7th Internship Report PARTH GAJJAR

[GETCO 132KV PATAN
SUBSTATION]
A SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT
Submitted by :
Enrollment no: 200220109528

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
Electrical Engneering
GOVERNMENT ENGNEERING COLLEGE, PATAN
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD

[JULY – 2022]
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PATAN
At & Po KATPUR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report submitted along with the project entitled
Summer Internship has been carried out by Thakor Vipulkumar Bijalji Enroll
No:200220109528 under my guidance in partial fulfillment for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering, 7th Semester of Gujarat
Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic year 2022-23.
Prof. P.D.Patel Prof. G.A.Patel

Internal Guide Head of Department
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PATAN
At & Po KATPUR
DECLARATION
We here by declare that the Summer Internship submitted along with the
Summer Internship entitled in GETCO 132KV Patan Substation submitted in
partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering In Electrical
Engineering to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, is a bonafide
record of original project work carried out by me / at GETCO 132KV Patan
Substation under the supervision of De. M.S.Mevada & Je. A.P.Patel and
that no part of this report has been directly copied from any students’
reports or taken from any other source, without providing due reference.
Name of the Student Sign of Student

1 Thakor Vipul .B.
2 Trivedi Ashish .D.
3 Gajjar Parth .L.
4 Prajapati Priti .M.
5 Patel kajal .J.
Industry Completion Certificate
Team ID :254675
ACKONLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank and express my indebtedness and heartiest gratitude to

GETCO 132KV Patan Substation and all those who gave me the possibility to complete
this report. Special thanks to my internal guide Prof. P.D.Patel Lecturer in Electrical
Engineering, Government Engineering College, Patan At- Katpur who help me to the
throughout the internship and making the report.
I am also thankful to PROF.G.A. PATEL H.O.D. Electrical Department for all the
cooperation he has rendered in the successful completion of this work. I am most appreciative
of the instructions; I received during my discussions with him. I am sure that these invaluable
lessons about presentation skills will provide me with a strong foundation for my future
work.
Last but not least I would like to thank my friends and family for their help in every
Way for the success of this Summer Internship.
With Regards
Thakor Vipulkumar Bijalji
Gujarat Technological University i GEC PATAN

Team ID :254675
ABSTRACT
To Connect multiple types of sensors and actuators to our lot enabled data
equisition platform, For Effortless communication integration between various
communication mediums and protocols had been done, For Compute Process
important data with proven SCADA in terms of "Platform as a Service" model
is done. The report gives an overview of 132KV Power Transmission
substation. It includes electricity transmission and distribution processes at
132KV Patan Substation. Its substation, an assembly of apparatus which is
installed to control transmission and distribution of electric power, it is
outdoor substation. Different equipment used in substations, Bus-bar, surge
arrestor, Isolator, Earth switches, Current Transformersetc. Transformer,
which is being used here, is core type transformer for stepping down
purposes. Different Instruments transformers, voltage, Current and CV
transformers are also being used.
Gujarat Technological University Ii GEC PATAN

Team ID :254675
List of Figure
Sr no Name of Figure Page no

1 Breather 8
2 Capacitor Bank 9
3 Single line diagram 10
4 132/66KV 100MVA power transformer 15
5 15
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
6 Potential Transformer 16
7 Autotransformer 16
8 Shell type & Core type transformer 17
9 132/66KV 100MVA transformer at 132KV Patan substation 18
10 NIFPS SYSTEM IN 132/66KV 100MVA TRANSFORMER
18
11 Transformer gas analyser 19
12 Insulator 20
13 Porcelain insulator 21
14 Glass insulator 22
15 Pin type insulator 23
16 Suspension type insulator 23
17 Strain type insulator 23
18 Shackle type insulator 24
19 Stay type insulator 24
20 25
66KV SF6 circuit breaker
21 Oil circuit breaker 26
22 Air blast circuit breaker 27
23 SF6 circuit breaker 28
24 Vacuum circuit breaker 29
25 Isolator 30
26 Batteries at 132KV Patan ss 33
27 Buchholz relay 36
28 Wave trap or Line trap 37
Gujarat Technological University Iii GEC PATAN

Team ID :254675
Table Of Contents
Sr.no Name of Content Page no

1. Acknowledgment I
2. Abstract Ii
3. List of Figure Iii
4. Table of contents Iv
5. Company profile 1 to 3
6. Equipment in 132KV substation 4 to 9
7. Single line diagram of 132KV substation Patan 10 to 13
8. Transformer 14 to 19
9. Insulators 20 to 24
10. Circuit breaker & Isolator circuit breaker 25 to 31
11. Control & Relay room 31 to 36
12. Wave trap 37
13. Conclusion 38
14. Reference 39
Gujarat Technological University Iv GEC PATAN

Team ID :254675 Company profile
Chapter 1
Company Profile
1.1 Introduction
The present day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is generated,
transmitted and distributed in the form of Alternating current. The electric power is
produce at the power station, which are located at favourable places, generally quite away
from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumer through a large network of
transmission and distribution. At many places in the line of power system, it may be
desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. Voltage, ac to dc, frequency,
power factor etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called
sub-station for example, generationvoltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the power station is
stepped up to high voltage (Say 220KV to 132KV) for transmission of electric power.
Similarly, near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to
utilization level. This job is again accomplished bysuitable apparatus called sub-station.
1.2 About Substation
1. Definition of sub-station: “The assembly of apparatus used to change some

characteristics (e.g. Voltage AC to DC, frequency, Power factor etc.) of electric supply
is called sub-station”
2. Sub-Station: A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and
distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or
perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and
consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage
levels. Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned
by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended,
relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control. A substation may include
transformers to change voltagelevels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid.
As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted
to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of
using their own generators. The first substationswere connected to only one power
station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power
station.
3. Types of Substation: Substations may be described by their voltage class, their
Gujarat Technological University 1 GEC PATAN

applications within the power system, the method used to insulate most
connections,

4. and bythe style and materials of the structures used. These categories are not
disjointed; to solve a particular problem, a transmission substation may include
significant distribution functions,for example.
 Distribution substation
 TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION
 Transmission substation: A transmission substation connects two or more

transmission lines. The simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same
voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines
to beconnected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission
station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages,
voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or
static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to
control power flow between two adjacent power systems. Transmission
substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching station" may be
little more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest transmission
substations can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage
levels, many circuit breakers and a large amount of protection and control
equipment (voltage and current transformers, relays and SCADA systems).
Modern substations may be implemented using international standards such as
IEC Standard 61850
 Distribution substation: A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission
system to the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect
electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless theyuse large amounts of
power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution.
The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub
transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in
the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium
voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV depending on the size of the area served and the
practices of the local utility. The feeders run along streets overhead (or underground, in
some cases) and power the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises. In
addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either the
transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically the points of
voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (of several miles/kilometers),
voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the
line. The downtown areas of large cities feature complicated distribution
substations, with high- voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on
the low-voltage side. More typical distribution substations have a switch, one
transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-voltage side.
5. 132KV Sub-station: 132KV Sub-Station forms an important link between Transmission
network and Distribution network. It has a vital influence of reliability of service. Apart
from ensuring efficient transmission and Distribution of power, the sub-station
configuration should be such that it enables easy maintenance of equipment and
minimum interruptions in power supply. Sub-Station is constructed near as possible to
the load centre. The voltage levelof power transmission is decided on the quantum of
power to be transmitted to the

6. load centre.
7. About the substation: 132KV Patan sub-station is located near railway overbridge patan
chanasma highway patan. The most important of any substation is the grounding
(Farthing System) of the instruments, transformers etc. used in the substation for the
safety of the operation personnel as well as for proper system operation and performance
of the protectivedevices. An earths system comprising of an earthing mat buried at a
suitable depth below ground and supplemented with ground rod sat suitable points is
provided in the substations. These ground the extra high voltage to the ground as it is
dangerous to us to go near the instrument without proper earth. If the instruments are
not ground properly they may give a huge shock to anyone who would stay near it and
also it is dangerous for the costly instrumentas they may get damaged by this high
voltage.
 S/S CAPACITY:-
(A) 132/66KV 190MVA
(B) 66/11KV 70MVA
 DATE OF COMMISSIONING :- 8-11-1985

Team ID : 254675 Equipment used in 132KV SS
Chapter 2
EQUIEPMENT IN 132KV SUB-STATION
The equipment required for a transmission Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-
Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection desired.
132KV EHV SUB-STATION HAS THE FOLLOWING MAJOR EQUIPMENT:
 BUS-BAR
 Insulators
 ISOLATING SWITCHES
 Circuit breaker
 PROTECTIVE RELAY
 Instrument Transformer
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 Voltage Transformer
 METERING AND INDICATING INSTRUMENT
 Miscellaneous equipment
 TRANSFORMER
 Breather
 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS
 Line isolator
 WAVE TRAP
 Capacitor bank
 SHUNT REACTOR
 Bus-bar: When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus- bar are used, it is made up of copper or aluminium bars
(generally of rectangular X-Section) and operate at constant voltage. The bus is a
line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for
further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders
in LA single line.There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in
the one, the other can still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two
lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a Conductor having a connector
between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works only if
the first is having any fault.
 Insulators: The insulator serves two purpose, they support the conductor (or bus
bar) and confine the current to the conductor. The most commonly used material
for the manufactures of insulators is porcelain. There are several type of insulator
(i.e. pintype, suspension type etc.) and there used in Sub-Station will depend upon
the servicerequirement.

Isolating Switches: In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the

system for general maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating
switch or isolator. An isolator is essentially a knife Switch and is design to often
open acircuit under no load, in other words, isolator Switches are operate only
when the line
is which they are connected carry no load. For example, consider that the isolator areconnected
on both side of a circuit breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first.
 Circuit breaker: A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a

circuit under normal as well as fault condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a
fault, which can damage other instrument in the substation. It is so designed that
it can be operatedmanually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and
automatically under fault condition. There are mainly two types of circuit breakers
used for any substations. They are
a. SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

b. Vacuum circuit breakers
c. AIR BREAK
d. Air Blast
e. BULK O IL
f. Minimum Oil
For the latter operation a relay which is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are
usedfor voltage up to 66 KV while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For
still higher voltage, air blast vacuum or SF6 circuit breaker are used. The use of SF6
circuit breaker is mainly in the substations, which are having high input KV input,
say above 220KV and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e.
under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the
circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There
is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes
low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to
any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the
station, when any fault occur alarm bell rings.
 Protective relay: A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and
initiates theoperation of the C.B. to isolate the defective element from the rest
of the system”. The relay detects the abnormal condition in the electrical circuit
by constantly measuring the electrical quantities, which are different under
normal and fault condition. The electrical quantities which may change under
fault
condition are voltage, current, frequency and phase angle. Having detect the fault,
the relay operate to close the trip circuit of CB.

Instrument Transformer: The line in Sub-station operate at high voltage and carry

 current of thousands of amperes. The measuring instrument and protective

devices aredesigned for low voltage (generally 110V) and current (about 5A).
Therefore, they will not work satisfactory if mounted directly on the power lines.
This difficulty is overcomeby installing Instrument transformer, on the power lines.
There are two types of instrument transformer.
1. CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer which steps-down the
current in a known ratio, the primary of this transformer consist of one or more turn
ofthick wire connected in series with the line, the secondary consist of thick wire
connected in series with line having large number of turn of fine wire and provides for measuring
instrument, and relay a current which is a constant faction of the current inthe line. Current
transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the substation.
This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1amp. This is done
because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current.
The main use of his transformer is:
(a) Distance protection
(b) Backup protection
(c) Measurement
According to design 66KV and above class CT can be divided into two category.
1. Dead Tank Without Bellow
2. Live Tank Without Bellow
3. Dead Tank With Bellow
4. Live Tank With Bellow
2. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
It is essentially a step – down transformer and step down the voltage in known ratio.
Theprimary of these transformer consist of a large number of turn of fine wire
connected across the line. The secondary way consist of a few turns, provides for
measuring instruments, and relay a voltage, which is known fraction of the line
voltage.
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONS:-
(1) Electromagnetic Type
(2) Capacitor Potential Transformer
TYPES OF DESIGN:-
(1) Live Tank Type :- not preferred presently

(2) Dead Tank Type :- Now Available With Steel Bellow
3. C V T:
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT ) is a transformer used in power systems to step-
down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for
measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists
of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive
element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to
isolate and further step-

0
down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least
four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a
ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the
instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for
measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage
transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often
replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage
drop across thestack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively
small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.
Metering and Indicating Instrument: There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g.
Ammeters, Volt-meters, energy meter etc.) installed in a Substation to maintain which over the circuit
quantities. The instrument transformers are invariablyused with them for satisfactory operation.
 Miscellaneous equipment: In addition to above, there may be

following equipmentin a Substation :
i) Fuses
ii) Carrier-current equipment
iii) Sub-Station auxiliary supplies
 TRANSFORMER:
There are three Transformers are used to step down the 132KV to 66KV.Three
EHVtransformer are 100MVA, 40 MVA and 50MVA capacity.
Transformer is static equipment that converts electrical energy from one voltage
toanother.
Basic principles: The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual
inductance between two circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic
transformer consists of two coils that are electrically separate and inductive, but are
magnetically linked through a path of reluctance.
 BREATHER:
A breather is an accessory of liquid-immersed power transformers attached
to the conservator tank. They serve as the breathing point of the transformer.
The breather contains silica gel crystals which have a tremendous capacity of
absorbing moisture.

1
FIG 1. BREATHER
Lightening Arrester: To discharge the switching and lightening voltage surges toearth.
 Wave trap: Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The
function of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping
wave. Its shape islike a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that
it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments here in the
substation
 Capacitor bank: Capacitor bank are used to improve the quality of electrical supply
and thus improve the efficiency of the power systems. Capacitor bank also used for
power factor improvement purpose in substation. A capacitor bank is merely a
grouping of several capacitors of same rating. Capacitor banks may beconnected in
series or parallel, depending upon the desired rating. There are 1 number of 66KV
install capacity 14.04MVAr rating capacitor bank are use. There are 2 numbers of
11KV install capacity 5.4MVAr rating capacitor bank are use.

2
FIG 2. CAPACITOR BANK

3
Team ID :254675 Single line diagram
Chapter 3
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)
FIG 3. SINGLE LINE DIADRAM OF 132KC SS PATAN

Team ID 254675: Single line diagram
 A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the
concernedElectrical System which includes all the required ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the
scope of the mentioned Work. As these feeders enter the station they are to pass
through various instruments. The instruments have their usual functioning.
THEY ARE AS FOLLOWS IN THE SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM:
 Lightening arrestors
 CVT
 Wave trap
 Isolators with earth switch
 Circuit breaker
 BUS
 Potential transformer with a bus isolator
 Isolator
 Current transformer
 A capacitor bank attached to the bus
 A Shunt Reactor attached to the bus
 S/S CAPACITY :-
(A) 132/66KV
190MVA
(B) 66/11KV 70MVA
 DATE OF COMMISSIONING :- 8-11-1985

There are two incoming lines from Mehsana to Patan which are 132KV lines.
 INSTALLED CAPACITY OF TRANSFORMER IN 132KV S/S PATAN:-
 132/66KV 100MVA TR-1

 132/66KV 40MVA TR-2
 132/66KV 50MVA TR-3
 66/11KV 20MVA TR-1
 66/11KV 15MVA TR-2
 66/11KV 20MVA TR-3
 66/11KV 15MVA TR-4
 EXISTING 132KV - 66KV LINES:-
 132KV Mehsana - Patan Line-1

 132KV Mehsana - Patan Line-2
 66KV Patan- Kansa Line
 66KV Patan- Adiya Line


 66KV Patan Kamlivada Line
 66KV Patan- Tundav Line
 66KV Patan Sankhari- Anavada Line
 66KV Patan Sankhari- Rajpur Line
 EXISTING CAPACITOR BANK IN 132KV S/S PATAN:-
 66KV Capacitor Bank-1 Installed Capacity 14.04MVAR

 POWER SUPPLY FEEDING TO ENTIRE PATAN CITY AND NEAR BY VILLAGE'S AREA
THROUGH 19NUMBER OF JGY (JYOTI GRAM YOJNA), URBAN, AND AGRICULTURE
FEEDERS.
1. 11KV Bagvada
2. 11KV Railway
3. 11KV Hansapur (Agriculture)
4. 11KV Polytechnic
5. 11KV Station
6. 11KV Court
7. 11KV Uma
8. 11KV Runi (Agriculture)
9. 11KV Suaij
10. 11KV Gugadipati
11. 11KV Padamath
12. 11KV Matarvadi (Agriculture)
13. 11KV Harihar
14. 11KV Dairy
15. 11KV Express
16. 11KV Kalika
17. 11KV Patan City
18. 11KV Punam
19. 11KV BSNL

 EXISTING BUS SYSTEM:-
1. 132KV Main Bus-1 Moose(ACSR) Single Conductor
2. 66KV Main Bus-2 Moose(ACSR) Double Conductor

Team ID :254675 Transformer
CHAPTER 4.
TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a static machine, which transform the potential of alternating current at

same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage and
high voltage into low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static
induction principle. When the energy transformed into higher voltage, the transformer is
called step uptransformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer. Fig:
132/66 KV 40MVA, 50MVA, 100 MVA Transformer at Patan sub-station
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
1. Core Type
2. Shell Type
 TRANSFORMER CAN ALSO DIVIDE INTO TWO CATEGORIES LOOKING TO FUNCTION OF

TRANSFORMER
1. Step Up Transformer
2. Step Down Transformer
 TRANSFORMER CAN ALSO DIVIDE IN TO TWO PARTS AS PER CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER

WINDING.
1. Two Winding Transformer
2. Auto (One Winding) Transformer
 POWER TRANSFORMER:
1. Single phase transformer

2. Three phase transformer

FIG 4. 132/66KV 100MVA POWER TRANSFORMER
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:
 Current transformer
FIG 5. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

 Potential transformer
FIG 6. POTENSTIAL TRANSFORMER
 AUTO TRANSFORMER:
FIG 7. AUTO TRANSFORMER

 On the basis of structure:

1. Core Type
2. Shell Type
FIG 8.CORE TYPE AND SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER
 COOLING METHODS OF A TRANSFORMER:

No transformer is truly an 'ideal transformer' and hence each will incur some losses, most of
which get converted into heat. If this heat is not dissipated properly, the excess temperature
in transformer may cause serious problems like insulation failure. It is obvious that
transformer needs a cooling system. Transformers can be divided in two types as (i) dry
type transformers and (ii) oil immersed transformers. Different cooling methods of
transformers are -
For dry type transformers
 Air Natural (AN)
 Air Blast
For oil immersed transformers
 Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
 Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
 Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
 Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)

FIG 9. 132/66KV 100MVA TRANSFORMER AT 132KV PATAN SUBSTATION

 In 132KV PATAN Substation 132/66KV Three transformer used. There are
core typetransformer.
 In 132/66KV 100MVA TRANSFORMER NO.3 NIFPS system use for safety

purpose ofTransformer. Nitrogen Injection Fire Prevention System (NIFPS) is
the traditional method of quenching the fire hazards. Occurring at transformer
installation.
FIG 10. NIFPS SYSTEM IN 132/66KV 100MVA TRANSFOREMER

 In 132/66KV 100MVA TRANSFORMER NO.1 ONLINE DGA system used for safety,
purpose of Transformer. Online DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) for transformers is
a reasonable safety tool. Analysis of the gases solved in transformer oil has
become a common instrument for early detection and diagnosis of transformer
malfunctions.
FIG 11. TRANSFORMER GAS ANALYSE

Team ID : 254675 Insulators
CHAPTER 5.
INSULATORS
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely,
and therefore make it nearly impossible to conduct an electric current under the
influence of an electric field. This contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and
conductors, which conduct electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes
an insulator is its resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or
conductors.
A perfect insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile
charges (charge carriers) which can carry current. In addition, all insulators become
electrically conductive when a sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric field tears
electrons away from the atoms. This is known as the breakdown voltage of an insulator.
Some materials such as glass, paper and Teflon, which have high resistivity, are very good
electrical insulators. Amuch larger class of materials, even though they may have lower bulk
resistivity, are still good enough to prevent significant current from flowing at normally used
voltages, and thus are employed as insulation for electrical wiring and cables. Examples
include rubber-like polymers and most plastics.
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors
without allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap
electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used
more specifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution
or transmission lines to utility poles and transmission towers. They support the weight of
the suspended wires without allowing the current to flow through the tower to ground.
FIG 12. INSULATOR

 INSULATING MATERIAL:
The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is the flash over, occurs in between line
andearth during abnormal over voltage in the system. During the flash over, the huge heat
producedby arching, causes puncher in insulator body.
 PROPERTIESOF INSULATING MATERIAL:
For successful utilization, this material should have some specific properties as listed below:
 It must be mechanically strong enough to carry tension and weight of conductors.

 It must have very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses
in HighVoltage system.
 It must possessed high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the earth.
 The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities.
 It should not be porous.
 There must not be any entrance on the surface of electrical insulator so
that themoisture or gases can enter in it.
 There physical as well as electrical properties must be less affected by
changingtemperature.
 TYPES OF INSULATING MATERIALS:
Two types of insulating material are mainly

used:
1. PORCELAIN INSULATOR
2. Glass insulator
1. Porcelain insulator: Porcelain in most commonly used material for overhead insulator
in present days. The porcelain is aluminium silicate. The aluminium silicate is mixed
with plastic kaolin, feldspar and quartz to obtain final hard and glazed porcelain
insulator material. The surface of the insulator should be glazed enough so that water
should not betraced on it.
FIG 13. PORCELAIN ISULATOR

2. Glass insulator: Now day’s glass insulator has become popular in transmission and
distribution system. Annealed tough glass is used for insulating purpose.
FIG 14. GLASS INSULATOR
 TYPES OF INSULATORS:
There are five types of insulators:
1. Pin type insulator
2. Suspension type insulator
3. Strain type insulator
4. Shackle type insulator
5. Stay type insulator
1. Pin type insulator: Pin Insulator is earliest developed overhead insulator, but still
popularly used in power network up to 33 KV system. Pin type insulator can be one
part, two parts or three parts type, depending upon application voltage. In 11 KV
system we generally useone part type insulator where whole pin insulator is one piece
of properly shaped porcelain or glass. As the leakage path of insulator is through its
surface, it is desirable to increase the vertical length of the insulator surface area for
lengthening leakage path.

FIG 15. PIN TYPE INSULATOR

2. SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATOR: IN HIGHER VOLTAGE, BEYOND 33KV, IT BECOMES UNECONOMICAL
TO USE PIN INSULATOR BECAUSE SIZE, WEIGHT OF THE INSULATOR BECOME MORE. HANDLING AND
REPLACING BIGGER SIZE SINGLE UNIT INSULATOR ARE QUITE DIFFICULT TASK. FOR OVERCOMING
THESE DIFFICULTIES, SUSPENSION INSULATOR WAS DEVELOPED. IN SUSPENSION INSULATOR
NUMBERS OF INSULATORS ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES TO FORM A STRING AND THE LINE CONDUCTOR
IS CARRIED BY THE BOTTOM MOST INSULATOR. EACH INSULATOR OF A SUSPENSION STRINGIS CALLED
DISC INSULATOR BECAUSE OF THEIR DISC LIKE SHAPE.
FIG 16. SUSPENSION TYPE

INSULATOR
3. Strain type insulator: When suspension string is used to sustain extraordinary
tensile load of conductor it is referred as string insulator. When there is a dead
end or there is a sharp corner in transmission line, the line has to sustain a great
tensile load ofconductor or strain. A strain insulator must have considerable
mechanical strength as well as the necessary electrical insulating propertie
FIG 17. STRAIN TYPE INSULATOR

4. Shackle type insulator: The shackle insulator or spool insulator is usually used in low
voltage distribution network. It can be used both in horizontal and vertical position. The
use ofsuch insulator has decreased recently after increasing the using of underground
cable for distribution purpose. The tapered hole of the spool insulator distributes the
load
more evenly and minimizes the possibility of breakage when heavily loaded. The
conductor in the groove ofshackle insulator is fixed with the help of soft binding wire.
FIG 18. SHACKLE TYPE INSULATOR
5. Stay type insulator: For low voltage lines, the stays are to be insulated from
ground at aheight. The insulator used in the stay wire is called as the stay insulator,
is usually of porcelain, and is so designed that in case of breakage of the insulator
the guy-wire
will not fall to the ground. Fig: stay type insulator.
FIG 19. STAY TYPE INSULATOR

Team ID :254675 Circuit breaker & Isolators
CHAPTER 6.
CIRCUIT BREAKER & ISOLATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is the equipment, which can open or close a circuit under normal as well
as fault condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault, which can damage other instrument
inthe station.
It is so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal
conditions and automatically under fault condition.
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by over current or overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to interrupt current flow after protective relays detect a fault. Fig: SF6 circuit
breaker
FIG 20. 66KV SF6 TYPE CIRCUIT BREAKER
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:

The Circuit Breaker mainly consist of fixed contacts and moving contacts. In normal “no”
condition of circuit breaker, these two contacts are physically connected to each other due
toapplied mechanical pressure on the moving contacts.
There is an arrangement stored potential energy in the operating mechanism of circuit
breaker which is realized if switching signal is given to the breaker. The potential energy can
be stored in the circuit breaker by different ways like by deforming metal spring, by
compressed air or byhydraulic pressure.
 TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:

 According to different criteria, there are different type of circuit breaker:
 According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as:
 Oil circuit breaker
 Air blast circuit breaker
 SF6 circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker
 OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:
A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat
and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas
whose high pressure produced a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the
necessary insulation to prevent a re-strike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts
andbecause of intensive cooling by the gases of oil vacuum.
FIG 21. OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER
 AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER:
Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto re-closure, unit type multi
break constructions, simple assembly and modest maintenance are some of the main
features of air blast circuit breakers. The compressors plant necessary to maintain
high air pressure in the air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially
suitable for railway and arc furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast
circuit breaker is used for interconnected lines where rapid operation is desired.
High-pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 Kg/cm2 stored in the air reservoir.

Airis taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are
mounted on the reservoir with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished
chambers aremounted on the top of the hollow insulator chambers. The current
carrying parts connect the three arc extinction chamber to each other in series and
the pole to the neighbouring equipment. Since there exist a very high voltage
between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers
assembly is mounted on insulators.
FIG 22. AIR BLAST CIRCUIT

BREAKER
 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

In such circuit breaker, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc
quenching medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency
to absorb freeelectrons.
The SF6 circuit breakers have been found to a very effective for high power and high
voltage service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230
KV,power rating 10MVA.
It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When
the contacts are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from
reservoir toflow towards the arc interruption chamber. The moving contact permits
the SF6 gas tolet through these holes.
A typical SF6 circuit breaker consists of interrupter units. Each unit is capable of
interrupting currents up to 60 KA and voltage in the range 50-80 KV. A number of
unitsare connected in series according to system voltage. SF6 breakers are developed
for voltages range from 115 to 500 KV and power of 10MVA rating and with
interrupting time of 3 cycles and less.

The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high
input kv input, say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by
force
i.e. under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to
the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar.
There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas
goes low.
Thecircuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault
stations. The spring here reduces the torque produced so that the breaker can functionagain.
The spring type is used for step down side of 132kv to 33kv also in 33kv to 11kvand so on.
They are only used in low distribution side.
At 132KV Patan Substation 132KV & 66KV side SF6 type circuit breaker are used
FIG 23. SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER:
Vacuum circuit breakers are the breakers which are used to protect medium and high
voltage circuit from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit
breakers, vacuum circuit breakers are literally break the circuit so that energy cannot
continue flowing through it, thereby preventing fires, power surge and other problems
which may emerge. These devices have been utilized since the 1920s and several
companies have introduced refinements to make them even safer and more effective.

FIG 24. VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER
ISOLATOR
Isolator is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or
maintenance.
In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance
andrepairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator.
An isolator is essentially a knife Switch and is design to often open a circuit under no load, in
other words, isolator Switches are operate only when the line is which they are connected
carry no load. For example, consider that the isolator are connected on both side of a circuit
breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first.
“An Isolator or a disconnector is a mechanical switch device, which provides in the open
position, an isolating distance in accordance with special requirements. An isolator is capable
of opening and closing a circuit when either negligible current is broken/made or when no
significant change in the voltage across the terminals of each of the poles of isolator occurs. It
is also capable of carrying current under normal circuit conditions and carrying for a specified
time, current under abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit.

FIG 25. ISOLATOR
 OPERATION OF ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR:

An isolator is a mechanical switch that is manually operated. Depending on the requirement
of agiven system, there are different types of isolators. With isolators, one is able to see any
open circuit physically as compared to circuit breakers where no physical observation can be
made.
Since no technique for arc quenching exists in isolators, the operation of electrical isolators
should only be carried out when no possible current is flowing through a circuit. An isolator
should not be used to open a completely closed live circuit. Additionally, live circuits should
not be completed and closed using an isolator. This is to avoid large amounts of arcing from
taking place at the isolator contacts. Hence isolators should only be opened after a circuit
breaker is open and should be closed before closing a circuit breaker.
Electrical isolators can be operated using a motorized mechanism as well as by hand. Hand

operation happens to be cheaper, compared to a motorized arrangement.

As no arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be operated when there is no

chance of current flowing through the circuit. No live circuit should be closed or opened by
isolator operation. A complete live closed circuit must not be opened by isolator operation
and also a live circuit must not be closed and completed by isolator to avoid huge arcing in
between isolator contacts. That is why isolator must be open after circuit breaker is open and
these must be closed before circuit breaker is closed. Isolator can be operated by hand locally
as well as by motorized mechanism from remote position. Motorized operation arrangement
costs more compared to hand operation; hence, decision must be taken before choosing an
isolator for the system whether hand operated or motor operated economically optimum for
the system. For voltage up to 145 KV system hand operated isolators are used whereas for
higher voltage systems like 245 KV or 420 KV and above motorized isolator are used.

Team ID : 254675 Control & Relay room
cv
CHAPTER 7.
CONTROL & RELAY ROOM
The control room has various control panels which shows the information like
incomingpower, outgoing power, frequency, time common to all sub-stations, status
of various lines(healthy, faulted, under outage or maintenance), status of various
protective instruments like isolators, circuit breaker, temperature of various
instruments, workingtap of transformer etc.
The DAS (Data Acquisition System) is used to accumulate the data received from
varioussources.
The relay room is separate from the control room. All relay used here are numerical
andare either from Siemens® or ABB® . The protection system is so fast that it can
detect a fault within 30 ms and hence the circuit breaker can be operated within as
less as 80 ms.For 400KV side C.B., one time auto re closure is allowed in order to
clear the faults automatically.
 BATTERYROOM:
 The control panels and relays of the sub-station required DC supply of 110 V.
 The DC supply is made with the help of battery bank reserve normally kept
in aseparate room called battery room.
 The batteries used in this sub-station are Nickel-Cadmium (NI-Cd) batteries.
 These batteries are used due to their advantages like low maintenance,
longerlife (15-20 years) etc.
 Each cell is of 2 V and 300 Ah Capacity.

FIG 26. BATTERIES AT SUB STATION

Use of battery in sub-station:

 Storage battery system is used in emergency situation for the working of
electricalequipment:
 To open and close the switch gear
 For indication and control
 Emergency lighting
 Relay and interlocking equipment
 For working of alarm circuit.
At 132KV Patan Substation 2 Battery set (110V DC + 110V DC) used & other
48V DCbattery set used for Power line carrier communication purpose.
Protective Relay:
Protective relays are used to detect defective lines or apparatus and to initiate the
operation of circuit interrupting devices to isolate the defective equipment. Relays
arealso used to detect abnormal or undesirable operating conditions other than those
caused by defective equipment and either operate an alarm or initiate operation of
circuit interrupting devices. Protective relays protect the electrical system by
causing the defective apparatus or lines to be disconnected to minimize damage and
maintain service continuity to the rest of the system.
There are different types of relays:

1. Over current relay
2. Distance relay
3. Differential relay
4. Directional over current relay
5. Buchholz Relay
1. Over Current Relay:

The over current relay responds to a magnitude of current above a specified
value. There are four basic types of construction: They are plunger, rotating
disc, static, and microprocessor type. In the plunger type, a plunger is moved
by magnetic attraction when the current exceeds a specified value. In the
rotating induction-disc type, which is a motor, the disc rotates by
electromagnetic induction when the current exceeds a specified value.
Static types convert the current to a proportional D.C mill volt signal and
apply it to a level detector with voltage or contact output. Such relays can be
designed to have various current-l type of rotating induction-disc relay, called
the voltagerestrained over current relay. The magnitude of voltage restrains
the operation of the disc until the magnitude of the voltage drops below a
threshold value.

Static over current relays are equipped with multiple curve characteristics
and can duplicate almost any shape of electromechanical relay curve.
Microprocessor relays convert the current to a digital signal. The digital
signalcan then be compared to the setting values input into the relay. With
the microprocessor relay, various curves or multiple time-delay settings can
be input to set the relay operation. Some relays allow the user to define the
curvewith points or calculations to determine the output characteristics.
2. Distance Relay:
Distance Relay has the overall effect of measuring impedance. The relay
operates instantaneously (within a few cycles) on a 60-cycle basis for values
of impedance below the set value. When time delay is required, the relays
energizes a separate time-delay relay or function with the contacts or output
of this time-delay relay or function performing the desired output Functions.
The relay operates on the magnitude of impedance measured by the
combination of restraint voltage and the operating current passing through it
according to the settings applied to the relay. When the impedance is such
that the impedance point is within the impedance characteristic circle, the
relay will trip. The relay is inherently directional. The line impedance
typically corresponds to the diameter of the circle with the reach of the relay
being the diameter of the circle.
3. Differential Relay:
The differential relay is a current-operated relay that responds to the
difference between two or more device currents above a set value. The relay
works on the basis of the differential principle that what goes into the device
has to come out and applications where the input currents come from different
system voltages, such as transformers. A current differential relay provides
restraint coils on the incoming current circuits. The restraint coils in
combination with the operating coil provide an operation curve, above which
the relay will operate. Differential relays are often used with a lockout relay to
trip all power sources to the device and prevent the device from being
automatically or remotely reenergized. These relays are very sensitive. The
operation of the device usually means major problems with the protected
equipment and the likely failure in re-energizing the equipment.
4. Directional Over current Relay:

A directional over current relay operates only for excessive current flow in a
given direction. Directional over current relays are available in
electromechanical, static, and microprocessor constructions. An
electromechanical overcorrect relay is made directional by adding a
directional unit that prevents the over current relay from operating until the
directional unit has operated. The directional unit responds to the product of
the magnitude of current, voltage, and the phase angle between them or to the
product of two currents and the phase angle between them. The value of this
product necessary to provide operation of the directional unit is small, so that
itwill not limit the

sensitivity of the relay (such as an over current relay that it controls). In most
cases, the directional element is mounted inside the same case as the relay it
controls. For example, an over current relay and a directional element are
mounted in the same case, and the combination is called a directional over
current relay. Microprocessor relays often provide a choice as to the
polarizing method that can be used in providing the direction of fault, such as
applying residual current or voltage or negative sequence current or voltage
polarizing functions to the relay.
5. Buchholz Relay:
In electric power distribution and transmission, a Buchholz relay is a safety
device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors,
equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a "conservator".
The Buchholz relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the effects
of dielectric failure inside the equipment. A generic designation for this
type ofdevice is "gas detector relay".
FIG 27. BUCHHOLZ RELAY

Team ID 254675: Wave trap
CHAPTER 8.
WAVE TRRAP
 Line trap is also known as wave trap. What it does is trapping the high
frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote sub-
station and diverting themto the telecom/tele protection panel in the
substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).
 This is relevant in power line carrier communication (PLCC) systems for

communicationamong various substations without dependence on the
telecom company network. The signals are primarily tele protection
signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.
 The line trap offers high impedance to high frequency communication

signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substations
bus-bars. If there were not tothere, then signal loss in more and
communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.
 Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of
this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping
wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder
so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments
here in the substation.
FIG28. WAVE TRAP OR LINE TRAP

Team ID : 254675 Conclusion
CONCLUSION.
 Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important
role in our life.We are made aware of how the transmission the
transmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about the various
parts of the substation system. The three wings of electrical system viz.
generation, transmission and distribution are connected to each other and
that too very perfectly. Thus for effective transmission and distribution.

Team ID :254675 Reference
REFERENCE.
 https://www.getcogujarat.com
 https://www.electricaleasy.com
 https://circuitglobe.com
Some data is collected from the ppt, word and excel file which was given by
the company to me for training purpose.

7th Internship Report PARTH GAJJAR

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[GETCO 132KV PATAN

Enrollment no: 200220109528

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD

Prof. P.D.Patel Prof. G.A.Patel

Name of the Student Sign of Student

I would like to thank and express my indebtedness and heartiest gratitude to

Thakor Vipulkumar Bijalji

Gujarat Technological University i GEC PATAN

Gujarat Technological University Ii GEC PATAN

Sr no Name of Figure Page no

Gujarat Technological University Iii GEC PATAN

Sr.no Name of Content Page no

Gujarat Technological University Iv GEC PATAN

1.2 About Substation

1. Definition of sub-station: “The assembly of apparatus used to change some

Gujarat Technological University 1 GEC PATAN

Gujarat Technological University 2 GEC PATAN

 Transmission substation: A transmission substation connects two or more

Gujarat Technological University 4 GEC PATAN

(A) 132/66KV 190MVA

(B) 66/11KV 70MVA

 DATE OF COMMISSIONING :- 8-11-1985

Gujarat Technological University 5 GEC PATAN

132KV EHV SUB-STATION HAS THE FOLLOWING MAJOR EQUIPMENT:

Gujarat Technological University 6 GEC PATAN

Isolating Switches: In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the

 Circuit breaker: A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a

a. SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Gujarat Technological University 7 GEC PATAN

Gujarat Technological University 8 GEC PATAN

 current of thousands of amperes. The measuring instrument and protective

(1) Live Tank Type :- not preferred presently

Gujarat Technological University 1 GEC PATAN

 Miscellaneous equipment: In addition to above, there may be

Gujarat Technological University 1 GEC PATAN

Gujarat Technological University 1 GEC PATAN

FIG 2. CAPACITOR BANK

Gujarat Technological University 1 GEC PATAN

FIG 3. SINGLE LINE DIADRAM OF 132KC SS PATAN

(B) 66/11KV 70MVA

 DATE OF COMMISSIONING :- 8-11-1985

 INSTALLED CAPACITY OF TRANSFORMER IN 132KV S/S PATAN:-

 132/66KV 100MVA TR-1

 EXISTING 132KV - 66KV LINES:-

 132KV Mehsana - Patan Line-1

 66KV Patan- Adiya Line

Gujarat Technological University 16 GEC PATAN

 EXISTING CAPACITOR BANK IN 132KV S/S PATAN:-

 66KV Capacitor Bank-1 Installed Capacity 14.04MVAR

3. 11KV Hansapur (Agriculture)

8. 11KV Runi (Agriculture)

10. 11KV Gugadipati

11. 11KV Padamath

12. 11KV Matarvadi (Agriculture)

13. 11KV Harihar

14. 11KV Dairy

15. 11KV Express

16. 11KV Kalika

17. 11KV Patan City

18. 11KV Punam

19. 11KV BSNL

Gujarat Technological University 17 GEC PATAN

 EXISTING BUS SYSTEM:-