A

Industrial Training Synopsis

On

RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDHUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED

132/33 KV GSS NEW JHOTWARA

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electrical Engineering

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. Rajkumar Kaushik Nishita Kanwar

Project Coordinator 5TH Sem .

21EAIEE016

Department of Electrical Engineering Arya

College of Engineering, Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
[November, 2023]
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Practical Training report for Practical Training taken at 220 kV Grid
Sub Station (Kunda Ki Dhani), R.R.V.P.N.L. form 14th may 2017 to 16th July 2017 is
submitted by Mr. Tushar Saini (14EAIEE113) in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering has been found satisfactory and is approved for
submission.

Dr. Rajkumar Kaushik Mr. Chirag Arora

(PTS INCHARGE) (Head of
Department)
Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering
Add Certificate provided by industry
 Candidate’s Declaration

I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Industrial Training report, entitled

“........................... ...................................................”in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of

(Title)

“Bachelor of Technology” in Department of Electrical Engineering with Specialization in Electrical

Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering, Arya Institute of
Engineering & Technology, is a record of my own investigations carried under the Guidance of Dr.
Rajkumar Kaushik Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering.

(Signature of Candidate)

Candidate Name
Roll No.: ............
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere thanks to Executive Engineer Mr. A. K. Verma for his enthusiastic cooperation to
make my training possible. I also cordially thank the Additional Assistant Engineer Mr. M. K.
Sharma for his valuable support and guidance during my practical training.

I would also like to thank Dr. Rajkumar Kaushik (PTS Incharge and Associate Professor of Electrical
Deptt.) for his contribution in preparing my practical training report and to guide me. I would also like
to thank Mr. Tushar Agarwal (Class Teacher Name) for his contribution in preparing my practical
training report and to guide me for delivering the seminar. I express sincere thanks to Mr. Chirag Arora,
Head of Electrical Department, A.C.E for giving me an opportunity for conducting the seminar of my
summer training at 132kV GRID SUBSTATION, New Jhotwara, Jaipur.

I would like to express my deep gratitude to Management and Principal of Arya College of
Engineering for extending me the opportunity for vocational training and providing all the necessary
resources for this purpose.

NISHITA KANWAR
B.Tech, 3rd Year/Vth Sem
Electrical Engineering
 ABSTRACT

For healthy operation of the system, the system should be balanced. The single line diagram is used for
the substation to understand it's electrical system. The electrical equipment are represented by the
symbols in a one-line diagram. The single line diagram is required so that we can understand the electrical
system of the substation. The designing of single line diagram is necessary as it displays the right power
distribution route from entering power source to each downstream load including the rating of each
electrical apparatus. The single line diagram is a diagram in which the single line represents the three-
phase power system. For maintaining and controlling, the power supply Substation apparatus are
required. Reliability of the system is also dependent on Substation equipment sizing. By calculating the
equipment sizing, we are able to find the rating of the equipment used in the substation. By doing
equipment sizing the reliability of the system also, increases. The sizing of equipment is done so that the
rating of equipment used in the substation can be selected. For different rating like 132kv, 11kv, The sizing
of equipment like Lightning arrester, Wave trap, CVT, Current transformer, Isolator, Circuit breaker,
Transformer etc. have been calculated.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 6

1.1. POWER SUBSTATION 6

1.2. TYPES OF POWER SUBSTATION 7

1.3. SITE SELECTION OF 132/33KV POWER SUBSTATION 8

1.4. ABOUT 132/33KV POWER SUBSTATION NEW

JHOTWARA INDUSTRIAL AREA 9

2. EQUIPMENTS IN A 132/33KV POWER SUBSTATION 11

2.1. POWER TRANSFORMER 11

2.1.1. Name plate details of 132/33KV power transformer 13

2.2. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS 14

2.2.1. Current Transformer 15

2.2.1.1. Name plate details of current transformer 15

2.2.2. Potential Transformer 15

2.2.2.1. Name plate details of potential transformer 16

2.3. EARTHING AND BONDING 17

2.3.1. Earthing Materials 17

2.4. BUSBAR 18

2.5. INSULATORS 19

2.6. PROTECTIVE RELAY 20

2.7. CIRCUIT BREAKER 22

2.7.1 Name plate details of vacuum circuit breaker 23

2.8. BUS ISOLATORS 24

2.9. FUSE 25

2.10. LIGHTNING ARRESTORS 25

2.11. METERING AND INDICATING INSTRUMENTS 26

3. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 132/33KV GSS NEW

JHOTWARA INDUSTRIAL AREA 28

REFRENCES 31
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1.1 132/33KV New Jhotwara GSS 6
1.2 Substation Switching substation 7
1.3 Converting substation 7
1.4 132/33KV New Jhotwara Power Substation 10
2.1 Overview Power transformer 11
2.2 Mutual induction 12
2.3 Power transformer oil and winding temperature 12
2.4 Power transformer conservator tank side view 13
2.5 Name plate of power transformer 14
2.6 Combined current potential transformer 14
2.7 Current transformer 15
2.8 Potential transformer 16
2.9 Name plate of potential transformer 16
2.10 Earthing pit 17
2.11 Busbar 18
2.12 Pin insulator 19
2.13 Strain insulator 19
2.14 Post insulator 19
2.15 Stay insulator 19
2.16 Protection relay control panel 20
2.17 Trip circuit supervision relay and High speed trip relay 21
2.18 IDTML Overcurrent relay 21
2.19 IDTML Earth fault relay 21
2.20 Vacuum circuit breaker 22
2.21 TNC Switch 23
2.22 33KV Vacuum Circuit Breaker name plate 24
2.23 Bus isolator 24
2.24 Fuse 25
2.25 Lightning arrestor 26
2.26 Energy Meter for 132KV outgoing 26
 2.27 feeders Energy Meter for 132KV 27

3.1 incoming feeder

Single line diagram of 132/33KV GSS 29
New Jhotwara Industrial Area

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE PAGE NO.

2.1 Name plate details of 132/33KV power transformer 13
2.2 Name plate details of 132KV current transformer 15
2.3 Name plate details of 132KV potential transformer 16
2.4 Name plate details of 132KV Vacuum Circuit Breaker 23
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 POWER SUBSTATION

The present day electrical power is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of the
alternating current. The electric power is produced at power plant stations which are located
at favourable places generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumers
through a large network of transmission and distribution.

At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change
some
characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor, etc. of electric supply. This
accomplished by suitable apparatus called power substation. For example; generation
voltage (11 kV or 132 KV) at the power station is set up to high voltage (say 220 KV or
132 KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer
etc.) used for this purpose in the power substation. Similarly, near the consumer’s localities,
the voltage may have to be step down to the utilization level. This job is again accomplished
by suitable apparatus called power substation.

The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage ac to

a
c,p.f. etc) of electric supply is called power sub-station.
A substation is a part of an electrical
generation , transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to
low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating
station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage
levels.
 Figure 1.1 132/33KV New Jhotwara Power Substation

The project work assigned to us was to design a 132/33 KV EHV substation. We

considered incoming power at 132 KV and the power was transferred to main bus
through isolator-circuit breaker-isolator combination.
The power is then fed into a 33KV bus from which different loads were tapped. In
the process, the surge impedance loading of 132 KV and 33 KV lines were
calculated and they were used to estimate the maximum power that can be
transferred by one transmission line.
Starting from the generating stations to the end users, voltage is needed to be
stepped up and down several times in various substations. This ensures efficient
transmission of power, minimizing the power losses. Our project is to design a
132KV/33KV EHV substation where the incoming power is received at 132 KV from
a generating station.

1.1 TYPES OF POWER SUBSTATION

According to the service requirement power substations cab be classified into following
types:

1.Transformer substation: In such type of power substation transformers are

installed for transforming the power from one voltage level to another as
per required. This substation uses large transformers to convert or "step up" the
generator's voltage to extremely high voltages for long-distance transmission on the
transmission grid. Typical voltages for long distance transmission are in the range of
155,000 to 765,000 volts.

Figure :- Tansformer substation

2. Switching substation: The power substation use for switching the power

line without disturbing the voltage is known as switching substation.

This type of power substation is placed between transmission line.
The circuit breakers have disconnect switches on both source and load sides.
They permit isolation during maintenance or other periods requiring complete
deenergization.

Figure 1.2 Switching substation

1. Converting substation: In such types of power substation AC power is converted

into DC power or vice versa or it can convert high frequency to lower frequency
or vice versa.
 Figure 1.3 Converting substation

converting substation for connection of alternating current system to

high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission line includes at least two
converters installed in two individual rooms of converter valves (40,
41).
According to the construction feature power substations can be classified into
following types:

1. Indoor substation

2. Outdoor substation

3. Underground substation

4. Pole mounted substation

According to nature of duties power substations can be classified into following

types:

1. Step up or Primary substation: Such types of power substations are

located near generating stations and step up low voltages like 3.3KV,
6.6KV, 33KV or 132KV to higher voltages like 132KV or 220KV for
transmission.
2. Primary grid substation: This power substation lowered the value of

primary stepped-up voltages. The output of the primary grid

substation acts as the input of the secondary substations. The
secondary substation is used for stepping down the input voltage to
more lower for further transmission.
 3. Step down or Distribution substation: This power substation is

placed near the load center where the primary distribution is stepped
down for sub-transmission. The secondary distribution transformer
feeds the consumer through the service line.

According to operating voltage power substations can be classified into following

types:

1. High Voltage substation (HV Substation): Involving voltages between 33KV

and 66KV.
2. Extra High Voltage substation (EHV Substation): Involving voltages

between 132KV and 400KV.

3. Ultra High Voltage substation (UHV Substation): Operating voltage above
400KV.

1.1 SITE SELECTION OF 132/33KV GSS

132/33KV power Sub-Station forms an important link between the

Transmission network and Distribution network. It has a vital influence on the
reliability of service. Power Sub-Station is constructed as near as possible to
the load center. The voltage level of power transmission is decided on the
quantum of power to be transmitted to the load center. Selection of site for a
substation can be determined on the following criteria:

Type of power substation: -

The category of power substation is important for its
location. For example a step-up substation, which is generally a point where power
from various sources (generating machines or generating stations) is pooled and
stepped up for long distance transmission, should be located as close to the
generating stations as possible to minimize the transmission losses. Similarly a
step-down substation should be located nearer to the load center to reduce
transmission losses, cost of distribution system and better reliability of supply.
1. Availability of suitable and sufficient land: The land proposed for
a substation should be normally level and open from all sides.
It should not be water logged particularly in rainy season.

The site selected for a substation should be such that approach of

transmission lines and their take off can be easily possible without any
obstruction. The places nearer to aerodrome, shooting practice grounds
etc., should be avoided.

2. Communication facility: Suitable communication facility is desirable

at a proposed substation both during and after its construction. It is
better, therefore, to select the site along-side on existing road to
facilitate an easier and cheaper transportation.

3. Atmospheric pollution: Atmosphere around factories, which may

produce metal corroding gases, air fumes, conductive dust etc., and
nearer to sea coasts, where air may be more humid and may be salt
laden, is detrimental to the proper running of power system and
therefore substations should not be located near factories or sea
coast.
4. Availability of essential amenities to the staff: The site should be
such where staff can be provided essential amenities like school,
hospital, drinking water, housing etc.
 1.2 ABOUT 132/33KV GSS NEW JHOTWARA JAIPUR

The total rated capacity of 132/33KV GSS New Jhotwara Jaipur is

35MVA which is further sub divided into two groups of 20MVA
(10MVA+10MVA) and 15MVA (10MVA+5MVA) and each group can be
connected to either of the three incoming 132KV lines. The substation has a
total of four power transformer, three of rated capacity of 10MVA and one of
rated capacity of 5MVA.
The main 132KV busbar can be connected to either of three 132KV
incoming lines coming from 132KV GSS VISHALI NAGAR and 132KV
GSS VKIA. Each incoming 132KV line feeder has its separate current
transformer, potential transformer, lightning arrester, protective relays, vacuum
circuit breaker, bus coupler and metering equipment. The main 132KV busbar
is also having switchgear equipment at various places to facilitate safe
operation of connecting or removing incoming 132KV feeder and power
transformer from the system.

At both ends of each power transformers lightning arrester, protecting

equipment, instrument transformers, metering equipment and switchgear
equipment are provided. Transformers step down voltage from 132KV to 33KV.
There are total of four 33KV group feeder suppling to SIX 33KV outgoing
feeders transmitting power to 33KV O/G NEW 33KV JHOTWARA-II, 33KV O/G
SIVA ,33KV O/G T.K.C. , 33KV O/G R.M., 33KV O/G RAJASTHAN PATRIKA,
33KV O/G KRISHANA
 A step down transformer of 33KV/440V is connected to control panel
to provide supply to the equipment of the power substation. A battery bank
is also connected to control system to operate closing coil and tripping coil of
VCB and also to act as a temporary backup source when the substation
transformer fails.

Figure 1.4 132/33KV New Jhotwara Power Substation Overview

CHAPTER 2
 EQUIPMENTS IN A 132/33 KV POWER SUBSTATION

An Electrical Substation is the part of a power system in which the voltage is

transformed for transmission, and distribution purposes. Also, there are some
switching substations used for load switching.

2.1 POWER TRANSFORMER

The transformer is a static device that works on the principle of electromagnetic

induction. It is used for transferring the electrical power from one circuit to another
without any variation in their frequency. In electromagnetic induction, the transfer
of energy from one circuit to another takes place with the help of the mutual
induction. i.e the flux induced in the primary winding is link with the secondary
winding.

Figure 2.1 Power transformer

 According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, there will be an
EMF induced in the second winding. If the circuit of this secondary winding is
closed, then a current will flow through it. This is the basic working principle of
a transformer. Let us use electrical symbols to help visualize this. The winding
which receives electrical power from the source is known as the ‘primary
winding’. In the diagram below this is the ‘First Coil’.

The winding which gives the desired output voltage due to mutual induction
is commonly known as the ‘secondary winding’. This is the ‘Second Coil’ in the
diagram above. A transformer that increases the voltage between the primary to
secondary windings is defined as a step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer
that decreases voltage between the primary to secondary windings is defined as a
step-down transformer.
Power transformers are used for several reasons in the electrical power system.
Some of them are:

: To reduce power loss in transmission lines: Electrical power is generated at

low voltage levels, which results in high current and high line losses due
to ohmic heating. By using a step-up transformer at the generating station, the
voltage level can be increased, and the current can be reduced, which reduces the
line losses and improves the power factor. Similarly, at the receiving end, a step-
down transformer can be used to lower the voltage level to a suitable value for
distribution and consumption.

: To match the load impedance with the source impedance: Power

transformers can adjust the voltage and current levels of a circuit to match the
load impedance with the source impedance. This can improve the power
transfer and efficiency of the circuit.

:To provide multiple voltage levels for different applications: Power

transformers can provide different voltage levels for various purposes, such as
lighting, heating, cooling, communication, etc.
 Figure 2.2 Mutual induction

While the diagram of the transformer above is theoretically possible in an

ideal transformer it is not very practical. This is because in the open air only a
very tiny portion of the flux produced from the first coil will link with the second
coil. So the current that flows through the closed circuit connected to the
secondary winding will be extremely small (and difficult to measure).
The rate of change of flux linkage depends
upon the amount of linked flux with the second winding. So ideally almost all of the
flux of primary winding should link to the secondary winding. This is effectively and
efficiently done by using a core type transformer. This provides a low reluctance path
common to both of the windings.

when the emf is induced into an adjacent coil situated within the same magnetic
field, the emf is said to be induced magnetically, inductively or by Mutual induction,
symbol ( M ). Then when two or more coils are magnetically linked together by a
common magnetic flux they are said to have the property of Mutual Inductance.
Mutual Inductance is the basic operating principal of the transformer, motors,
generators and any other electrical component that interacts with another magnetic
field. Then we can define mutual induction as the current flowing in one coil that
induces a voltage in an adjacent coil.

The function of the Temperature Indicator of the Transformer:-

• Indicate instantaneous temperature of oil and windings of the transformer and
 record maximum temperature rises of oil and windings.
• Operate high-temperature alarm at a predetermined value of allowable
temperature limit.
• Trip the circuit breakers associated with the power transformer when the
temperature of oil or winding reaches a predetermined limit.
• Control the cooling system of the transformer. Turn on the cooling
equipment when the winding attains a preset high temperature and turn it off
when the temperature decreases by a set differential.

. Types of Temperature Indicators of Transformer

There are two main types of temperature indicators used in transformers:

• OTI (Oil Temperature Indicator): equipment is used for indicating oil

temperature

• WTI (Winding Temperature Indicator): equipment is used for indicating oil

temperature

Oil Temperature Indicator or OTI

This device is used to measure the top oil temperature and protect the transformer.

Operating Principle of Oil Temperature Indicator

Thanks to the sensing bulb immersed in the pocket, this device measures top oil
temperature by using a liquid expansion in the bulb to an operating mechanism
through a capillary line. This movement is amplified by a link and lever mechanism
to the mercury switches and the disc-carrying pointer. When the volume of the
liquid in the operating mechanism changes, the bellow attached to the end of the
capillary tube expands and contracts. This movement below is transmitted to the
pointer through a lever linkage mechanism in the temperature indicator of the
transformer.

Winding Temperature Indicator or WTI

This device measures the LV and HV winding temperature and is also used to
protect the transformer.
 Figure 2.3 Power transformer oil and winding tempreature gauge

Operating Principle of Winding Temperature Indicator

The basic operating principle of WTI is the same as OTI. But the only difference is
that the sensing bulb pocket on the transformer top cover is heated by a heater coil
surrounding it. This heater coil is fed by secondary current transformers associated
with transformer winding. Hence the current through the heater coil is directly
proportional through transformer winding to the current flowing. This is because
there is no scope for direct measuring the temperature inside a winding. When the
load of the transformer increases, the winding temperature is also increased and
this increased temperature is sensed by the sensing bulb as the heater coil
surrounds it.
Conservator Tank of a Power Transformer:-

The Conservator Tank of a transformer is defined simply as a cylindrical tank

mounted on the roof of the transformer main tank. It is used to provide enough space
for the oil in the transformer to spread after heating.
When the transformer is loaded and when the
ambient temperature rises, make the volume of oil inside the transformer increase. A
conservator tank of the transformer supplies adequate space to this expanded
transformer oil. It also is designed as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.

Figure 2.4 Power transformer conservator tank side view

It is designed as a cylindrical tank or oil container closed from both ends. It is
designed with One large inspection cover on either side of the container to make
maintenance and cleaning easy inside of the conservatory.
The top of the conservator pipe inside the conservatory is equipped with a cap.

This pipe is supplied with a cap because this design any kind of oil waste to enter into
the main tank from the conservator. Generally, silica gel breather fixing pipe enters
into the conservatory with the help of the top part of the tank.
2.1.1 Name plate details of 132/33KV power transformer
 Table 2.1 Name plate details of 132/33KV power transformer

KVA 10000
Volts HV 132000
No Load LV 33000
HV 174.95
Amps
LV 524.86
HV 3
Phase
LV 3
Frequency 50Hz
Vector group Dyn11
Impedance volts 8.557
Type of cooling ONAN
Core and windging weight in Kgs. 48190
Weight of oil in Kg. 3820
Total weight in Kg. 18700
Oil in liters 24495

The bushings of the tank permit for conductors tocarefully enter and exit the tank
without stimulating the outer shell. The power transformer canbe worked beyond its
small rating as long as it stays within the 65ºC rise of the temperature. Toallow the
above nominal operation, transformers are built-in with fans that cools the core ofthe
transformer to a point below the indicated temperature.
Figure 2.5 Name plate of power transformer
2.1 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

The line in Substation operates at high voltage and carries the current of
thousands of amperes. The measuring instrument and protective devices are
designed for low voltage (generally 110V) and current (about 5A). Therefore,
they will not work satisfactorily if mounted directly on the power lines. This
difficulty is overcome by installing Instrument transformer, on the power lines.
There are two types of instrument transformers current transformer and potential
transformer.

Figure 2.6 Combined current potential transformer

2.1.1 Current Transformer

A current transformer is a device that is used for the transformation of

current from a higher value into a proportionate current to a lower value. It
transforms the high voltage current into the low voltage current due to which the
heavy current flows through the transmission line is safely monitored by the

ammeter.

Figure 2.7 Current transformer

2.3.1 Name plate details of current transformer

Table 2.2 Name plate details of 132KV current transformer

Ratio 400/1 A
Short Time Current 25KA for 1
seconds
Highest System 36KV
Voltage
Burden 15VA
Frequency 50Hz
2.1.1 Potential Transformer

The potential transformer may be defined as an instrument transformer

used for the transformation of voltage from a higher value to a lower value. This
transformer step down the voltage to a safe limit value which can be easily
measured by the ordinary low voltage instrument like a voltmeter, wattmeter and
watt-hour meters, etc.

Figure 2.8 Potential transformer

2.1.1.1 Name plate details of potential transformer

Table 2.2 Name plate details of 132KV potential transformer

Ratio 132000/110V

Highest System Voltage 36KV

Burden 110VA/PH

Frequency 50Hz
Figure 2.9 Name plate of potential transformer
 2.1 EARTHING AND BONDING

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system

connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected
in order to pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no
thermal or mechanical damage occurs on the equipment within the substation,
thereby resulting in safety to operation and maintenance personnel. The earthing
system also guarantees equipotent bonding such that there are no dangerous potential
gradients developed in the substation. In designing the substation, three voltage have
to be considered these are:

1. Touch Voltage: This is the difference in potential between the surface

potential and the potential at earthed equipment which a man is

standing and touching the earthed structure.
2. Step Voltage: This is the potential difference developed when a man

bridges a distance of one meter with his feet while not touching any
other earthed equipment.
3. Mesh Voltage: This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in

the mesh of the earthed grid.

Figure 2.10 Earthing pit

2.1.1 Earthing Material

Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The

copper bars themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square

millimeters, and they are laid at a shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares.

In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a separate above ground earthing

ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is bonded.

Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered

because the heat generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to

fail. Joints are usually bolted.

The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the

dissipation of earth fault currents and further reduce the overall substation

earthing resistance. These rods are usually made of solid copper, or copper clad

steel.
 2.1 BUSBAR

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have

to be directly connected electrically, the bus bar is used as the common electrical
component. Bus bars are made up of copper rods operate at a constant voltage.

In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for

general maintenance and repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes
this. Isolator operates under no-load condition. It does not have any specified
current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In some cases, isolators are
used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines. While opening a circuit,
the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a circuit the isolator
is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on the supply side of

circuit breakers, in

Figure:- 2.11 Bus bar

order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose of
maintenance.
2.1 INSULATOR

The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar)
and confine the current to the conductors. The most commonly used material for
the manufacture of the insulator is porcelain. There are several types of insulators
(e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator, etc.) and their use in substation will
depend upon the service requirement. For example, post insulator is used for bus
bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap, and flanged cast
iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to
the cap.

Types of insulator are as follows

1. Pin insulator

2. Suspension type insulator

3. Strain insulator

4. Stay insulator

5. Shackle insulator

6. Post insulator

Figure 2.12 Pin insulator Figure 2.13 Strain insulator

 Figure 2.14 Post insulator Figure 2.15 Stay insulator

The materials generally used for the insulating purpose is called insulating
material. For successful utilization, this material should have some specific
properties as listed below:

1. It must be mechanically strong enough to carry the tension and weight of

conductors.

2. It must have a very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage

stresses in the High Voltage system.

3. It must possess high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the

earth.

4. The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities.

5. It should not be porous.

6. There must not be any entrance on the surface of the electrical insulator

so that the moisture or gases can enter in it.

7. There physical as well as electrical properties must be less effected by

changing temperature.
2.1 PROTECTIVE RELAY

A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation
of the C.B. to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system”. The relay
detects the abnormal condition in the electrical circuit by constantly measuring
the electrical quantities, which are different under normal and fault conditions.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage,
current, frequency, and phase angle. Having detected the fault, the relay operates
to close the trip circuit of circuit breaker.

Figure 2.16 Protection relay control panel

Based on the actautaing parameter the protection relay can be categorized as
following

1. Current relays
2. Voltage relays

3. Frequency relays
4. Directional relays

5. Tripping relays
6. Auxiliary relays
Based on characteristic the protection rule can be categorized as following

1. Definite time relays

2. Inverse time relays with definite minimum time (IDTM)

3. Instantaneous relays

Figure 2.17 Trip circuit supervision relay, High speed trip

relay and PT fuse relay

Figure 2.18 IDTML Overcurrent relay Figure 2.19 IDTML Earth fault relay
2.2 CIRCUIT BREAKER

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate

the heat and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil,
generating a gas whose high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the
arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc. The arc
is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and
because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.

Types of circuit breakers are as follows

1. Electric circuit breaker

2. Arc in circuit breaker

3. Vaccum arc

4. Oil circuit breaker

5. Air circuit breaker

6. Vaccum circuit breaker

Figure 2.20 Vacuum circuit breaker

 The circuit breakers are such types of switches utilized for closing or
opening circuits at the time when a fault occurs within the system. The circuit
breaker has 2 mobile contacts which are in OFF condition in normal situations.
At the time when any fault occurs in the circuitry.

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and
high voltage circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit
breakers, vacuum circuit breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot
continue flowing through it, thereby preventing fires, power surges, and other
problems which may emerge. These devices have been utilized since the 1920s, and
several companies have introduced refinements to make them even safer and more
effective.

Figure 2.21 TNC Switch

Name plate details of vacuum circuit breaker

Table 2.4 Name plate details of 33KV Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Voltage 12KV
Current 1250A
Frequency 50Hz
Breaking 25KA
Capacity
Short Time 25KA for 3
Current seconds
Making Capacity 62.5KA
Number of Poles 3

Figure 2.22 33KV Vacuum circuit breaker name plate

 2.1 BUS ISOLATORS

The bus isolators are used to isolate the high voltage flow through the line
into the bus. This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows
the only need for voltage and rest is earthed by itself.
Insulators are used in electrical
equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without allowing current
through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or
other equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used more specifically
to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution or
transmission lines to utility poles and transmission towers. They support the weight
of the suspended wires without allowing the current to flow through the tower to the
ground.

Figure 2.23 Bus isolators

2.1 FUSE

A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive
current through it for sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit under
normal operating conditions; the fuse element is at a nature below its melting
point. Therefore it carries the normal load current overheating. It is worthwhile to
note that a fuse performs both detection and interruption functions.

Figure 2.24 Fuse

2.1 LIGHTNING ARRESTORS

Lightning arrestors with earth switch lightning arrestors after the current
transformer are used so as to protect it from lightening i.e. from high voltage
entering into it. This lightning arrestor has an earth switch, which can directly
earth the lightning. The arrestor works at 30° to 45° angel of the lightening
making a cone. The earthing switch can be operated manually, by pulling the
switch towards the ground. This also helps in breaking the line entering the station
by doing so maintenance and repair of any instrument can be performed.
Lightning can create voltage surges in several of the following ways. Lightning can
score a direct hit on your house. It can strike the overhead power line which enters
your house, or the main power line that is blocks away from your home. Lightning
can strike branch circuitry wiring in the walls of your house. Lightning can strike an
object near your homes such as a tree or the ground itself and cause a surge.
Voltage surges can be created by the cloud cloud lightning near your home. A
highly charged cloud that passes over your home can also induce a voltage surge.

Figure 2.25 Lightning arrestor

2.3 METERING AND INDICATING INSTRUMENTS

Figure 2.26 Energy Meter For 33KV Outgoing Feeders

There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g. Ammeters,

Voltmeters, energy meter, etc.) installed in a Substation to maintain which over
the circuit quantities. The instrument transformers are invariably used with them
for satisfactory operation. Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeters, kWh meters,
KVARH meters, power factor meters reactive volt-amperes meters are installed
in substations to control and maintain a watch over the current flowing through
the circuits and over the power loads.

Figure 2.27 Energy Meter For 132KV Incoming Feeder

 CHAPTER 3

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 132/33KV POWER SUBSTATION NEW JHOTWARA

INDUSTRIAL AREA

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of

the concerned Electrical System which includes all the required ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up
to the end of the scope of the mentioned Work.

As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various
instruments. The instruments have their usual functioning. They are as Follows
in the single line diagram.

1. Lightning arrestors
2. C V T

3. Current transformer
4. Isolators with earth switch
5. Circuit breaker

6. Line isolator

7. BUS

8. Potential transformer with a bus isolator

9. Isolator

10. Current transformer

11. Circuit breaker

12. Lightning arrestors

13. Transformer
14. Lightning arrestors with earth switch

15. Circuit breaker

16. Current transformer
17. Isolator

18. Bus

19. Potential transformer with a bus isolator

Figure 3.1 Single line diagram of 132/33KV GSS New Jhotwara Jaipur
 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION

This vocational training has helped me to understand the deep knowledge of the
manufacturing process of the substation as well as they also get much knowledge
about electrical equipment. I have the factual details about the need for a substation
in the power system along with its elements.
(ACE/DOEE/2023-24/PTS/01)