HESCOM

HESCOM

INTRODUCTION
The area of operation of the HESCOM is wide spread. The Company is covering the areas
where the agricultural consumption is comparatively on higher side.

HESCOM Limited was incorporated on 30.04.2002 under the Companies Act, 1956 (No. 1 of
1956) and the company started operation w.e.f. 01.06.2002 with the headquarters at Hubli. The
Company came into existence with geographical jurisdiction of seven Districts comprising of
Dharwad, Belgaum, Gadag, Haveri, Uttar Kannada, Bagalkot &Bijapur with an objective to
carry on the business of distribution and supply of electricity more efficiently and economically.

The area of operation of the Company is wide spread. The Company is covering the areas where
the agricultural consumption is comparatively on higher side.

It purchases power mainly from Karnataka power Corporation and also a number of Independent
Power Producers and sells the same on retail to its consumers. Karnataka Government has
designated Power Company of Karnataka Limited (PCKL) as nodal agency to purchase power
from Independent Power Producers. Purchase price is regulated by the Power Purchase
Agreements while the retail sale price is regulated by the Karnataka Electricity Regulatory
commission. Consequently, the Company does not have the freedom of altering the purchase and
sale price.

The cumulative effect of transmission losses, power thefts, regulated price mechanisms, capital
investments for infrastructure renewal as well as replacement etc., put the Company in a tight
spot. The company finds meeting its monthly cash needs hard. To prevent power thefts, the
Company introduced a new scheme called Nirantara Jyothi which requires a parallel system of
transmission lines involving massive capital investment in the order of hundreds of crore rupees
over the next few years. The area of operation of the Company is wide spread. The Company is
covering the areas where the agricultural consumption is comparatively on higher side.

It purchases power mainly from Karnataka power Corporation and also a number of Independent
Power Producers and sells the same on retail to its consumers. Karnataka Government has
designated Power Company of Karnataka Limited (PCKL) as nodal agency to purchase power
from Independent Power Producers. Purchase price is regulated by the Power Purchase
Agreements while the retail sale price is regulated by the Karnataka Electricity Regulatory
commission. Consequently the Company does not have the freedom of altering the purchase and
sale price.

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The cumulative effect of transmission losses, power thefts, regulated price mechanisms, capital
investments for infrastructure renewal as well as replacement etc., put the Company in a tight
spot. The company finds meeting its monthly cash needs hard. To prevent power thefts, the
Company introduced a new scheme called Nirantara Jyothi which requires a parallel system of
transmission lines involving massive capital investment in the order of hundreds of crore rupees
over the next few years.

OBJECTIVES
• Acquire, establish, construct and operate electrical lines for the purpose of distribution
and supply of electrical energy and associated sub-stations
• Purchase & sale of electrical energy and coordinate with other companies
• Sources of purchase of power
• License to supply electricity

Power Purchase in HESCOM

• The Government of Karnataka allocates to all ESCOMs in Karnataka for their respective
share of source of power purchase. Accordingly, all ESCOMs have to purchase the
power. Allocation of source of power purchase varies / changes year-on-year keeping in
view the generation forecasting and other aspects. The Government has nominated PCKL
as nodal agency for purchasing power through bidding from IPPs (short term/medium
term, day-ahead basis energy depending on requirement) with due approval from KERC
as regards cost per unit. Apart from above PCKL coordinates for power purchase
agreements as regards from Karnataka Generating stations (KPCL) and Central
Generating stations among all ESCOMs.
•
• The longterm power purchase agreement is generally for 25 years extendable to another
10 years. Period for short-term purchase is from 3 months to 1 year and for medium term
it is between 1 year to 3 years. SLDC is the Nodal agency for monitoring and allocation
of State Grid energy. SRLDC is the Nodal agency for Central Grid allocation and also for
energy through trade. Karnataka Electricity Regulation Commission (KERC) will decide
the rate of power to be purchased from different sources.

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Energy Meter Testing

We cannot think of life without electricity and when there is electricity consumption there is a
need to measure its consumption. Here energy meter comes into picture. In every residence,
malls, industry, everywhere energy meters are used to measure the electrical energy consumed.
Those consumers which consume large energy needs better technology to manage their energy
consumption and need more data to improve their services. Improvement in energy meter
technology has increased the value-added features such as remote sensing, LCD display,
recording of tempering events, and many more quality monitoring features in it, along with
compactness of size. But it has raised the problem of electromagnetic interference which affects
the performance of the equipment. So for better reliability, energy meters have to pass through
various electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests where meters are compared under various
normal and abnormal conditions with a laboratory to ensure its accuracy in the field.

Standard Tests for Energy Meters

The performance tests of an energy meter as per IEC standards are divided mainly in three
segments which include its mechanical aspects, electrical circuiting, and climatic conditions.

1. Mechanical component tests.

2. Climatic conditions test include those limits which influence the performance of the
meter externally.
3. Electrical requirements covered many tests before giving accuracy certificate. Under this
segment, energy meter is tested for:

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TESTING OF METERING EQUIPEMENT:

The following tests are to be conducted on the metering equipment/units:

• Insulation resistance (IR) value of the CT and PT

The insulation resistance test carried out with 5kV megger. In case of PT the IR value for 60sec
is to be measured between HT-LT, HT-Earth and LT-Earth. Incase of CT between primary &
secondary and between secondary & earth. Incase of EHT PTs the primary star point is earthed,
the shorted neutral-earth link shall be removed prior to taking IR values. This earthing point shall
be connected to two earths and the resistance shall be below two ohms.

• Ratio test of PT
Apply 240volt to primary of PT and measure the secondary induced voltage which should be
proportional to PT ratio. Incase of EHT PTs apply 400volts to primary and measure secondary
voltage to confirm the PT ratio.

• Ratio test of CT
CT ratio is tested using primary injection kit. Inject current in primary CT and measure the
induced currents in the secondary winding. The ratio of injected and induced current shall be
equal to the CT ratio.

• Test of polarity of CT marking

This check is performed connecting a battetry with a switch in primary of the CT such that the
current enters P1 terminal.

The millivolt/Galvono meter connected in secondary shall show the induced voltage direction
such that the current leaves the S1 terminal.

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SUBSTATION

The assembly of apparatus which is used to change electrical voltage, frequency and power
factor of electrical supply is call substation. Substations are the important part of power system
there are some following important points.

• It should be at proper site as far a possible.

• It should be located at center of gravity of load.
• It should provide safe and reliable arrangement for safety consideration must be given to
the maintenance of regulation clearance.
• It should be easily operated at maintained it involve minimum capital cost.

PURPOSE OF SUBSTATION

• To control load flow.

• To accommodate new generation.
• To maintain reliability requirements.
• To step up or step down AC voltage using transformer(s).
• It is used for switching operation.

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CONTROL ROOM

• CONTROL AND RELAY PANNEL

A Control and relay panel is designed to provide to control the associated line or transformer
through outdoor switchgear at various 11KV and 33KV zonal substations. The control and
relay panels are complete in themselves with all main and auxiliary relays, annunciation relay
, fuses , links, switches, wiring, labels, terminal blocks, earthing terminals, base frame,
foundation bolts , illumination, cable glands etc.

These panel are used for the control and monitoring of electrical equipment such as
transformers, generators and circuit breakers. Indoor control panel for outdoor VCB includes
IDMT Numerical relay, Master trip relay, Trip circuit supervision relay, indications and
meters etc. These control and relays panels are available in various combinations as single
circuit or multi circuit depending upon the customer requirements.

• FEATURES OF CONTROL RELAY PANEL:

➢ Complete protection of transformer or feeder
➢ Alarm and Annunciation features
➢ Simplex construction
➢ Multiple construction choice (front door or rear door type)
➢ Also available with communicable relays
➢ Multiple scheme configurations in a single panel
➢ Compact
➢ CPRI Tested
➢ Vendor approved from government utilities like MPEB-Jabalpur, Bhopal and Indore

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

The single-line diagram is used basically for the same purpose as the block diagram. When used
with text material, it gives you a basic understanding of the functions of the components of a
system. There are two major differences between the single-line diagram and the block diagram.
The first difference is that the single-line diagram uses symbols, rather than labeled blocks, to
represent components. Second, the single-line diagram shows all components in a single line
(figure 3-9). There are no interconnection shown for selected components as were shown on the
block diagram (for example, alternator to voltage regulator and back to the battery). The single-
line diagram is very simplified and should be used primarily to learn (in very broad terms) the
function of each of the various components as a part of the total system.

IMPORTANCE OF SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

• Identification of the problem location, in safety conformity and the staff safety can be
benefitted by the use of single diagram.
• If n case of the inaccuracy in the connection and the failure arises the updation of the
single line diagram becomes easy even on the regular basis.
• The information from one single line diagram can be widely used to enhance the
performance of service activities.
• The single line diagram can be termed as building an electrical system.

BUSBAR:

A bus-bar system usually contains couple of bus-bar holders, bus-bar Adapters to mount devices,
clamps either with protective covering or without covering to power up or distribute the current
from the bus-bar system & bus-bar mountable electrical devices.

Electrical bus-bar systems can be differentiated by the distance between center of each bus-bar
and vary according to maximum current carrying capacity of the system which depends on IEC
standards. Commonly known bus-bar system types.

• 40 mm Bus-bar System (Current carrying capacity up to 300–400 Amps)

• 60 mm Bus-bar System (Current carrying capacity up to 800–2500 Amps)
• 100 mm Bus-bar System (Current carrying capacity up to 1250 Amps)
• 185 mm Bus-bar System (Current carrying capacity up to 2500 Amps)

Advantages and disadvantages over traditional electrical wiring:

Advantage

• Electrically Safe installation up to IP 60 inside the cabinet,

• Drastically reduce space required inside the cabinet

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• Easy trouble shooting in case of switch gear failure

• Pre-tested short circuit rating
• Mounting of 2, 3, 4 or 5 pole switchgear in a single construction
• Time saving during construction of the cabinet

Disadvantages

• Commercially not viable if the number of switch gears is low

• Specialists needed for construction of the bus-bar system from a wiring diagram
• Lack of adapters for mounting different electrical devices on the bus-bar
• Special type of bus bar needed to construct bus-bar system which can carry current more
than 800 Amps

LIGHTNING ARRESTER:

Power line worker performs maintenance of a lightning arrester on an electrical transmission

tower in New Brunswick, Canada

A lightning arrester (alternative spelling lightning arrestor) (also called lightning diverter) is a
device used on electric power systems and telecommunication systems to protect the insulation
and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning
arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching
surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted through the arrester, in most cases to earth.

In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester is placed where wires enter a structure,
preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near
them. Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are devices that are
connected between each electrical conductor in power and communications systems and the
Earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a
path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their
purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by lightning
or is near to a lightning strike.

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If protection fails or is absent, lightening that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands
of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to
transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage
spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances or even produce death.

Lightning arresters are used to protect electric fences. They consist of a spark gap and sometimes
a series inductor.

Lightning arresters can form part of large electrical transformers and can fragment during
transformer ruptures. High-voltage transformer fire barriers are required to defeat ballistics from
small arms as well as projectiles from transformer bushings and lightning arresters, per NFPA
850.

Control of Group Operated Switches (GOS) from

workstation
The group operated switches ( GOS ) located in the field can be monitored and remotely
operated from the control centre. The GOS is coupled with a motor and this motor gets a
command from the workstation and either opens or closes GOS accordingly. GOS is a part of
switchgear. Let us see GOS and switchgear in detail :

Isolator switch (Group operated switches)

Isolators are known as disconnector or isolator switch. Isolator is used to make sure that
anelectrical circuit can be completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are
often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications where machinery must have its
source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are
used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and
transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance.

Isolator switches have provisions for a padlock so that inadvertent operation is not possible . In
high voltage or complex systems, these padlocks may be part of a trapped-key interlock system
to ensure proper sequence of operation. In some designs the isolator switch has the additional
ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement
would apply to circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where both end of the
circuit need to be isolated.

Isolators are manually operated or motorized. When the isolator is opened, it can be visually seen
and hence service men are assured that is safe to work on the isolated equipment. The major
difference between an isolator and a circuit breaker is that an isolator is an off-load device
intended to be opened only after current has been interrupted by some other control device.

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fig(a)
110kv isolator in closed position

Switch gear

Switchgear is a term which covers wide range of equipment as regards switching and
interrupting the currents in the power system during normal and abnormal conditions.

Or

The apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting the electrical circuits and equipment
is known as switchgear.

"switchgear" in general consists of:

• switches
• fuses
• circuit breakers
• isolators
• relays
• control panels
• metering panels
• lighting arrestors
• current transformers
• potential transformers etc

Functions of switchgear

• To localise the effects of faults by operation of protective equipment and so automatically

disconnect faulty point from the system.
• To break efficiently the short circuits without giving rise to dangerous conditions.
• To facilitate the redistribution of loads, inspection and maintainance on the system.

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Essential features of switchgear

• Complete reliability
• The switchgear must be able to discriminate between faulty and healthy sections.
• Quick operation
• Provision for manual control.
• Provision for instruments.

Principles of layout of switchgear

• The layout should be such that any section may be isolated without immoderately
affecting the service.
• There should be an easy and safe access for general routine inspection and for
maintainance.
• The individual units should be so designed that the risks of failure are reduced to
minimum.
• Fire protection arrangement must be made adequately.
• To keep the breaking duty within the capacity of the circuit breakers, reactors should be
used wherever necessary.

fig(b)

fig(c)

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SF6 gas-insulated switchgear

Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) has become a major piece of substation equipment. Over the
period, GIS has been improved by technological advancements that have increased the
interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker (CB) and decreased the number of breaks per single
CB without using an air condenser.
GIS offers high reliability, safety, and maintenance-free features in a much smaller space
compared with conventional switchgear.

fig(d)

The SF6 GIS (fig(d)) guarantees outstanding advantages for the planning and operation of high-
voltage supply networks. For instance , the space requirement can be less than 10% of the space
taken up by an equivalent conventional installation.

fig(e)

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As all live parts are metal enclosed and hermetically sealed, the SF6 GIS is completely immune
to atmospheric pollution (fog, sand, salt, etc.) and industrial pollution (dust, smoke, gas, etc.).
With SF6 GIS, all foreign bodies(persons, animals, and tools) are prevented from coming into
contact with live parts. This ensures maximum safety to personnel and increased continuity of
operation.

Main features:

• High reliability: The live parts are sealed in metal enclosures filled with pure SF6 gas.
Thus, the switch gear is protected from contamination by smoke, chemical fumes, dust or
salt-laden spray or by the ingress of small animals. This protection prevents the inside
components from oxidation and rust caused by oxygen and moisture.

• Space reduction: A medium-voltage GIS can be installed into a space about half that
required for conventional air-insulated metal-clad switchgear.

• High safety: All the live parts are fully enclosed in grounded metal enclosures. Thus,
there is no danger of an electrical shock.SF6 is an inert, non-flammable, nontoxic, and
odourless gas used as an insulation and arc-extinguishing medium. Therefore, it is safe
for personnel and there is no fire hazard.

• Short installation time: A GIS of about four panels can be transported fully constructed.
The GIS can be energized by connecting external power cables to the prefabricated plug-
in type terminals, thus shortening installation time.

Current Transformer :

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A current transformer is an instrument transformer, used along with measuring or protective

devices, in which the secondary current is proportional to the primary current (under normal
conditions of operation) and differs from it by an angle that is approximately zero.

Functions

Current transformers perform the following functions:

• Current transformers supply the protective relays with currents of magnitude proportional
to those of power circuit but sufficiently reduced in magnitude.
• The measuring devices cannot be directly connected to the high magnitude supplies.
Hence current transformers are used to supply those devices with currents of magnitude
proportional to those of power.
• A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from high voltage circuits.

SUBSTATION GROUNDING

Substation grounding is done safety, and to provide a stable reference voltage for protection
systems. The grounding system of a substation consists of a ground mat made of large size bare
conductors, connected in a grid pattern, and buried beneath the substation. The perimeter of the
grid is connected to metal rods driven about 30 feet into the ground. The grid wires are about 20
feet apart but the spacing varies with the conductivity of the soil. Highly conductive soil can use
larger grid wire spacing. All substation structures are to be constructed within the perimeter of
the grid. The fence around a substation has two buried ground wires connected to the fence every
few feet. One runs about 3 feet outside the fence, and one inside the fence. Both wires are
connected to grounding rods every 50 feet

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS:

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Two types of voltage transformer are used for protective-relaying purposes, as follows: (1)the
"instrument potential transformer," to be called simply "potential transformer," and (2) the
"capacitance potential device." A potential transformer is aconventional transformer having
primary and secondary windings. The primary windings connected directly to the power circuit
either between two phases or between one phaseand ground, depending on the rating of the
transformer and on the requirements of theapplication. A capacitance potential device is a
voltage-transforming equipment using acapacitance voltage divider connected between phase
and ground of a power circuit

RELAY:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or
multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any
number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or
combinations.

Various types of relays used in fault detection are:

• Over current relay

• Earth fault relay
• Distance relay
• Differential relay
• Master trip relay
• Buchholz relay

• OVER CURRENT RELAY

The over current relay is defined as the relay, which operates only when then the value of the
current is greater than the relay setting time. It protects the equipment of the power system from
the fault current. Depending upon the time of operation the over current relay is categorized into
different types. They are: instantaneous over current relay, inverse over current relay, definite
over current relay, inverse definite time over current relay, very inverse definite time over
current relay and extremely inverse definite time over current relay.

• EARTH FAULT RELAY

The devices give the tripping command to break the circuit when earth fault occurs. The fault
current is restricted and the fault is dispersed by the restricted earth fault protection(REFP)
scheme. It is a safety device used in electrical installation with high earth impedance. It detects
small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment. The result is to interrupt the
circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected.

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POWER TRANSFORMER:

A transformer is an electrical device which is used to transfer power from one circuit to another
circuit through electromagnetic induction. The power transformer is accompanied without
frequency change. The power transformer is a kind of transformer, that is used to transfer
electrical energy in any part of the electrical or electric circuit between the generator and the
distribution primary circuits.

• These transformers are used in distribution system to interface step up and step down
voltages.
• The common type of transformer is liquid immersed and the life span of these
transformers is around 30 years.
These transformers transfer the voltage. It holds a low voltage, high current circuit at one side of
the transformer and on the other side of the transformer it holds high voltage and low current
circuit. Power transformer depends on the principle of Faradays induction. They describe the
power system into zones where every gear connected to the system is sized per the ratings set by
the power transformer. Power transformer can be classified into three types based on the ranges.
They are

• Small power transformer

• Medium power transformer
• Large power transformer
Main parts of power transformer

• Laminated core
• Windings
• Bushing
• Conservator and breather
• Temperature indicator
• Tap changer
• Radiator

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SCADA:
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a system of software and hardware
elements that allows industrial organizations to:

• Control industrial processes locally or at remote locations

• Monitor, gather, and process real-time data
• Directly interact with devices such as sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and more through
human-machine interface (HMI) software
• Record events into a log file

SCADA systems are crucial for industrial organizations since they help to maintain efficiency,
process data for smarter decisions, and communicate system issues to help mitigate downtime.

The basic SCADA architecture begins with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or remote
terminal units (RTUs). PLCs and RTUs are microcomputers that communicate with an array of
objects such as factory machines, HMIs, sensors, and end devices, and then route the information
from those objects to computers with SCADA software. The SCADA software processes,
distributes, and displays the data, helping operators and other employees analyze the data and
make important decisions.

For example, the SCADA system quickly notifies an operator that a batch of product is showing
a high incidence of errors. The operator pauses the operation and views the SCADA system data
via an HMI to determine the cause of the issue. The operator reviews the data and discovers that
Machine 4 was malfunctioning. The SCADA system’s ability to notify the operator of an issue
helps him to resolve it and prevent further loss of product.

Modern SCADA Systems

Modern SCADA systems allow real-time data from the plant floor to be accessed from anywhere
in the world. This access to real-time information allows governments, businesses, and
individuals to make data-driven decisions about how to improve their processes. Without
SCADA software, it would be extremely difficult if not impossible to gather sufficient data for
consistently well-informed decisions.

Also, most modern SCADA designer applications have rapid application development (RAD)
capabilities that allow users to design applications relatively easily, even if they don't have
extensive knowledge of software development.

The introduction of modern IT standards and practices such as SQL and web-based applications
into SCADA software has greatly improved the efficiency, security, productivity, and reliability
of SCADA systems.

SCADA software that utilizes the power of SQL databases provides huge advantages over
antiquated SCADA software. One big advantage of using SQL databases with a SCADA system

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is that it makes it easier to integrate into existing MES and ERP systems, allowing data to flow

seamlessly through an entire organization.

Historical data from a SCADA system can also be logged in a SQL database, which allows for
easier data analysis through data trending

RTU:

An RTU monitors the field digital and analog parameters and transmits data to the Central
Monitoring Station. It contains setup software to connect data input streams to data output
streams, define communication protocols, and troubleshoot installation problems.

An RTU may consist of one complex circuit card consisting of various sections needed to do a
custom fitted function or may consist of many circuit cards including CPU or processing with
communications interface(s), and one or more of the following: (AI) analog input, (DI) digital
(status) input, (DO/CO) digital (or control relay) output, or (AO) analog output card(s).

An RTU might even be a small process control unit with a small Data Base for PID, Alarming,
Filtering, Trending functions and so on complemented with some BASIC (programming
language) tasks. As it is used in pipeline, grid guarding systems or for example in the Biosphere
II project. Key in such environments it can operate under harsh conditions for example from -50
to 70 degrees Celsius , switch its IO system only on when needed. For example, it communicates
via RS485 or wireless communication links in a multi-drop configuration. In this type of
configuration its a remote unit that collects data and performs simple control tasks. It does not
have moving parts and uses extremely low power and is often solar powered.

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OPERATION AND MAINTAINANCE

Unit Office
Operational & Maintenance Unit is the primary link between the consumer and the company. It
is the lowest office in the hierarchy, where consumer relationship is established. It is headed by
an officer of the rank of an Assistant Engineer or a Junior Engineer. The duties of the official in
charge of an O&M Unit are as follows :

• Receiving applications of power supply from prospective consumers.

• Preparation of estimate to assess the expenditure involved and to obtain sanction for
incurring the expenditure for releasing connections.
• Examination of the feasibility of Power Supply from the existing infrastructure.
• Forwarding the application of the prospective consumer with their comments on
feasibility and estimate to the sanctioning authority.
• Releasing service connection duly following the prescribed procedure on receipt of
power sanction from competent authorities.
• Maintenance of 11 KV lines, distribution transformers, cables and equipment to ensure
reliable and quality power supply to the consumers.
• Attending to consumer complaints regarding power supply in terms of its quality, and
other technical matters.

Sub-divisional Office

A Sub-division consists of 3 to 5 O&M Units and headed by an officer of the rank of Assistant
Executive Engineer. He oversees the functioning of O&M Units, so as to ensure reliable
distribution of power in the jurisdictional area. An Assistant Accounts Officer/Senior Assistant is
placed in the Sub-division to look after the Accounting and Finance related functions. The duties
of the Sub-divisional Officers are as follows :

• Sanctioning of service connections as per powers vested with him.

• Approving works mainly in the nature of maintenance works as per power vested with
him.

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• Maintenance of 11KV lines, distribution of transformers, cables and equipmentto ensure

reliable and quality power supply to the consumers.
• Attending/Monitoring of consumer complaints regarding power supply in terms of its
quality, interruption and other technical matters and bill related issues.
• Proposition of Augmentation works to cater to the needs of public.
• Monitoring of works.
• Billing the consumers in the jurisdictional area.
• Collection of bills from consumers as per the terms and conditions of Supply.
• Maintenance of Consumers Accounts in the prescribed manner.
• Preparation and submission of various statistical information to the higher offices.
• Integration of men, material and special labour in execution of certain works which
required special skills viz RMU, MT and cable faults.
• Action for prevention of theft of power.
• Initiating criminal actions against the consumers involved in theft of power.

Divisional Office
A Division has 3 to 5 sub-divisions under its jurisdiction. It is purely an administrative office and
does not deal with consumers directly. It is headed by an Officer of the rank of Executive
Engineer and assisted by sub-ordinate officers. An Accounts Officer is also placed in the
Division office to look after the Financial and Accounting functions of the Division. The duties
of the Divisional Officers areas as follows :

• Overseeing the functioning of the sub-divisions as per specified parameters and

regulations.
• Sanctioning of service connections as per powers vested with him.
• Approving works both in the nature of Maintenance and Capital works as per power
vested with him.
• Approval of Augmentation Works within the powers vested with him.
• Procurement of men and materials within the powers vested with him.
• Monitoring of various works being undertaken in the jurisdictional area and ensuring
timely completion of the same.

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• Rendering periodical statistical information to Head office and other offices.

• Ensuring the activities of the Company such as execution of works, releasing of
service connections, prevention of theft of power, realization of revenue, redressal of
consumers grievances etc.,
• Initiating disciplinary actions against the officials who found guilty of offence, non-
performing etc., within the powers delegated.

Circle Office
A Circle has 3 to 5 Divisions under its jurisdiction. It is also an administrative office which does
not deal with consumers directly. It is headed by an Officer of the rank of Superintending
Engineer and assisted by sub-ordinate officers. A Deputy Controller of Accounts is placed in the
Circle office to look after the Financial and Accounting functions of the Circle. The duties of the
Circle Officers are as follows :

• Overseeing the functioning of the jurisdictional Divisions and sub-divisions as per

specified parameters and regulations.
• Sanctioning of service connections as per powers vested with him.
• Approving works both in the nature of maintenance works and Capital as per power
vested with him.
• Approval of Augmentation works within the powers vested with him.
• Procurement of men and materials within the powers vested with him.
• Monitoring of various works being undertaken in the jurisdictional area and ensuring
timely completion of the same.
• Rendering periodical statistical information to Head office and other offices.
• Ensuring the activities of the Company such as execution of works, releasing of service
connections, prevention of theft of power, realization of revenue, redressal of consumers
grievances etc.,
• Initiating disciplinary actions against the officials who found guilty of offence, non-
performing etc., within the powers delegated.

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Zonal Office
A Zone has 2 to 3 Circles under its jurisdiction. It is also an administrative office which does not
deal with consumers directly. It is headed by an Officer of the rank of Chief Engineer and
assisted by sub-ordinate officers. A Controller of Accounts is placed in the Circle office to look
after the Financial and Accounting functions of the Circle. The duties of the Zonal Officers are
as follows :

• Overseeing the functioning of the jurisdictional Circle, Divisions and sub-divisions as per
specified parameters and regulations.
• Sanctioning of service connections as per powers vested with him.
• Approving works both in the nature of maintenance works and Capital as per power
vested with him.
• Approval of Augmentation works within the powers vested with him.
• Procurement of men and materials within the powers vested with him.
• Monitoring of various works being undertaken in the jurisdictional area and ensuring
timely completion of the same.
• Rendering periodical statistical information to Head office.
• Ensuring the activities of the Company such as execution of works, releasing of service
connections, prevention of theft of power, realization of revenue, redressal of consumers
grievances etc.,
• Initiating disciplinary actions against the officials who found guilty of offence, non-
performing etc., within the powers delegated.

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CONCLUSION

A intern can use the knowledge gain in the college practically so that her ability to solve
problems can be understood. A intern can use both technical knowledge such as generation,
transmission and distribution etc. and non-technical such as communication, time management,
personality development and skill utilization so that a intern can grow both technically and non-
technically during its intern period and it can be carried out in her future.

The experience during the internship is so well that we had a supporting management. The
organization environment was good and well supportive in all the departments. Along with
gaining knowledge. Improved my practical knowledge in different departments such as in
transmission and distribution, inspection and testing of energy meter. So the internship is very
much useful for me to gain practical knowledge.

• Collection of primary data on operations and performance.

• Discussions with senior officers of HESCOM to know the operations& performance and
Key factors affecting the performance of HESCOM.
• Obtaining annual reports of HESCOM and analysing the same.
• Benchmarking the performance of HESCOM against better performing organization in
the power distribution (any one of the DISCOMs) through data collected from secondary
sources.
• Information collected was scrutinized, compiled and analyzed and the Report was
prepared based on the outcome of the analysis.

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