,12)
B ) × A = (B ⋅ A)A − ( A ⋅ A)B
a⊥ = ± =± = ±(−0.8111a x − 0.4867a y + 0.3244a z )
|C |
(b) A × ( A × ( A × B ) ) = A × ( A ⋅ B ) A- ( A ⋅ A) B 
2 2 2
30 + 18 + 12

= ( A ⋅ B ) - ( A × A) − ( A ⋅ A ) - ( A × B )
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
Prob. 1.12 = − A2 ( A × B )
POESM_Ch01.indd 7 since AP Q==0(2, −6,5)(0,3,1) = 0 − 18 + 5 = −13
xA 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM
 If A and B are parallel, then B = kA and A x B = 0. It is evident that k = -2 and that
ax a y az
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
A × B = 1 −2 3 = 0
−2 4 −6 8
as expected.

1.11
Prob. 1.14
(a) Using the fact that
( A × B ) × C = ( A ⋅ C )B − (B ⋅ C )A,
we get
A × ( A × B ) = −( A × B ) × A = (B ⋅ A)A − ( A ⋅ A)B
(b) A × ( A × ( A × B ) ) = A × ( A ⋅ B ) A- ( A ⋅ A) B 
= ( A ⋅ B ) - ( A × A) − ( A ⋅ A ) - ( A × B )
= − A2 ( A × B )
since AxA = 0 8

Prob. 1.15
Prob. 1.12
1.16 P2
1 1 4 1 −5 1
Area = | D × E |= = | (3 + 10)a x + (5 − 12)a y + (8 + 1)a z |
2 2 −1 2 a 3 2
1 1
= | (13, −7,9) |= 169 + 49 + 81 = 8.646
2 2 b
P1

c P3

a = rp 2 − rp1 = (1, −2, 4) − (5, −3,1) = ( −4,1,3)

(a) b = rp 3 − rp 2 = (3,3,5) − (1, −2, 4) = (2,5,1)
c = rp1 − rp 3 = (5, −3,1) − (3,3,5) = (2, −6, −4)
Note that a + b + c = 0

a ⋅ b = −8 + 5 + 3 = 0 ⎯⎯→ perpendicular
b ⋅ c = 4 − 30 − 4 ≠ 0
c ⋅ a = −8 − 6 − 12 ≠ 0
Hence P2 is a right angle.
1 1 −4 1 3 1
Area = | a × b |= = | (1 − 15)a x + (6 + 4)a y + (−20 − 2)a z |
2 2 2 5 1 2
(b)
1 1
= | (−14,10, −22) |= 196 + 100 + 484 = 13.96
2 2

Prob. 1.17
Given rP = (−1, 4,8), rQ = (2, −1,3), rR = (−1, 2,3)
(a) | PQ |= 9 + 25 + 25 = 7.6811
(b) PR = −2a y − 5a z

 QP QR  o
(c) ∠PQR = cos −1   = 42.57
 | QP || QR | 
(d) Area of triangle PQR = 11.023
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
(e) Perimeter = 17.31
POESM_Ch01.indd 8 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM
 Hence P2 is a right angle.
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
1 1 −4 1 3 1
Area = | a × b |= = | (1 − 15)a x + (6 + 4)a y + (−20 − 2)a z |
2 2 2 5 1 2
(b) 9
1 1
= | (−14,10, −22) |= 196 + 100 + 484 = 13.96
2 2

Prob. 1.13
1.17
Given rP = (−1, 4,8), rQ = (2, −1,3), rR = (−1, 2,3)
(a) | PQ |= 9 + 25 + 25 = 7.6811
(b) PR = −2a y − 5a z

 QP QR  o
(c) ∠PQR = cos −1   = 42.57
 | QP || QR | 
(d) Area of triangle PQR = 11.023
(e) Perimeter = 17.31

Prob.1.18
Prob. 1.14
Let R be the midpoint of PQ.
1
rR = {(2, 4, −1) + (12,16,9)} = (7,10,94)
2

OR = 49 + 100 + 16 = 165 = 12.845

OR 12.845
t= = = 42.82 ms
v 300

Prob. 1.15
1.19
Ax Ay Az Ax Ay Az
A ⋅ ( A× B ) = Bx By Bz , ( A× B ) ⋅ C = Bx By Bz
Cx Cy Cz Cx Cy Cz

Hence, A ⋅ ( A× B ) = ( A× B ) ⋅ C
Also, each equals the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the three vectors as sides.

Prob. 1.16
1.20
(a) Let P and Q be as shown below:
y Q

P
θ2
θ1
x

P = cos 2 θ 1 + sin 2 θ 1 = 1, Q = cos 2 θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 = 1,

Hence P and Q are unit vectors.

(b) P ⋅ Q = (1)(1)cos(θ 2 -θ1 )

But P ⋅ Q = cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 . Thus,
cos(θ 2 − θ1 ) = cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2

Let P1 = P = cos θCopyright

1 a x + sin θ 1 a y and
© 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch01.indd 9 Q1 = cos θ 2 a x − sin θ 2 a y . 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM

 P
θ2
Sadiku & Kulkarni θ1 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
x

P = cos 2 θ 1 + sin 2 θ 1 = 1, Q = cos 2 10

θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 = 1,
Hence P and Q are unit vectors.

(b) P ⋅ Q = (1)(1)cos(θ 2 -θ1 )
But P ⋅ Q = cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 . Thus,
cos(θ 2 − θ1 ) = cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2

Let P1 = P = cos θ 1a x + sin θ 1a y and

Q1 = cos θ 2 a x − sin θ 2 a y .
P1 and Q1 are unit vectors as shown below:
y

P1

θ1+θ2
θ1 x
θ2
10
Q1
P1 ⋅ Q1 = (1)(1) cos(θ 1 + θ 2 )
But P1 ⋅ Q1 = cosθ 1 cosθ 2 − sin θ 1 sin θ 2 ,
cos(θ 2 + θ 1 ) = cosθ 1 cosθ 2 − sin θ 1 sin θ 2

Alternatively, we can obtain this formula from the previous one by replacing
θ2 by -θ2 in Q.
(c)
1 1
| P − Q |= | (cos θ1 − cos θ 2 ) ax + (sin θ1 − sin θ 2 ) a y
2 2

1
= cos 2 θ1 + sin 2 θ1 + cos 2 θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 − 2 cos θ1 cos θ 2 − 2sin θ1 sin θ 2
2

1 1
= 2 − 2(cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 ) = 2 − 2 cos(θ 2 − θ1 )
2 2
Let θ 2 − θ1 = θ , the angle between P and Q.

1 1
| P − Q |= 2 − 2 cos θ
2 2

But cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin 2A.

1 1
| P − Q |= 2 − 2 + 4sin 2 θ / 2 = sin θ / 2
2 2

Thus,

1 θ −θ
| P − Q |=| sin 2 1 |
2 2
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
Prob. 1.21
POESM_Ch01.indd 10 9/14/2015 3:29:32 PM
 1 1
= 2 − 2(cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 ) = 2 − 2 cos(θ 2 − θ1 )
2 2
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Let θ 2 − θ1 = θ , the angle between P and Q.

1 1 11
| P − Q |= 2 − 2 cos θ
2 2

But cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin 2A.
1 1
| P − Q |= 2 − 2 + 4sin 2 θ / 2 = sin θ / 2
2 2

Thus,

1 θ −θ
| P − Q |=| sin 2 1 |
2 2

Prob. 1.17
1.21
w(1,−2,2)
w= = (1,−2,2), r = rp − ro = (1,3,4) − ( 2,−3,1) = ( −1,6,3)
3
1 −2 2
u = w×r = = ( −18,−5,4)
−1 6 3
u = −18a x − 5a y + 4az

1.22
Prob. 1.18
r1 = (1,1,1), r2 = (1, 0,1) − (0,1, 0) = (1, −1,1)
r1 ⋅ r2 (1 − 1 + 1) 1
cos θ = = = → θ = 11
⎯⎯ 70.53o
r1r2 3 3 3

Prob. 1.19
1.23
T ⋅ S ( 2, −6,3) ⋅ (1, 2,1) −7
(a) Ts = T ⋅ as = = = = −2.8577
S 6 6

(b) S T = ( S ⋅ a T )a T =
(S ⋅ T )T = − 7(2,−6,3)
T2 72
= − 0.2857a x + 0.8571a y − 0.4286a z

T×S 2 − 6 3 (− 12,1,10) 245

(c) sin θ TS = = = = = 0.9129
T S 1 2 1 7 6 7 6
 θ TS = 65.91

1.24
Prob. 1.20
Let A = AB + AB ⊥
A⋅ B
AB = ( A ⋅ a B )a B = B
B⋅B
Hence,
A⋅ B
AB⊥ = A − AB = A − B
B⋅B

Prob.1.25
(a) H (1,3, −2) = 6a x + a y + 4a z
(6,1, 4)
aH = = 0.8242a x + 0.1374a y + 0.5494a z
36 + 1 + 16Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
POESM_Ch01.indd 11 (b) | H |= 10 = 4 x 2 y 2 + ( x + z ) 2 + z 4 9/14/2015 3:29:32 PM
 Let A = AB + AB ⊥
A⋅ B
A
Sadiku & Kulkarni B
= ( A ⋅ a B )a B = B
B⋅B Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

Hence,
A⋅ B 12
AB⊥ = A − AB = A − B
B⋅B

Prob. 1.21
Prob.1.25
(a) H (1,3, −2) = 6a x + a y + 4a z
(6,1, 4)
aH = = 0.8242a x + 0.1374a y + 0.5494a z
36 + 1 + 16
(b) | H |= 10 = 4 x 2 y 2 + ( x + z ) 2 + z 4
or
100 = 4 x 2 y 2 + x 2 + 2 xz + z 2 + z 4

1.26
Prob. 1.22
C = 5a x + a z
1 1 0
(a) B × C = = a x − a y − 5a z
5 0 1
A( B × C ) = (4, −1,1)(1, −1, −5) = 4 + 1 − 5 = 0

( A ⋅ B ) B (4 − 1)(1,1, 0)12
(b) AB = ( AaB )a B = = = 1.5a x + 1.5a y
| B |2 1+1
1.23
Prob. 1.27

(a) At (1, -2, 3), x = 1, y = -2, z = 3.

G = a x + 2a y + 6a z , H = −6a x + 3a y − 3a z

G = 1 + 4 + 36 = 6.403
H = 36 + 9 + 9 = 7.348

(b) G  H = −6 + 6 − 18 = −18

GH −18
cos θGH = = = −0.3826
(c) GH 6.403 × 7.348
θGH = 112.5o

Prob. 1.28
1.24
rPQ = rQ − rP = (−2,1, 4) − (1, 0,3) = ( −3,1,1)
At P, H = 0a x − 1a z = −a z
The scalar component of H along rPQ is
H • rPQ −1
D = H arPQ = = = −0.3015
| rPQ | 9 +1+1

Prob. 1.29
(a) At P, x = -1, y = 2, z = 4
D = 8a x − 4a y - 2a z , E = −10a x + 24a y + 128a z
C = D + E = −2a x + 20 a y + 126
Copyright a z by Oxford University Press
© 2015

POESM_Ch01.indd 12 C a x −2 9/14/2015 3:29:32 PM

 rPQ = rQ − rP = (−2,1, 4) − (1, 0,3) = ( −3,1,1)
At P, H = 0a x − 1a z = −a z
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
The scalar component of H along rPQ is
H • rPQ −1
D = H arPQ = = = −0.301513
| rPQ | 9 +1+1

1.25
Prob. 1.29
(a) At P, x = -1, y = 2, z = 4
D = 8a x − 4a y - 2a z , E = −10a x + 24a y + 128a z
C = D + E = −2a x + 20a y + 126a z
C a x −2
C a x = C cos θ x → cos θ x =
⎯⎯ = = −0.01575
(b) C 22 + 202 + 1262
θ x = 90.9o 13

Prob. 1.26
1.30
(a) At (1,2,3), E = (2,1,6)

E = 4 + 1 + 36 = 41 = 6.403

(b) At (1,2,3), F = (2,-4,6)

( E ⋅ F )F 36
E F = ( E ⋅ aF ) aF = 2
= ( 2,−4,6)
F 56
= 1.286a x − 2.571a y + 3.857az

(c) At (0,1,–3), E = (0,1,–3), F = (0,–1,0)

0 1 −3
E×F = = (−3,0,0)
0 −1 0
E×F
a E ×F = ± = ± ax
E×F

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch01.indd 13 9/14/2015 3:29:32 PM