New Report ON GSS

A
Seminar Report
AT
RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDHYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED

220 KV NPH GSS, NEAR RAM MANDIR
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
2016-2020
Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. Prerak Bhardwaj Mansi Sharma
Assistant Professor (16EJCEE067)
Department of Electrical Engineering

Jaipur Engineering College & Research Centre, Jaipur
EE JECRC Jaipur Page | 1

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor Prerak Bhardwaj,
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Jaipur Engineering college and
research center Jaipur, for his valuable guidance and cooperation throughout the seminar work. He
provided constant encouragement and unceasing enthusiasm at every stage of the seminar work.
I express my indebtedness to Mr. Atul Kulshrestha, Head, Department of Electrical Engineering,

Jaipur Engineering College and Research Center Jaipur, for providing me an opportunity to present
this seminar.
It gives me immense pleasure in acknowledging the love and encouragement showered on me by

my parents and friends. Their financial and moral support helped me to accomplish my work.
Place: JECRC, Jaipur Mansi Sharma
Date: 26-09- 2020 B.Tech. VII Semester
(16EJCEE067)

ABSTRACT
Now a day’s everything is depending up on the power. So give the reliable supply to consumers.
In distribution systems one of the major parts is "SUBSTATIONS".An electrical substation is a
subsidiary station of an electricity, Generation, Transmission and distribution systems where the
voltage is transformed from high to low or reverse using the transformers .Electric power may
flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer and may be changed in
different voltage levels .the equipment used in substation are Transformer, Lightening arresters,
isolator, bus bar, protective devices, Battery charger, earth switches, earth rods. So for of supply
the regular maintenance and checking is necessary from that we conclude weather it is suitable or
not for the desired operation.

CONTENT
Chapter name Page no.
Certificate
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
List of figures v
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1: 220 kV NPH GSS 2
1.2: Incoming Feeders 3
1.3: Outgoing Feeders 3
Chapter 2: Equipments used 5
2.1: Types of Arresters 6
Chapter 3: Bus Bars 6
3.1: Types of Bus Bar Arrangement 6
Chapter 4: Insulators 7
4.1: Types of Insulators 8
Chapter 5: Isolators 10
Chapter 6: Circuit Breaker 11
6.1: Types of Circuit Breaker 11
Chapter 7: Protective Relay 15
7.1: Distance Relay 16
7.2: Types of Distance Relay 16
Chapter 8: Power Transformer 16

8.1: Windings 16
8.2: Tank & Fittings 17
8.3: Cooling Equipments 17
8.4: Transformer Accessories 18
Chapter 9: Current Transformer 21
Chapter 10: Potential Transformer 22
Chapter 11: Capacitive Voltage Transformer 23
Chapter 12: Control Room 24
12.1: Measuring Instrument used 25
Chapter 13: Capacitor Bank 25
Chapter 14: Power Line Carrier Communication 26
14.1: Wave Trap 26
Chapter 15: Earthing of the System 27
15.1: Procedure of Earthing 27
15.2: Neutral Earthing 27
Chapter 16: Battery Room 28
Chapter 17: Rattings 29
17.1: Transformer 29
17.2: Circuit Breaker 29
17.3: Battery Charger 30
17.4: Current Transformer 30
17.5: Capacitive Voltage Transformer 30
CONCLUSIONS 31
REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Name of Figure Page no.
1 220 Kv Gss 1
1.1 Single Line Diagram Of 220kv Gss 5
2 Lightning Arrester 6
4.1 Pin Type Insulator 11
4.2 Suspension Type Insulator 11
4.3 Strain Type Insulator 12
5 Isolator 13
6.1 SF6 Circuit Breaker 16
6.2 Air Blast Circuit Breaker 17
7 Relays 20
8.1 Power Transformer 22
8.2 Radiator With Fan 23
8.3 Buchholz Relay 24
8.4 Winding And Oil Temperature Indicator 25
8.5 Silica Gel Breather 25
8.6 Conservator With Buchholz Relay And Tank 26
9 Current Transformer 28
10 Potential Transformer 29
11 Capacitive Voltage 31
12 Control Room In Gss NPH 32
13 Battery Room 39

CHAPTER:-1
INTRODUCTION
Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The electric power
produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through a large network
of transmission & distribution. The transmission network is inevitable long and high
power lines are necessary to maintain a huge block of power source of generation to the load
centers to inter connected. Power house for increased reliability of supply greater. The assembly
of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power
factor etc.) of electric supply keeping the power constant is called a substation An electrical
substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution
system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers.
Fig. 1:-220 KV GSS NPH
Substations have switching, protection and control equipment and one or more transformer. In a
large substation, circuit breaker are used to interrupt any short-circuit or overhead currents that
may occur on the network.

Depending on a constructional feature, the high voltage substations may be
further subdivided:
(a) Outdoor substation
(b) Indoor substation
(c) Base or Underground substation
1.1 220 kV NPH GSS:
It’s a part of RVPN. It is situated Jaipur. The power mainly comes from 220kV Heerapura (400kV)
and 220kV Heerapura (220). The substation is equipped with various equipments and there are
various arrangements for the protection purpose. The equipments in the GSS are listed previously.
At this substation following feeders are established-
1 Tie Feeders
2. Radial Feeders
220kV GSS NPH is an outdoor type primary substation and distribution as well it has not only
step down but distribution work. The electrical work in a substation comprises to:
1. Choice of bus bar arrangement layout.

2. Selection of rating of isolator.
3. Selection of rating of instrument transformer.
4. Selection of rating of C.B.
5. Selection of Lightning Arrester(AR)
6. Selection of rating of power transformer.
7. Selection of protective relaying scheme, control and relay boards.
8. Selection of voltage regulator equipment.
9. Design a layout of earthing grids and protection against lightning strockes.
1.2 Incoming Feeders:

The incoming feeders are:
1) 220KV HEERAPURA
2) 400KV HEERAPURA
1.3 Outgoing Feeders:
The outgoing feeders are:
1.3.1 132 kV:

1) SITAPURA
2) HEERAPURA
3) PWD BUNGLOW THROUGH XPPE CABLE
4) CHAMBAL
5) N-W RAILWAY BAY
1.3.2 33 kV:
1) BISALPUR
2) NIRMAN NAGAR
3) SHANTI NAGAR
4) SUBASH NAGAR
5) CHANDPOLE
6) KHASA KOTHI
7) PROP. RAILWAY
8) BRAHMPURI
9) N.K. NAKA
10) OLD JHOTWARA
11) VAISHALI NAGAR
1.3.3 11 kV:
1) BANI PARK
2) K. KOTHI

3) OLD JHOTWARA
4) HASSANPURA
5) JANTA NAGAR
6) VIDHAN SABHA
7) JME
8) NBC

CHAPTER:-2
EQUIPMENTS
2.1 LIGHTNING ARRESTER
A lightning arrester (also known as surge diverter) is a device connected between line and
earth i.e. in parallel with the over headline, HV equipments and substation to be protected.
It is as sa f e t y v a l v e w h i c h l i m i t s t h e m a g n i t u d e o f l i g h t n i n g a n d
s w i t c h i n g o v e r v o l t a g e s a t t h e substations, over headlines and HV equipments and
provides a low resistance path for the surge current to flow to the ground. The
practice is also to install lightning arresters at the incom ing terminals of the line.
All the electrical equipments must be protected from the severe damages of
lightning strokes. The techniques can be studied under:-
•Protection of transmission line from direct stroke.
•Protection of power station and sub-station from direct stroke.
•Protection of electrical equipments from travelling waves.
Fig 2.1:- Lightning Arrester

2.1.1 Types of Arrestors:-
1) Rod/sphere gap:- I t i s a v e r y s i m p l e p r o t e c t i v e d e v i c e i . e . g a p
i s provided across the stack of Insulators to permit flash-over when undesirable
voltages are impressed of the system.
2) Expulsion type LA:-It have two electrodes at each end and consists of a fiber
tube capable of producing a gas when is produced. The gas so evolved blows the
arc through the bottom electrode.
3) Valve type LA:-It consists of a divided spark-gap in series will a non linear resistor.
The divided spark gap consists of a no. of similar elements, each of it two electrode
across which are connected high resistor.

2.2 BUS BARS
Bus Bars are the common electrical component through which a large
n o o f f e e d e r s operating at same voltage have to be connected. If t h e b u s b a r s a r e
o f r i g i d t yp e ( A l u m i n u m t yp e s ) t h e s t r u c t u r e h e i g h t a r e l o w a n d minimum
clearance is required. While in case of strain type of bus bars suitable ACSR conductor are
strung/tensioned by tension insulators discs according to system voltages. In the widely
used strain type bus bars stringing tension is about 500-900 Kg depending upon the size of
conductor used. Here proper clearance would be achieved only if require tension
is achieved. Loose bus bars would affect the clearances when it swi ngs while
over tensioning may damage insulators. Clamps or even effect the supporting
structures in low temperature conditions. The clamping should be proper, as loose clamp
would spark under in full load condition damaging the bus bars itself.
2.2.1 Busbar Arrangement:-

1) Single bus bar arrangement
2) Double bus bar arrangement
a) Main bus with transformer bus
b) Main bus-I with main bus-II
3) Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.
2.2.1.1 SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT:

This arrangement is simplest and cheapest. It suffers, however, from major defects.
1. Maintenance without interruption is not possible.
2. Extension of the substation without a shutdown is not possible
2.2.1.2 DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT:
1. Each load may be fed from either bus
2 . Two supplies from different sources can be put on each bus separately
3. Either bus bar may be taken out from maintenance of insulators

2.2.1.3 DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT CONTAINS MAIN BUS BAR WITH
AUXILARY BUS:
The double bus bar arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to carry out
maintenance on the other but provide no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. The main and
transfer bus works the other way round. It provides facility for carrying out breaker maintenance
but does not permit bus maintenance. Whenever maintenance is required on any breaker the circuit
is changed over to the transfer bus and is controlled through bus coupler breaker.

2.3 INSULATOR
The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power conductors from the
ground s o t h a t c u r r e n t s f r o m c o n d u c t o r s d o n o t f l o w t o e a r t h t h r o u g h
s u p p o r t s . T h e i n s u l a t o r s a r e connected to the cross arm of supporting
structure and the power conductor passes through the clamp of the insulator. The
insulators provide necessary insulation between line conductors and supports and thus
prevent any leakage current from conductors to earth. In general, the insulator should have
the following desirable properties:
 High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.
 High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents
to earth.
 High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength
is high.
 High ratio of puncture strength to flash over.
These insulators are generally made of glazed porcelain or toughened glass.
Poly come type insulator [solid core] are also being supplied in place of hast insulators
if available indigenously. The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to
contraction and expansion in any part of the insulator does not lead to any defect. It
is desirable not to allow porcelain to come in direct contact with a hard metal screw
thread.
2.3.1 TYPE OF INSULATORS:
1 . P i n t yp e
2. Suspension type
3. Strain insulator
2.3.1.1 PIN TYPE:
P i n t yp e i n s u l a t o r c o n s i s t o f a s i n g l e o r m u l t i p l e s h e l l s adapted to be
mounted on a spindle to be fixed to the cross arm of the supporting structure. When the
upper most shell is wet due to rain the lower shells are dry a n d p r o v i d e
sufficient leakage resistance these are used for transmission and

distribution of electric power at voltage up to voltage 33 KV. Beyond operating
v o l t a g e o f 3 3 K V t h e p i n t yp e i n s u l a t o r s t h u s b e c o m e t o o b u l k y a n d
h e n c e uneconomical
Fig.4.1-Pin type insulator

2.3.1.2 SUSPENSION TYPE:
S u s p e n s i o n t yp e i n s u l a t o r s c o n s i s t o f a number of porcelain disc connected in
series by metal links in the form of a string. Its working voltage is 66KV. Each disc is
designed for low voltage for 11KV.
Fig.4.2-Suspension type insulator

2.3.1.3 STRAIN INSULATOR:
The strain insulators are exactly identical in shape with the suspension insulators.
These strings are placed in the horizontal p l a n e r a t h e r t h a n t h e v e r t i c a l
p l a n e . T h e s e i n s u l a t o r s a r e u s e d w h e r e l i n e i s subjected to greater tension.
For low voltage lines (< 11KV) shackle insulator are used as strain insulator.

Fig.4.3-Strain type insulator

2.4 ISOLATOR
“Isolator" is one, which can break and make an electric circuit in no load
condition. These are normally used in various circuits for the purposes of
Isolation of a certain portion when required for maintenance etc. Isolation of a
certain portion when required for maintenance etc. "Switching Isolators" are
capable of
 Interrupting transformer magnetized currents
 Interrupting line charging current
 Load transfer switching
Fig. 5:- Isolator
Its main application is in connection with transformer feeder as this unit makes
it possible to switch out one transformer, while the other is still on load. The most
common type of isolators is the rotating center pots type in which each phase has
three insulator post, with the outer posts c a r r yi n g f i x e d c o n t a c t s a n d

c o n n e c t i o n s w h i l e t h e c e n t e r p o s t h a v i n g c o n t a c t a r m w h i c h i s arranged
to move through 90` on its axis.
The following interlocks are provided with isolator:
1. Bus 1 and 2 isolators cannot be closed simultaneously.
2. Isolator cannot operate unless the breaker is open.
3. Only one bay can be taken on bypass bus
4. No isolator can operate when corresponding earth switch is on breaker.

2.5 PROTECTIVE REALAY:
Relays must be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that corrective
action is required. Obviously, a relay cannot prevent the fault. Its primary purpose is to
detect the fault and take the necessary action to minimize the damage to the
equipment or to the system. The most common parameters which reflect the presence
of a fault are the voltages and currents at the terminals of the protected apparatus or at the
appropriate zone boundaries. The fundamental problem in power system protection is to
define the quantities that can differentiate between normal and abnormal conditions. This
problem is compounded by the fact that “normal “in the present sense means outside
the zone of protection. This aspect, which is of the greatest s i g n i f i c a n c e i n
d e s i g n i n g a s e c u r e r e l a yi n g s ys t e m , d o m i n a t e s t h e d e s i g n o f a l l
p r o t e c t i o n systems.
Fig. 7:- Relays
2.5.1 Distance Relays:

Distance relay respond to the voltage and current, i.e. the impedance, at the relay
location. The impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance
between the relay location and the fault location. As the power system become more
complex and the fault current varies changes in generation and system configuration,

directional over current relays become difficult to apply and to set for all contingencies,
whereas the distance relay setting is constant for a wide variety of changes external to the
protected line.
Types of Distance relay:-
1. Impedance Relay:
The impedance relay has a circular characteristic centered. It is non-directional and is
used primarily as a fault detector.
2. Admittance Relay:
The admittance relay is the most commonly used distance relay. It is the tripping relay
in pilot schemes and as the backup relay in step distance schemes. In the electromechanical
design it is circular, and in the solid state design, it can be shaped to co rrespond
to the transmission line impedance.
3. Reactance Relay:
The reactance relay is a straight-line characteristic that responds only to the reactance of the
protected line. It is non-directional and is used to supplement the admittance relay as a
tripping relay to make the overall protection independent of resistance. It is particularly
useful on short lines where the fault arc resistance is the same order of magnitude as the
line length.

CHAPTER :- 3
CIRCUIT BREAKER
T h e f u n c t i o n o f r e l a ys a n d c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s i n t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a p o w e r
s ys t e m i s t o prevent or limit damage during faults or overloads, and to minimize their
effect on the remainder of the system. This is accomplished by dividing the system into
protective zones separated by circuit breakers. During a fault, the zone which
includes the faulted apparatus is de-energized and disconnected from the system. In
addition to its protective function, a circuit breaker is also used for circuit switching under
normal conditions.
Each having its protective relays for determining the existence of a fault in that zone and
having circuit breakers for disconnecting that zone from the system. It is desirable to
restrict the amount of system disconnected by a given fault; as for example to a
single transformer, line section, machine, or bus section. However, economic
considerations frequently limit the number of circuit breakers to those required for
normal operation and some compromises result in the relay protection.
Some of the manufacturers are AB B, AREVA, Cutler-Hammer (Eaton),
M i t s u b i s h i Electric, Pennsylvania Breaker, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Toshiba,
Končar HVS and others.
Circuit breaker can be classified as "live tank", where the enclosure that
contains the breaking mechanism is at line potential, or dead tank with the enclosure at
earth potential. High-voltage AC circuit breakers are routinely available with ratings up to
765,000 volts.
3.1 TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

1) SF6 Circuit Breaker
2) Air Blast Circuit Breaker
.3) Oil Circuit Breaker
4) Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB)
5) Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker

3.1.1 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:-
Sulphur hexafluoride has proved its-self as an excellent insulating and arc quenching
medium. It has been extensively used during the last 30 years in circuit breakers, gas-
insulated switchgear (GIS), high voltage capacitors, bushings, and gas insulated
transmission lines. In SF6 breakers the contacts are surrounded by low pressure SF6 gas.
Fig.6.1-SF6 Circuit Breaker
3.1.2 AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER :
Fig.6.2-Air Blast Circuit Breaker

The principle of arc interruption in air blast circuit breakers is to direct a blast
of air, at high pressure and velocity, to the arc. Fresh and dry air of the air blast
will replace the i o n i z e d h o t g a s e s w i t h i n t h e a r c z o n e a n d t h e a r c l e n g t h
is considerably increased.
Advantages: An air blast circuit breaker has the following advantages over an oil circuit
breaker:
 The risk of fire is eliminated
 The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas the oil
deteriorates with successive operations; the expense of regular oil is replacement
is avoided
 The growth of dielectric strength is so rapid that final contact
g a p n e e d e d f o r a r c extinction is very small. this reduces the size of device
 Due to lesser arc energy, air blast circuit breakers are very suitable for conditions
where frequent operation is required
Disadvantages: Air has relatively inferior arc extinguishing properties
 Air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to the variations in the rate
of restriking voltage.
 Air blast circuit breakers are finding wide applications in high voltage
installations.
3.1.3 OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Circuit breaking in oil has been adopted since the early stages of
c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s manufacture. The oil in oil-filled breakers serves the purpose of
insulating the live parts from the earthed ones and provides an excellent medium
for arc interruption. Oil circuit breakers of the various types are used in almost
all voltage ranges and ratings. However, they are commonly used at voltages
below 115KV leaving the higher voltages for air blast and SF6 breakers. The
contacts of an oil breaker are submerged in insulating oil, which helps to cool and
extinguish the arc that forms when the contacts are opened.
The advantages of using oil as an arc quenching medium are:

1. It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases, which have excellent
cooling properties
2 . It a c t s a s a n i n s u l a t o r a n d p e r m i t s s m a l l e r c l e a r a n c e .
The disadvantages of oil as an arc quenching medium are:
1. Its inflammable and there is risk of fire
2. It may form an explosive mixture with air.
3. The arcing products remain in the oil and it reduces the quality of oil after
several operations. This necessitates periodic checking and replacement of oil.
3.1.4 BULK OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Bulk oil circuit breakers are widely used in power systems from the lowest voltages up
to115KV. However, they are still used in systems having voltages up to
230KV.Thecontacts of bulk oil breakers may be of the plain-break type, where the arc is
freely interrupted in oil, or enclose within arc controllers. Plain-break circuit breakers
consist mainly of a large volume of oil contained in a metallic tank. Arc interruption
depends on the head of oil above the contacts and the speed of contact separation. The head
of oil above the arc should be sufficient to cool the gases, mainly hydrogen, produced by
oil decomposition. A small air cushion at the top of the oil together with the produced gases
will increase the pressure with a subsequent decrease of the arcing time.
3.1.5 MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Bulk oil circuit breakers have the disadvantage of using large quantity of oil. With frequent
breaking and making heavy currents the oil will deteriorate and may lead to circuit breaker
failure. This has led to the design of minimum oil circuit breakers working on the same
principles of arc control as those used in bulk oil breakers. In this type of breakers the
interrupter chamber is separated from the other parts and arcing is confined to a small
volume of oil. The lower chamber contains the operating mechanism and the upper one
contains the moving and fixed contacts together with the control device. Both chambers
are made of an insulating material such as porcelain. The oil in both chambers is completely
separated from each other. By this arrangement the amount of oil needed for arc
interruption and the clearances to earth are roused. However, conditioning or changing the

oil in the interrupter chamber is more frequent than in the bulk oil breakers. This is due to
carbonization and slugging from arcs interrupted chamber is equipped with a discharge
vent and silica gel breather to permit a small gas cushion on top of the oil. Single break
minimum oil breakers are available in the voltage range 13.8 to 34.5 KV.

CHAPTER:-4
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or
more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic
flux, which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force across a second coil wound
around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the two coils, without
a metallic connection between the two circuits.
4.1 WINDINGS:
Winding shall be of electrolytic grade copper free from scales & burrs. Windings shall be
made in dust proof and conditioned atmosphere. Coils shall be insulated that impulse and
power frequency voltage stresses are minimum. Coils assembly shall be suitably supported
between adjacent sections by insulating spacers and barriers. Bracing and other insulation
used in assembly of the winding shall be arranged to ensure a free circulation of the oil
and to reduce the hot spot of the winding. All windings of the transformers
having voltage less than 66 kV shall be fully insulated.
Fig.8.1:- Transformer

4.2 TANKS AND FITTINGS:
Tank shall be of welded construction & fabricated from tested quality low carbon steel of
adequate thickness. After completion of welding, all joints shall be subjected to dye
penetration testing. At least two adequately sized inspection openings one at each end of
the tank shall be provided for easy access to bushing & earth connections. Turrets & other
parts surrounding the conductor of individual phase shall be non-magnetic. The main tank
body including tap changing compartment, radiators shall be capable of withstanding full
vacuum.
4.3 COOLING EQUIPMENT:

Cooling equipment shall conform to the requirement stipulated below:(a.) Each radiator
bank shall have its own cooling fans, shut off valves at the top and bottom (80mm
size) lifting lugs, top and bottom oil filling valves, air release plug at the top, a drain and
sampling valve and thermometer pocket fitted with captive screw cap on the inlet and
outlet.(b.) Cooling fans shall not be directly mounted on radiator bank which may cause
undue vibration. These shall be located so as to prevent ingress of rain water.
Fig.4.2-Radiator with fan

4.4 TRANSFORMER ACCESSORIES:
4.4.1 Buchholz Relay:
This has two Floats, one of them with surge catching baffle and gas collecting
space at top. This is mounted in the connecting pipe line between conservator and main
tank. This is the most dependable protection for a given transformer.
Gas evolution at a slow rate that is associated with minor faults inside
t h e transformers gives rise to the operation or top float whose contacts are wired for alarm.
There is a glass window with marking to read the volume of gas collected in
the relay. Any major fault in transformer creates a surge and the surge element in the relay
trips the transformer.
Fig.8.3-Buchholz Relay
4.4.2 Temperature Indicators:
Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided with indicators
that displace oil temperature and winding temperature. There are thermometers
pockets provided in the tank top cover which hold the sensing bulls in them. Oil
temperature measured is that of the top oil, whereas the winding temperature
measurement is indirect.

Fig. 4.4:- Temperature Indicator
4.4.3 Silica Gel Breather:
B o t h t r a n s f o r m e r o i l a n d c e l l u l o s i c p a p e r a r e h i g h l y h yg r o s c o p i c .
P a p e r b e i n g m o r e hygroscopic than the mineral oil The moisture, if not
excluded from the oil surface in conservator, thus will find its way finally into the
paper insulation and causes reduction insulation strength of transformer. To
minimize this conservator is allowed t o breathe only through the silica gel column,
which absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the conservator air surface.
Fig.4.5-Silica gel Breather

4.4.4 Conservator:
Conservator is a cylindrical component of the transformer. The conservator is located at

the top of the transformer. The Conservator is designed to act as a reservoir for

transformer oil. The level of the oil in the transformer can rise and fall due to temperature.
An increase in temperature causes the oil in the transformer to expand.
The conservator provides space for this expansion of the oil. The oil level indicator in the
conservator needs to be monitored to ensure that the level of oil does not fall below the
alarm.
As the level of oil rises and falls inside the conservator, air enters and leaves the chamber.
The air may carry moisture which may cause the oil to deteriorate. Breathers filled with
silica gels are provided to separate moisture from the aspirated air.
.Fig.8.6-Conservator with Buchholz relay and tank
Total No. of transformers = 7 No. of transformers

400/220 KV-------------------------------------100MVA 1
220/132 KV------------------------------------ 100MVA 2
132/33 KV--------------------------------------20/25MVA 1
132/33KV---------------------------------------40/50MVA 2
132/11 KV--------------------------------------10/12.5 MVA 1

4.5 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply
an alternating current (AC). It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to
the current in its primary. Instrument transformers scale the large values of voltage or
current to small, standardized values that are easy to handle for measuring instruments
and protective relays. The instrument transformers isolate measurement or protection
circuits from the high voltage of the primary system. A current transformer provides a
secondary current that is accurately proportional to the current flowing in its primary. The
current transformer presents a negligible load to the primary circuit.
Fig 4:- Current Transformer

4.6 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power

line to a lower value, which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an
ac voltmeter.
Fig.10.1-Potential Transformer
The voltage transformers are classified as under:

 Capacitive voltage transformer or capacitive type
 Electromagnetic type.

CHAPTER:-5
EARTHING OF THE SYSTEM
The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the following
reason.
 When over voltage occur due to lightening discharge or other system
fault. These parts of equipment, which are normally dead, as for as voltage, are
concerned do not attain dangerously high potential.
 In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize
the potential of circuit with respect to earth.
The resistance of earthing system is depending on:
 Shape and material of earth electrode used.
 Depth in the soil. Specific resistance of soil surrounding in the neighborhood of
system electrodes.
5.1 PROCEDURE OF EARTHING:
Technical consideration the current carrying path should have enough capacity to deal with
more faults current. The resistance of earth and current path should be low enough to
prevent voltage rise between earth and neutral. The earth electrode must be driven in to the
ground to a sufficient depth to as to obtain lower value of earth resistance. To
sufficient lowered earth resistance a number of electrodes are inserted in the
earth to a depth, they are connected together to form a mesh. The resistance of
earth should be for the mesh in generally inserted in the earth at 0.5mdepth the
several point of mesh then connected to earth electrode or ground conduction.
The earth electrode is metal plate copper is used for earth plate.
5.2 NEUTRAL EARTHING:
Neutral earthing of power transformer all power system operates with grounded
neutral. Grounding of neutral offers several advantages the neutral point of
generator transformer is connected to earth directly or through a reactance in some cases
the neutral point is earthed through an adjustable reactor of reactance matched with the
line.

The neutral earthing is provided for the purpose of protection arcing
g r o u n d s u n b a l a n c e d voltages with respect to protection from lightening and for
improvement.
Fig. Ground Earthing

CHAPTER:-6
CONTROL ROOM
Control panel contain meters, control switches and recorders located

i n t h e c o n t r o l building, also called the dog house. These are used to control
the substation equipment to send power from one circuit to another or to open or to
shut down circuits when needed.
Fig.12:-Control Room in GSS
6.1 MEASURING INSTRUMENT USED:

 ENERGY METER: To measure the energy transmitted energy meters are fitted to the
panel to different feeders the energy transmitted is recorded after one hour regularly for it
MWHr, meter is provided.
 WATTMETERS: It is attached to each feeder to record the power exported from GSS.

 FREQUENCY METER: To measure the frequency at each feeder there is the provision of analog or
digital frequency meter.
 VOLTMETER: It is provided to measure the phase to phase voltage. It is also available in both the
analog and digital frequency meter.
 AMETER: It is provided to measure the line current. It is also available in both the forms analog as well
as digital.
 MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: There are also mounted the control panel to record the
average power or successive predetermined period.
 MVAR METER: It is to measure the reactive power of the circuit.

CONCLUSIONS
Training at 220KV GSS, Jaipur gives the insight of the real instruments used.
There are many instruments like transformer, CT, PT, CVT, LA, relay, PLCC, bus bars,
capacitor bank, i n s u l a t o r , i s o l a t o r s , c o n t r o l r o o m , B a t t e r y r o o m e t c . W h a t
i s t h e v a r i o u s p r o b l e m s e e n i n substation while handling this instruments.
There are various occasion when relay operate and circuit breaker open, load
shedding, shut down, which has been heard previously.
To get insight of the substation, how things operate, how things manage all is
learned there. Practical training as a whole proved to be extremely informative and
experience building and the things learnt at it would definitely help a lot in snapping the
future ahead a better way.

REFRENCES
[1].B.R.GUPTA ,“Power System Analysis and Design”P122, P123, S.Chand & Company Ltd 2005.
[2].ASHFAQ HUSSAIN ,“Electrical Power System” P79, P501, P516,CBS publisher and
distributors 2005.
[3].V.K.MEHTA ,“Power System” P447, P483, P507, P527, P555,S.chand & company Ltd 2005.

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A

RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDHYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Department of Electrical Engineering

EE JECRC Jaipur Page | 1

I express my indebtedness to Mr. Atul Kulshrestha, Head, Department of Electrical Engineering,

It gives me immense pleasure in acknowledging the love and encouragement showered on me by

Place: JECRC, Jaipur Mansi Sharma

Date: 26-09- 2020 B.Tech. VII Semester

EE JECRC Jaipur Page | 2

EE JECRC Jaipur Page | 3

1.1: 220 kV NPH GSS 2

1.2: Incoming Feeders 3

1.3: Outgoing Feeders 3

Chapter 2: Equipments used 5

2.1: Types of Arresters 6

Chapter 3: Bus Bars 6

3.1: Types of Bus Bar Arrangement 6

4.1: Types of Insulators 8

Chapter 6: Circuit Breaker 11

6.1: Types of Circuit Breaker 11

Chapter 7: Protective Relay 15

7.1: Distance Relay 16

7.2: Types of Distance Relay 16

Chapter 8: Power Transformer 16

8.2: Tank & Fittings 17

8.3: Cooling Equipments 17

8.4: Transformer Accessories 18

Chapter 9: Current Transformer 21

Chapter 10: Potential Transformer 22

Chapter 11: Capacitive Voltage Transformer 23

Chapter 12: Control Room 24

12.1: Measuring Instrument used 25

Chapter 13: Capacitor Bank 25

Chapter 14: Power Line Carrier Communication 26

14.1: Wave Trap 26

Chapter 15: Earthing of the System 27

15.1: Procedure of Earthing 27

15.2: Neutral Earthing 27

Chapter 16: Battery Room 28

Chapter 17: Rattings 29

17.2: Circuit Breaker 29

17.3: Battery Charger 30

17.4: Current Transformer 30

17.5: Capacitive Voltage Transformer 30

1.1 Single Line Diagram Of 220kv Gss 5

4.2 Suspension Type Insulator 11

4.3 Strain Type Insulator 12

6.1 SF6 Circuit Breaker 16

6.2 Air Blast Circuit Breaker 17

8.1 Power Transformer 22

8.2 Radiator With Fan 23

8.3 Buchholz Relay 24

8.4 Winding And Oil Temperature Indicator 25

8.5 Silica Gel Breather 25

8.6 Conservator With Buchholz Relay And Tank 26

12 Control Room In Gss NPH 32

EE JECRC Jaipur Page | 6

Fig. 1:-220 KV GSS NPH

EE JECRC Jaipur Page | 7

(b) Indoor substation

(c) Base or Underground substation

1.1 220 kV NPH GSS: