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Hydropowerplant 160313180104 PDF
Hydropowerplant 160313180104 PDF
Seminar Report
On
HYDRO POWER PLANT
(Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University Kota)
Dated:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. PRADEEP KUMAR YADAV College Roll No. 12/561
and University Roll No. 12EUCCE077 has submitted the seminar report entitled
“HYDRO POWER PLANT” in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology (Civil Engineering). The report has been prepared as per
the prescribed format and is approved for submission and presentation.
I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all who, directly or
indirectly, have lent their helping hand in the seminar report.
ABSTRACT 1
1. INTRODUCTION 2
6. WORKING 27
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT 29
10. CONCLUSION 40
11. REFRENCES 41
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
In hydro power plant we use gravitational force of fluid water to run the turbine which is
coupled with electric generator to produce electricity. This power plant plays an important role
to protect our fossil fuel which is limited, because the generated electricity in hydro power
station is the use of water which is renewable source of energy and available in lots of amount
without any cost. The big advantage of hydro power is the water which the main stuff to
produce electricity in hydro power plant is free, it not contain any type of pollution and after
generated electricity the price of electricity is average not too much high.
Hydropower is the cheapest way to generate electricity today. That's because once a dam has
been built and the equipment installed, the energy source—flowing water—is free. It's a clean
fuel source that is renewable yearly by snow and rainfall.
(v)
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Hydropower is electricity generated using the energy of moving water. Rain or melted snow,
usually originating in hills and mountains, create streams and rivers that eventually run to the
ocean. The energy of that moving water can be substantial, as anyone who has been whitewater
rafting knows.This energy has been exploited for centuries. Farmers since the ancient Greeks
have used water wheels to grind wheat into flour. Placed in a river, a water wheel picks up
flowing water in buckets located around the wheel. The kinetic energy of the flowing river turns
the wheel and is converted into mechanical energy that runs the mill.
In the late 19th century, hydropower became a source for generating electricity. The first
hydroelectric power plant was built at Niagara Falls in 1879. In 1881, street lamps in the city of
Niagara Falls were powered by hydropower. In 1882 the world’s first hydroelectric power plant
began operating in the United States in Appleton, Wisconsin.
A typical hydro plant is a system with three parts: an electric plant where the electricity is
produced; a dam that can be opened or closed to control water flow; and a reservoir where water
can be stored. The water behind the dam flows through an intake and pushes against blades in a
turbine, causing them to turn. The turbine spins a generator to produce electricity. The amount of
electricity that can be generated depends on how far the water drops and how much water moves
through the system. The electricity can be transported over long-distance electric lines to homes,
factories, and businesses.
Hydroelectric power provides almost one-fifth of the world's electricity. China, Canada, Brazil,
the United States, and Russia were the five largest producers of hydropower in 2004. One of the
world's largest hydro plants is at Three Gorges on China's Yangtze River. The reservoir for this
facility started filling in 2003, but the plant is not expected to be fully operational until 2009. The
dam is 1.4 miles (2.3 kilometers) wide and 607 feet (185 meters) high.The biggest hydro plant in
the United States is located at the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in northern
Washington. More than 70 percent of the electricity made in Washington State is produced by
hydroelectric facilities.
Hydropower is also readily available; engineers can control the flow of water through the
turbines to produce electricity on demand. In addition, reservoirs may offer recreational
opportunities, such as swimming and boating. But damming rivers may destroy or disrupt
wildlife and other natural resources. Some fish, like salmon, may be prevented from swimming
upstream to spawn. Technologies like fish ladders help salmon go up over dams and enter
upstream spawning areas, but the presence of hydroelectric dams changes their migration
patterns and hurts fish populations. Hydropower plants can also cause low dissolved oxygen
levels in the water, which is harmful to river habitats.
Power system mainly contains three parts namely generation, transmission and distribution.
Generation means how to generate electricity from the available source and there are various
methods to generate electricity but in this article we only focused on generation of electricity by
the means of hydro or water (hydro power plant). As we know that the power plant is defined as
the place where power is generated from a given source, so here the source is hydro that’s why
we called it hydro power plant.
The world’s first hydroelectric project was used to power a single lamp in the Cragside country
house in Northumberland, England, in 1878. Four years later, the first plant to serve a system of
private and commercial customers was opened in Wisconsin, USA, and within a decade,
hundreds of hydropower plants were in operation.In North America, hydropower plants were
installed at Grand Rapids, Michigan (1880), Ottawa, Ontario (1881), Dolgeville, New York
(1881), and Niagara Falls, New York (1881). They were used to supply mills and light some
local buildings.
By the turn of the 20th century the technology was spreading round the globe, with Germany
producing the first three-phase hydro-electric system in 1891, and Australia launching the first
publicly owned plant in the Southern Hemisphere in 1895.In 1895, the world’s largest
hydroelectric development of the time, the Edward Dean Adams Power Plant, was created at
Niagara Falls.
In 1905, a hydroelectric station was built on the Xindian creek near Taipei, with an installed
capacity of 500 kW. This was quickly followed by the first station in mainland China, the
Shilongba plan in the Yunnan province, which was built in 1910 and put into operation in 1912.
Upon completion Shilongba had an installed capacity of 480 kW – today it is still in operation
with an installed capacity of 6 MW. In the first half of the 20th century, the USA and Canada led
the way in hydropower engineering. At 1,345 MW, the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River
became the world’s largest hydro-electric plant in 1936, surpassed by the Grand Coulee Dam
(1,974 MW at the time, 6,809 MW today) in Washington in 1942.
From the 1960s through to the 1980s, large hydropower developments were carried out in
Canada, the USSR, and Latin America.
Over the last few decades, Brazil and China have become world leaders in hydropower. The
Itaipu Dam, straddling Brazil and Paraguay, opened in 1984 at 12,600 MW (it has since been
enlarged and uprated to 14,000 MW), and is today only eclipsed in size by the 22,500 MW China
Three Gorges Dam, which opened in 2008.
Hydropower today
Into the 21st century, hydropower continues to catalyse growth around the world. For example, it
has played a key role in transforming Brazil into the seventh largest country by GDP in 2012; not
least through a period of very rapid economic growth between 2000 and 2010, which saw its
increase in (nominal GDP) value only outpaced by the USA and China. This was only possible
with the massive increases in electricity output that have been delivered by its investment in
hydropower. In 2010, Brazil produced 349,000 GWh of electricity, and by 2011 this had
increased by 40 per cent to 489,000 GWh. Remarkably, just 2 per cent of this energy came from
imports, and around 80 per cent from hydropower.
The result is a very modern fleet of very large hydropower stations – of which at least 24 are
rated at 500 MW or above. Brazil has made the most of its rich hydrological resource to
transform itself into a leader on the world stage, keep costs down and maintain its energy
independence from the rest of the world.This is just one example of the massive stimulus to
economic growth that hydropower can provide; as we look towards the future the technology has
a huge role to play in bringing growth and prosperity to the developing world.
Chapter-2
GROSS STORAGE
Total storage capacity of the reservoir is termed as gross storage.
DEAD STORAGE
Reservoir storage which cannot be used for generation and is left for silt deposition( below
MDDL) is called as dead reservoir.
LIVE STORAGE
It is the storage in the reservoir which is available for power generation.(between FRL &
MDDL)
FIRM POWER
Firm power is continuous power output in the entire period of hydrological data at 90%
dependability.
FIRM ENERGY
Energy generated corresponding to firm power is called as firm energy.
PEAK ENERGY
Peak energy is electric energy supplied during periods of relatively high system demands.
OFF-PEAK ENERGY
Off peak energy is electric energy supplied during periods of relatively low system demands.
LOAD FACTOR
Load factor is the ratio of the average load over a designated period to the peak-load occurring in
that period.
DIURNAL STORAGE
Storage required to meet daily variations in load demand is termed as diurnal storage . It depends
upon the minimum flows and peak discharges.
CRITICAL PERIOD
Most critical period with respect to system load requirements, begins when reservoir begins
delivering water for generation from full i.e the available storage is fully drafted at one point
during the period; and the critical period ends when the storage has completely refilled.
DESIGN HEAD
The head at which the turbine will operate to give the best overall efficiency under various
operating conditions is called as design head.
GROSS HEAD
It is the difference of elevations between water surfaces of the forebay/ dam and tailrace under
specified conditions.
NET HEAD
The gross head chargeable to the turbine less all hydraulic losses in water conductor system is
termed as net head.
WATER-HAMMER EFFECT
The water hammer is defined as the change in pressure rapidly above or below normal pressure
caused by sudden change in the rate of water flow through the pipe, according to the demand of
prime mover i.e. turbine
Chapter-3
Changes in weather cause the natural flow of streams and rivers to vary greatly with time.
Periods of excess flows and valley flooding may alternate with low flows or droughts. The role
of water-storage reservoirs, therefore, is to impound water during periods of higher flows, thus
preventing flood disasters, and then permit gradual release of water during periods of lower
flows. Simple storage reservoirs were probably created early in human history to provide water
for drinking and for irrigation. From southern Asia and northern Africa the use of reservoirs
spread to Europe and the other continents.
Reservoirs ordinarily are formed by the construction of dams across rivers, but off-channel
reservoirs may be provided by diversion structures and canals or pipelines that convey water
from a river to natural or artificial depressions.
When streamflow is impounded in a reservoir, the flow velocity decreases and sediment is
deposited. Thus, streams that transport much suspended sediment are poor sites for reservoirs;
siltation will rapidly reduce storage capacity and severely shorten the useful life of a small
reservoir. Even in larger reservoirs, sedimentation constitutes a common and serious problem.
Because removal of the deposited sediments from reservoirs is generally too costly to be
practical, reservoirs on a sediment-laden stream are characteristically planned to provide a
reserve of storage capacity to offset the depletion caused by sedimentation. Despite this, the life
expectancy of most reservoirs does not exceed 100 years at present sedimentation rates.
The water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is stored.
The water in the reservoir is located higher than the rest of the dam structure.
The height of water in the reservoir decides how much potential energy the water
The higher the height of water, the more its potential energy.
The high position of water in the reservoir also enables it to move downwards
effortlessly.
The height of water in the reservoir is higher than the natural height of water flowing in
the river, so it is considered to have an altered equilibrium.
This also helps to increase the overall potential energy of water, which helps ultimately
produce more electricity in the power generation unit.
3.2 DAM
A structure built across a stream, river, or estuary to retain water. Dams are built to provide water
for human consumption, for irrigating arid and semiarid lands, or for use in industrial processes.
They are used to increase the amount of water available for generating hydroelectric power, to
reduce peak discharge of floodwater created by large storms or heavy snowmelt, and to increase
the depth of water in a river in order to improve navigation and allow barges and ships to travel
more easily. Dams can also provide a lake for recreational activities such as swimming, boating,
and fishing. Many dams are built for more than one purpose; for example, water in a single
reservoir can be used for fishing, to generate hydroelectric power, and to support an irrigation
system. Water-control structures of this type are often designated multipurpose dams.
Auxiliary works that can help a dam function properly include spillways, movable gates, and
valves that control the release of surplus water downstream from the dam. Dams can also include
intake structures that deliver water to a power station or to canals, tunnels, or pipelines designed
to convey the water stored by the dam to far-distant places. Other auxiliary works are systems for
evacuating or flushing out silt that accumulates in the reservoir, locks for permitting the passage
of ships through or around the dam site, and fish ladders (graduated steps) and other devices to
assist fish seeking to swim past or around a dam.
A dam can be a central structure in a multipurpose scheme designed to conserve water resources
on a regional basis. Multipurpose dams can hold special importance in developing countries,
where a single dam may bring significant benefits related to hydroelectric power production,
agricultural development, and industrial growth. However, dams have become a focus of
environmental concern because of their impact on migrating fish and riparian ecosystems. In
addition, large reservoirs can inundate vast tracts of land that are home to many people, and this
has fostered opposition to dam projects by groups who question whether the benefits of proposed
projects are worth the costs.
The dam is the most important component of hydroelectric power plant.
The dam is built on a large river that has abundant quantity of water throughout the year.
It should be built at a location where the height of the river is sufficient to get the
maximum possible potential energy from water.
3.3 SPILLWAY
Excess accumulation of water endangers the stability of dam construction. Also in order to avoid
the over flow of water out of the dam especially during rainy seasons spillways are provided.
This prevents the rise of water level in the dam. Spillways are passages which allows the excess
water to flow to a storage area away from the dam
3.4 INTAKE
These are the gates built on the inside of the dam. The water from reservoir is released and
controlled through these gates. These are called inlet gates because water enters the power
generation unit through these gates. When the control gates are opened the water flows due to
gravity through the penstock and towards the turbines.
3.5 FOREBAY
A forebay (or head pond) is an enlarged body of water provided at the downstream end of canal
just at the upstream of penstocks to act as a small balancing reservoir. A forebay is required in
the case of run-of-river plants at the upstream of the diversion work. In case of a storage plant, it
is required only when the power house is located away from the dam and the water is conveyed
to the power house through a power canal. If the power house is located at the toe of the dam, a
separate forebay is not required since the penstocks directly take water from the reservoir which
itself act as a forebay.
The main function of forebay is to store some water to act as a regulating reservoir for the
penstocks.
3.6 PENSTOCK
The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water flowing from the reservoir
towards the power generation unit, comprised of the turbines and generator. The water in the
penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its motion and potential energy due to its height.The
total amount of power generated in the hydroelectric power plant depends on the height of the
water reservoir and the amount of water flowing through the penstock.The amount of water
flowing through the penstock is controlled by the control gates.
Surge tank acts as a temporary reservoir. It helps in stabilizing the velocity and pressure in
penstock and thereby saves penstock from getting damaged.To serve as supply tank to the
turbine in case of increased load conditions, and storage tank in case of low load conditions.
3.9 TURBINE
Water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power generation unit, which houses the
turbine and the generator. When water falls on the blades of the turbine the kinetic and potential
energy of water is converted into the rotational motion of the blades of the turbine. The rotating
blades causes the shaft of the turbine to also rotate. The turbine shaft is enclosed inside the
generator. The hydro project are site specific as such the use of standard or off the shelf unit may
not be possible.
The selection of type of turbine is made on the basis of “Head”. The broad classification is
given below.
Low head(upto60 m) —Kaplan Turbine
Medium head(30to600m)—Francis Turbine
High head (more than300m) —Pelton
I. IMPULSE TURBINES
Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet pushes on the turbine's curved blades
which changes the direction of the flow. The resulting change in momentum causes a force on the
FIGURE 3.4: Pelton wheel tubine
turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance and the diverted
water flow is left with diminished energy. Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure is
converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at
the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't require a housing for operation. Impulse turbines are
most often used in very high head applications. Newton's second law describes the transfer of
energy for impulse turbines.
GENERATOR
Hydro generator is coupled to the turbine and converts the mechanical energy transmitted
by the turbine to electrical energy. Generators may be of:
a) Suspended type
b) Umbrella type
Main Generator components include:
Stator
Rotor
Upper Bracket
Lower Bracket
Thrust Bearing & Guide Bearings
Slip Ring & Brush Assembly
Air Coolers
Brakes & Jacks
Stator Heaters
GOVERNOR
The hydraulic turbine governor is equipment for controlling the guide vanes by detecting
turbine speed and its guide vane opening in order to keep the turbine speed stable or to
regulate it's outputGovernors are provided with the following features;
Reaction turbines must be completely enclosed because a pressure difference exists between the
working fluid (water) in the turbine and atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to connect the
turbine outlet by means of a pipe known as draft tube upto tailrace level.
The classification of hydro electric power plant depend on the following factors:
As the name implies, the project is planned as run of the river.Water is diverted from the river,
routed through the water conductor system and finally water after generation of power is thrown
back to the river at a lower level on down stream.It takes advantage of the drop in elevation that
occurs over a distance in the river and does not involve water storage. Power generation
fluctuates with the river flow and the firm power is considerably low, as it depends on the
minimum mean discharge.Canal power projects are also run-of-river projects.
ii.Storage plant.
Storage projects provide storage or pondage and thereby, evens out stream flow fluctuations and
enhances the water head.It increases firm power and total power generation by regulating the
flow. Providing storage is complicated and costly as it involves construction of dam.
Pump storage projects involve reversible turbines, which can generate power from water of
upper reservoir during peak hours and pump back water from lower reservoir to the upper
reservoir during off peak hours.These projects are advantageous in power system of mix type,
which have thermal and nuclear power houses in addition to hydro power projects.Pump storage
project utilizes the off peak surplus power of the grid in lifting the water from lower reservoir to
higher reservoir and generates power during peak hours thus flattening the load curve.
iv.Tidal plants.
A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean water due to tides; such sources
are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be dispatchble
to generate power during high demand periods. Less common types of hydro schemes use
water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels.Tidal power is
extracted from the Earth's oceanic tides; tidal forces are periodic variations in gravitational
attraction exerted by celestial bodies. These forces create corresponding motions or currents in the
world's oceans. The magnitude and character of this motion reflects the changing positions of the
Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth's rotation, and local geography of the sea
floor and coastlines.
FIGURE 4.1: Tidal plant
The following factors should be given careful consideration while selecting a site for a hydro-
electric power plant:
WATER AVAILABLE
The recorded observation should be taken over a number of years to know within reasonable,
limits the maximum and minimum variations from the average discharge. the river flow data
should be based on daily, weekly, monthly and yearly flow ever a number of years. Then the
curves or graphs can be plotted between tile river flow and time. These are known as
hygrographs and flow duration curves.
WATER-STORAGE
The output of a hydropower plant is not uniform due to wide variations of rain fall. To have a
uniform power output, a water storage is needed so that excess flow at certain times may be
stored to make it available at the times of low flow. To select the site of the Dam, careful study
should be made of the geology and topography of the catchment area to see if the natural
foundations could be found and put to the best use.
HEAD OF WATER
The level of water in the reservoir for a proposed plant should always be within limits throughout
the year.
Most of the time the electric power generated in a hydro-electricpower plant has to be used some
considerable distance from the site of plant. For this reason, to be economical on transmission of
electric power, the routes and the distances should be carefully considered since the cost of
erection of transmission lines and their maintenance will depend upon the route selected.
ACCESS TO SITE
It is always a desirable factor to have a good access to the site of the plant. This factor is very
important if the electric power generated is to be utilized at or near the plant site. The transport
facilities must also be given due consideration.
Chapter- 6
WORKING
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
8.3 MAHESHWAR
Location: Madhya Pradesh Operator: Shree Maheshwar Hydro Power Corp Ltd
Configuration: 10 X 40 MW Kaplan Operation: 2010
T/G supplier: BHEL EPC: BHEL, SEW Construction, Prasad & Co
Quick facts:In 1993, the government awarded the concession for the 400-MW Maheshwar
project to the Indian textile company S Kumars. The site in Nimad District 2km upstream from
the town of Mandleshwar had been in development since 1978. After years of delay and
numerous changes in ownership, the project is now controlled by Shree Maheshwar Hydro
Power Corp Ltd, 68.7% owned by Entegra Ltd. Entegra in turn is controlled by MW Corp Pvt
Ltd, a company that was formed as part of the reorganization of S Kumnars Group in December
2006. Work restarted in November 2005 and the plant is scheduled for start-up by year-end 2010
at a final cost of Rs 27.6bn.
8.4 DEHAR
8.6 BHAKRA
8.10 GALOGI
8.11 DHAULIGANGA
Our country is endowed with enormous economically exploitable and viable hydro potential
assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor (1,48,700 MW installed capacity). In
addition, 6781.81 MW in terms of installed capacity from small, mini and micro hydel schemes
have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed
capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified. However, only 15% of the hydroelectric potential
has been harnessed so far and 7% is under various stages of development. Thus, 78% of the
potential remains without any plan for exploitation.
Despite hydroelectric projects being recognised as the most economic and preferred source of
electricity, share of hydro power has been declining steady since 1963. The shape of hydro
power has been continuously declining during the last three decades. The hydro share has
declined from 44 percent in 1970 to 25 75:23:2 percent in 1998. The ideal hydro thermal mix
should be in the ratio of 40:60. Because of an imbalance in the hydel thermal mix especially in
the Eastern and Western regions, many thermal power stations are required to back down during
off peak hours. The capacity of the thermal plants cannot be fully utilised resulting in a loss of
about 4 to 5 percent in the plant load factor. Even if the share of hydro power is to be maintained
at the existing level of 25 percent, the capacity addition during the 9th and 10th Plan would work
out to 23,000 MW. If the share were to be enhanced to 30 percent, it would require a further
addition of 10,000 MW of hydro capacity.
The constraints which have affected hydro development are technical (difficult investigation,
inadequacies in tunnelling methods), financial (deficiencies in providing long term financing),
tariff related issues and managerial weaknesses (poor contract management). The hydro projects
are also affected by geological surprises especially in the Himalayan region where underground
tunnelling is required), inaccessibility of the area, problems due to delay in land acquisition, and
resettlement of project affected families, law & order problem in militant infested areas.
Objectives
The programmed capacity addition from hydel projects during the 9th Plan is 9815 MW, of
which Central Sector and State Sector will contribute 3455 MW and 5810 MW respectively and
the balance 550 MW will be contributed by the Private Sector. Sanctioned and ongoing schemes
under implementation will enable a capacity addition of 6537 MW during the 10th Plan, of
which 990 MW, 4498 MW and 1050 MW will be the contribution of Central, State and Private
Sectors respectively. In addition, 12 projects (5615 MW) have been identified for advance action
in the 9th Plan for benefits in the 10th Plan.
The Government of India has set the following objectives for accelerating the pace of hydro
power development : -
The 9th Plan programme envisages capacity addition of 9815 MW from hydel projects in the
total capacity addition of 40245 MW. The Central Sector hydel projects would contribute 3455
MW, State Sector would add 5810 MW and Private Sector 550 MW. Keeping in view that the
achievement in 8th Plan had been dismal, the Government is determined to ensure that no
slippage is allowed to occur and the targeted capacity addition in the 9th Plant is achieved in full.
(ii) Exploitation of vast hydroelectric potential at a faster pace :
The Government would initiate advance action for taking up new hydro projects since the
ongoing projects will contribute a very small percentage of the desired capacity addition
envisioned for 10th Plan and beyond. Towards this end, Government would take up for
execution all the CEA cleared projects, and take steps to update and obtain clearances for
pending DPRs. Measures for vigorously starting survey and investigations for new green field
sites would also be implemented shortly. In addition, Government is keen to restart and activate
the hydro projects which are either languishing for want of funds or are remaining dormant due
to unresolved inter-State issues.
Small and mini hydel potential can provide a solution for the energy problems in remote and
hilly areas where extension of grid system is comparatively uneconomical and also along the
canal systems having sufficient drops. The small hydro potential could be developed
economically by simple design of turbines, generators and the civil works. Small and mini hydel
capacity aggregating to about 340 MW is in operation, and Government is determined to provide
thrust for developing the assessed small hydel potential at a faster pace henceforth.
(iv) Strengthening the role of PSUs/SEBs for taking up new hydel projects
In view of the poor response of the private sector so far in hydro development which may persist
for some more years, the involvement of public sector in hydel projects would not only have to
continue but will also have to be enlarged. There are categories of projects such as multi-
purpose, projects involving inter-State issues, projects for peaking power and those involving
rehabilitation and resettlement which may be taken up and implemented more easily in public
sector. Similarly, mea hydro projects in the North and North Eastern region would also have to
be executed by CPSUs in case the State or the private sector is not in position to implement these
projects.
Even though public sector organisations would play a greater role in the development of new
schemes, this alone would not be adequate to develop the vast remaining hydro potential since it
will require huge investments which are difficult to be supported from the budget/plan assistance
in view of competing demands from the various sectors. A greater private investment through
IPPs and joint ventures would be encouraged in the coming years and required atmosphere,
incentives and reliefs would be provided to stimulate and maintain a trend in this direction.
Aims to realize 100% hydropower potential of the country by year 2025-26. These objectives
have been developed in response to the following constraints:
CONCLUSION
In order to achieve a growth rate of 7-8 % as envisaged in National policy of India, it is also
required to tap all the small Hydro Power potential of the country. Hydro Power Project sector,
especially in view of the fact that Large Hydro power projects involve huge capital investment
and long gestation period which private partners do not afford to bear. The utilization of small
Hydro Power Potential is especially required in all states where the utilized potential is very low
like in MP and therefore optimum utilization of the same may set up an stepping up stone for
achieving self sufficiency in power sector in country.
Chapter-11
REFERENCES
Maps Of India
Wikipedia
Google Images
Indian Energy Portal
International Energy Association Data
http://energy.gov/
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/hydropower-
profile/
http://www.hydropower.org/
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING by Dr. K.R. Arora published by Standard
Publishers Distributors.