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Chapter :1

HISTORY
First of all, the era of electricity is started as KEB (Karnataka electricity
Board) where it is managing all three wings of power system which are Generation,
Transmission and Distribution .The Government of Karnataka as part of reforms in power
sector has unbundled the transmission and distribution activities in the state of Karnataka. As
a result, the HESCOM Limited was incorporated on 30.04.2002 under the Companies act,
1956 (No. 1 of 1956) and the company started operation w.e.f. 01.06.2002 .The company
came into existence with geographical jurisdiction of 7 Districts comprising of Dharwad,
Belgaum, Gadag, Haveri, Uttar kannada, Bagalkot & amp; Bijapur with an objective to carry
on the business of distribution and supply of electricity more efficiently and economically.
The Company is operating from hubballi City and covering the areas where the agricultural
consumption is comparatively on higher side. The company has withstood the initial
transitional problems and achieved its objective of improving efficiency and better consumer
services. The Company today is functioning as a commercial entity in pursuance of power
sector reforms undertaken by Government of Karnataka.

The year 2002-03 was the first year of operation of the company. Hubballi
Electricity Supply Company Ltd., (HESCOM) is a distribution License under section 14 of
the Electricity Act,2003 (here in after referred to as the Act). HESCOM is responsible for
purchase of power, distribution and retail supply of electricity to its consumers and also
providing infrastructure for open Acess, Wheeling and banking. In its area of operation
which includes seven Districts of the state.

HESCOM is a company registered under the companies Act, 1956,

incorporated on 30th April,2002. HESCOM commenced its operations on 1st june, 2002. The
O & M divisions of HESCOM are further divided into 246 O & M section offices. Section
offices are the base level offices looking into the operation and maintenance of the
distribution system in order to provide reliable and quality power supply to the HESCOM’s
consumers.

The company is presently operating through 2 zones, 7 circles and 24

O&M divisions with an area of 54,513 sq Kms & population of over 1.66 Crs.

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Chapter :2

ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

The main principle of HESCOM is to feed the electric power to the

consumers in an efficient and economical way without any theft. Based on this principle from
receiving the power till to distribute it to the consumers the various departments will run. To
feed the consumers the voltage is reduced in substation handled by the section officer as their
particular post to handle each wing of the system. To implement any substation firstly the
layout is done with S&L division the materials are purchased when they are passed from
TAQC department as per the estimate. Maintenance is done from receiving lines to service
lines in O&M division. Tested meters in MTD are fixed at the consumer side to charge them
according to fixed tariff. Load sharing is done from ALDC. And the system is encouraging to
consumers for solar roof in DSM. We have seen the vital role playing this company to feed
the consumer as per their demand. The estimate is done for any new implementation or repair
or replacement in MUSS the voltage is reduced to 110/33/11kv by power transformer and
11kv feeder lines are carried to the load consumers to feed them by stepping down from 11kv
to 440v 3-phase AC by means of phase-neutral from service mains. Maintenance is done to
ensure the less losses; the tested and sealed meters are used at consumer side to charge them
with fixed tariff.

O&M DIVISION

Operation and Maintenance is the department which plays the major role in the HESCOM.
This division takes care the entire hardware components of the distribution system. Their
aim is always to ensure the less losses in the distribution system. If in case any fault occurs
in any of the feeder the very first job is to remove the healthy part from the faulty part.
Superwise that no one should steal the power.

S&L DIVISION

In S&L division we are going to discuss the substation of different ratings the power which is
received from the KPTCL is stepped down from 440/220/110KV are popularly known as the
receiving stations and the fore coming are known as the substations or MUSS. Usually the
MUSS contains the switch yard and the control room, this control room contains the control
panels which operates on DC supply obtained from the battery charges.

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Chapter :3

METER TESTING

Figure :1 ENERGY METER

The performance tests of an energy meter as per the IEC standards are devided mainly in
three segments which include its mechanical aspects, electrical circuiting ,and climatic
conditions.

1. Mechanical component tests

2. Climatic conditions test include those limits which influence the performance of the
meter externally
3. Electrical requirements covered many tests before giving accuracy certificate.Under
this segment,energy meter is tested for

Automated equipment for electricity meter testing:

The accuracy of the power and energy reference meter is available up to 0.01 %. The
reference meter measures all main and influencing quantities inclusive harmonic analysis and
distortion of the test signals.

 The available power and the maximum current of 240 A of extremely pure
synthesized 4-quadrant test signal covers the needs of both precision and high

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capacity testing laboratories. The test signal can be created with user defined
harmonic content and predefined signal shapes.
 The intelligent high resolution Local Evaluation Units use reflective optical sensors
scanning the marks on meter's disk and passive sensors scanning the LED output of
electronic meters. The sensors are insensitive to external light condition and possess
auto-calibration capability eliminating manual adjustment. The optional optical
communication channel enables simultaneous data exchange with electronic meters.
The built-in remotely controlled dividers enable to evaluate high constant meters with
light impulses up to 1 kHz.
 The handling system has capacity of several mobile meter trolleys with 20 tested
meters each. The trolleys are prepared either for manual wiring of heavy current
meters or can be equipped with quick-acting connectors for lower currents. Static
version of handling system is also available.
 The optional precision electronically compensated transformers enable simultaneous
test of electricity meters with interconnected current and voltage circuits.
 The wireless data acquisition Hand-Held Unit with integrated barcode laser scanner
enables versatile local data acquisition from the tested meters.
 The supplied Control Software for Microsoft Windows enables multilingual operation
with user definable vocabularies, user friendly configuration of testing procedures,
database operations and Microsoft Office compatible user defined form of output
documents to any system output device.

Standard Tests for Energy Meters

The performance tests of an energy meter as per IEC standards are divided mainly in three
segments which include its mechanical aspects, electrical circuiting, and climatic conditions.

1. Mechanical component tests.

2. Climatic conditions test include those limits which influence the performance of the
meter externally.
3. Electrical requirements covered many tests before giving accuracy certificate. Under
this segment, energy meter is tested for:
 Heating effect
 Proper insulation

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 Supply of voltage
 Protection to earth fault
 Electromagnetic compatibility

We cannot think of life without electricity and when there is electricity consumption there is
a need to measure its consumption. Here energy meter comes into picture. In every residence,
malls, industry, everywhere energy meters are used to measure the electrical energy
consumed. Those consumers which consume large energy needs better technology to manage
their energy consumption and need more data to improve their services. Improvement in
energy meter technology has increased the value-added features such as remote sensing, LCD
display, recording of tempering events, and many more quality monitoring features in it,
along with compactness of size. But it has raised the problem of electromagnetic interference
which affects the performance of the equipment. So for better reliability, energy meters have
to pass through various electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests where meters are
compared under various normal and abnormal conditions with a laboratory to ensure its
accuracy in the field.

SUBSTATION

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Figure:2

SUBSTATION: A substation is a part of a power system, these consists of a set of

equipments that transform voltage from high to low, that suitable for supply to consumers or
perform any of several other important functions.

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may
include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.

Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large
industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying
on SCADA for remote supervision and control.

The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. As
central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to
distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their
own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the
generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

PURPOSE OF SUBSTATION

 To control load flow

 To accommodate new generation
 To maintain reliability requirement
 To step up or step down AC voltage using transformers
 It is used for switching operation

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Single line diagram is the representation of a power system using the simple symbol for each
component. The single line diagram of a power system is the network which shows the main
connections and arrangement of the system components along with their data (such as output
rating, voltage, resistance and reactance, etc.).

It is not necessary to show all the components of the system on a single line diagram, e.g.,
circuit breaker need not be shown in the load flow study but are the must for a protection
study. In the single line diagram, the system component is usually drawn in the form of their
symbols. Generator and transformer connections, star, delta and neutral earthing are indicated
by symbols drawn by the side of the representation of these elements.

Figure:3

Circuit breakers are represented by rectangular blocks. The figure shown above represents the
single line diagram of a typical block system. It is difficult to draw the line diagram of the
few components. So for simplification, the impedance diagram is used for representing the
power system components.

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BUSBAR

In electric power distribution, a busbar (also bus bar) is a metallic strip or bar, typically

housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for local high current power
distribution. They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical switchyards,
and low voltage equipment in battery banks. They are generally uninsulated, and have
sufficient stiffness to be supported in air by insulated pillars. These features allow sufficient
cooling of the conductors, and the ability to tap in at various points without creating a new
joint.

The term busbar is derived from the Latin word omnibus, which translates into English as
"for all", indicating that a busbar carries all of the currents in a particular system.

The material composition and cross-sectional size of the busbar determine the maximum
amount of current that can be safely carried. Busbars can have a cross-sectional area of as
little as 10 square millimetres (0.016 sq in), but electrical substations may use metal tubes 50
millimetres (2.0 in) in diameter (20 square millimetres (0.031 sq in)) or more as busbars.
An aluminium smelter will have very large busbars used to carry tens of thousands
of amperes to the electrochemical cells that produce aluminium from molten salts.

Busbars are produced in a variety of shapes, such as flat strips, solid bars, or rods, and are
typically composed of copper, brass, or aluminium as solid or hollow tubes. Some of these
shapes allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-
sectional area ratio. The skin effect makes 50–60 Hz AC busbars more than about 8
millimetres (0.31 in) thickness inefficient, so hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in higher
current applications. A hollow section also has higher stiffness than a solid rod of equivalent
current-carrying capacity, which allows a greater span between busbar supports in
outdoor electrical switchyards.

A busbar must be sufficiently rigid to support its own weight, and forces imposed by
mechanical vibration and possibly earthquakes, as well as accumulated precipitation in
outdoor exposures. In addition, thermal expansion from temperature changes induced
by ohmic heating and ambient temperature variations, as well as magnetic forces induced by

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large currents, must be considered. In order to address these concerns, flexible bus bars,
typically a sandwich of thin conductor layers, were developed. These require a structural
frame or cabinet for their installation.

Distribution boards split the electrical supply into separate circuits at one location. Busways,
or bus ducts, are long busbars with a protective cover. Rather than branching from the main
supply at one location, they allow new circuits to branch off anywhere along the route of the
busway.

A busbar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround
it. Busbars are protected from accidental contact either by a metal earthed enclosure or by
elevation out of normal reach. Power neutral busbars may also be insulated because it is not
guaranteed that the potential between power neutral and safety grounding is always
zero. Earthing (safety grounding) busbars are typically bare and bolted directly onto any
metal chassis of their enclosure. Busbars may be enclosed in a metal housing, in the form of
bus duct or busway, segregated-phase bus, or isolated-phase bus.

Busbars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted, clamped, or
welded connections. Often, joints between high-current bus sections have precisely-machined
matching surfaces that are silver-plated to reduce the contact resistance. At extra high
voltages (more than 300 kV) in outdoor buses, corona discharge around the connections
becomes a source of radio-frequency interference and power loss, so special connection
fittings designed for these voltages are used.

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LIGHTNING ARRESTER

Figure:4

The device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the substations against
travelling waves, such type of device is called lightning arrester or surge diverter. In other
words, lightning arrester diverts the abnormals high voltage to the ground without affecting
the continuity of supply. It is connected between the line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the
equipment to be protected at the substation.

An ideal lightning arrester should have the following characteristics;

 It should not draw any current during normal operating condition, i.e., it sparks-over
voltage must be above the normal or abnormal power frequency that may occur in the
system.
 Any transient abnormal voltage above the breakdown value must cause it to break
down as quickly as possible so that it may provide a conducting path to ground.

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 When the breakdown has taken place, it should be capable of carrying the resulting
discharge current without getting damaged itself and without the voltage across it
exceeding the breakdown value.
 The power frequency current following the breakdown must be interrupted as soon as
the transient voltage has fallen below the breakdown value.
 There are many types of lightning arrester which are used to protect the power
system. The choices of the lightning arrester depend on the factor like, voltage and
frequency of the line, cost, weather condition and reliability.

CONTROL ROOM

Whether it’s for monitoring, decision-making, responding, controlling, collaborating, or

communicating, control room solutions are an essential component to daily operations,
allowing for more efficient work and better decision-making. Power plants can benefit from
control room solutions in a number of ways: in their process facilities; for surveillance; in
facility situation rooms; for command and control; for traffic management; and for
broadcasting distribution monitoring. 

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Over the past decade the electrical power industry has undergone many changes. Vertically
integrated utilities have been transformed into smaller companies. Transmission and
Generation systems are increasingly relying on advanced digital and computational elements
for protection and control of their substation and transmission. The Substation Control and
Monitoring System (SCMS) is a major part of advanced power system management. Better
control and faster performance are achieved by performing local tasks in the substation. This
system provides better protection of valuable substation equipment.

ISOLATOR

Figure:6

The isolator is one type of switching device, and the main function of this is to make sure that
a circuit is totally not triggered in order to perform the preservation. These are also
recognizable like isolation switches to isolate the circuits. These switches are applicable in
industrial, distribution of electrical power, etc. High voltage type isolation switches are
utilized in substations for permitting isolation of equipment like transformers, circuit
breakers. Usually, the disconnector switch is not proposed for circuit control but it is for
isolation. Isolators are activated either automatically or manually. This article discusses an
overview of electrical isolator, types and its applications.

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The isolator can be defined as; it is one type of mechanical switch used to isolate a fraction of
the electrical circuit when it is required. Isolator switches are used for opening an electrical
circuit in the no-load condition. It is not proposed to be opened while current flows through
the line. Generally, these are employed on circuit breaker both the ends thus the circuit
breaker repair can be done easily without any risk.

Functions

 When a fault occurs in a substation, then isolator cuts out a portion of a substation.
The other apparatus works without any intrusion.
 The circuit breaker is like an MCB or ACB that trips the complete system if there is
an error occurs.

GOS(Gang Operated Switches)

Gang operated Switches or G.O Switches as they are commonly known are switching devices
used in overhead power lines.

          They are called Gang Operated as they are operated in a Gang, all three switches
together, using a single mechanism.  They are also called air-break switches as they use air as
the breaking medium or G.O.D.(Gang operated Disconnector) switch. 

          These switches do not have any load-breaking capacity.  They can only be operated
when the transformer is on no-load and only the small magnetizing current flows through
them.  A substation must be disconnected from the load it is feed and only then can these
switches located on the incoming lines of the substation be disconnected.

         
          These switches are used in lines with voltages about 5 kV.  They can also be motorized
and operated remotely.  Gang operated switches can be mounted vertically or horizontally.

          A thin film of non-oxide grease is usually applied to the contacts of the Gang operated

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switches.  The Gang operated switches should be checked periodically for proper alignment
and rigidity.

SWITCH GEAR

Figure:7

In an electric power system, switchgear is composed of electrical disconnect

switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment.
Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to
clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is directly linked to the reliability of
the electricity supply.

The earliest central power stations used simple open knife switches, mounted on insulating
panels of marble or asbestos. Power levels and voltages rapidly escalated, making opening
manually operated switches too dangerous for anything other than isolation of a de-energized
circuit. Oil-filled equipment allowed arc energy to be contained and safely controlled. By the
early 20th century, a switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed structure with electrically

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operated switching elements, using oil circuit breakers. Today, oil-filled equipment has
largely been replaced by air-blast, vacuum, or SF6 equipment, allowing large currents and
power levels to be safely controlled by automatic equipment.

SF6 GAS-INSULATED SWITCH GEAR

Figure:8

Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers protect electrical power stations and distribution systems

by interrupting electric currents, when tripped by a protective relay. Instead of oil, air, or a
vacuum, a sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas to cool and
quench the arc on opening a circuit. Advantages over other media include lower operating
noise and no emission of hot gases, and relatively low maintenance. Developed in the 1950s
and onward, SF6 circuit breakers are widely used in electrical grids at transmission voltages
up to 800 kV, as generator circuit breakers, and in distribution systems at voltages up to 35
kV.

Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers may be used as self-contained apparatus in outdoor air-
insulated substations or may be incorporated into gas-insulated switchgear which allows
compact installations at high voltages.

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CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Figure:9

The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument transformer” that is designed to

produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to the current
being measured in its primary. Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much
lower value and provide a convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current
flowing in an AC transmission line using a standard ammeter. The principal of operation of a
basic current transformer is slightly different from that of an ordinary voltage transformer.

The secondary winding however, may have a large number of coil turns wound on a
laminated core of low-loss magnetic material. This core has a large cross-sectional area so
that the magnetic flux density created is low using much smaller cross-sectional area wire,
depending upon how much the current must be stepped down as it tries to output a constant
current, independent of the connected load.

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The secondary winding will supply a current into either a short circuit, in the form of an
ammeter, or into a resistive load until the voltage induced in the secondary is big enough to
saturate the core or cause failure from excessive voltage breakdown.

Current transformers can reduce or “step-down” current levels from thousands of amperes

down to a standard output of a known ratio to either 5 Amps or 1 Amp for normal operation.
Thus, small and accurate instruments and control devices can be used with CT’s because they
are insulated away from any high-voltage power lines. There are a variety of metering
applications and uses for current transformers such as with Wattmeter’s, power factor meters,
watt-hour meters, protective relays, or as trip coils in magnetic circuit breakers, or MCB’s.

POWER TRANSFORMER

Figure:10

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A transformer is an electrical device which is used to transfer power from one circuit to

another through electromagnetic induction.The power transfer is accompanied without
frequency change. In an electronic system, the term power transformer is used to provide a
number of AC supplies of several voltages and appropriate values of current from the public
electricity supply. And also used to denote to transformers with a 500KVA rating or greater.

Power Transformer Working Principle

A transformer has two or more separate coil winding placed on a common magnetic core. But
the primary coil winding is responsible for supplying the alternating current (AC) with
supplied frequency and it produces the magnetic flux in the same frequency in the magnetic
core.

Then the flux linkage to the secondary coil winding also changes at the same frequency
resulting in induced E.M.F of the same frequency to the secondary coil winding. But the
direction of induced E.M.F in the secondary coil winding opposes the causes of producing the
alternating flux by the primary coil winding.

RELAY

In electrical engineering, a protective relay is a relay device designed to trip a circuit

breaker when a fault is detected. The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices,
relying on coils operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal operating
conditions such as over-current, over-voltage, reverse power flow, over-frequency, and
under-frequency.

Microprocessor-based digital protection relays now emulate the original devices, as well as
providing types of protection and supervision impractical with electromechanical relays.
Electromechanical relays provide only rudimentary indication of the location and origin of a

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fault.  In many cases a single microprocessor relay provides functions that would take two or
more electromechanical devices. By combining several functions in one case, numerical
relays also save capital cost and maintenance cost over electromechanical relays. However,
due to their very long life span, tens of thousands of these "silent sentinels"are still protecting
transmission lines and electrical apparatus all over the world. Important transmission lines
and generators have cubicles dedicated to protection, with many individual electromechanical
devices, or one or two microprocessor relays.

 OVER CURRENT RELAY:

The overcurrent relay is defined as the relay, which operates only when the value of the
current is greater than the relay setting time. It protects the equipment of the power system
from the fault current.

 EARTH FAULT RELAY:

Earth fault is the unintended fault between the live conductor and the earth. It also occurs,
because of the insulation breakdown. When the fault occurs, the short-circuit currents flow
through the system, and this current is returned through the earth or any electrical equipment.
This fault current damaged the equipment of the power system and also interrupted the
continuity of the supply.

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SCADA

Figure:11

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a control system architecture that uses

computers, networked data communications and graphical user interfacesfor high-
level process supervisory management, but uses other peripheral devices such
as programmable logic controller (PLC) and discrete PID controllers to interface with the
process plant or machinery. The use of SCADA has been also considered for management
and operations of project-driven-process in construction.

The most basic function of a programmable controller is to emulate the functions of electro-
mechanical relays. Discrete inputs are given a unique address, and a PLC instruction can test
if the input state is on or off. Just as a series of relay contacts perform a logical AND
function, not allowing current to pass unless all the contacts are closed, so a series of
"examine if on" instructions will energize its output storage bit if all the input bits are on.
Similarly, a parallel set of instructions will perform a logical OR. In an electro-mechanical
relay wiring diagram, a group of contacts controlling one coil is called a "rung" of a "ladder

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diagram ", and this concept is also used to describe PLC logic. Some models of PLC limit the
number of series and parallel instructions in one "rung" of logic. The output of each rung sets
or clears a storage bit, which may be associated with a physical output address or which may
be an "internal coil" with no physical connection. Such internal coils can be used, for
example, as a common element in multiple separate rungs. Unlike physical relays, there is
usually no limit to the number of times an input, output or internal coil can be referenced in a
PLC program.

Some PLCs enforce a strict left-to-right, top-to-bottom execution order for evaluating the
rung logic. This is different from electro-mechanical relay contacts, which in a sufficiently
complex circuit may either pass current left-to-right or right-to-left, depending on the
configuration of surrounding contacts. The elimination of these "sneak paths" is either a bug
or a feature, depending on programming style.

More advanced instructions of the PLC may be implemented as functional blocks, which
carry out some operation when enabled by a logical input and which produce outputs to
signal, for example, completion or errors, while manipulating variable internally that may not
correspond to discrete logic.

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EARTHING

Figure:12

Earthing is the method of transmitting the instant electricity discharge directly to the ground
through low resistance wires or electrical cables. This is one of the significant features
of electrical networks. Because it builds the most eagerly accessible and hazardous power
source much secure to utilize.

The primary requirements of a good earthing system in a substation are:

 It stabilizes circuit potentials with respect to ground and limits the overall potential rise.
 It protects life and property from over voltage.
 It provides low impedance path to fault currents to ensure prompt and consistent
operation of protective devices during ground faults.
 It keeps the maximum voltage gradient along the surface inside and around the substation
within safe limits during ground fault.

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The grounding system in substation is very important. The functions of grounding systems or
earth mat in include:

 To ensure safety to personnel in substations against electrical shocks.

 To provide the ground connection for connecting the neutrals of stat connected
transformer winding to earth ( neutral earthing ).
 To discharge the over voltages from overhead ground wires or the lightning masts to
earth. To provide ground path for surge arresters.
 To provide a path for discharging the charge between phase and ground by means of
earthing switches.
 To provide earth connections to structures and other non-current carrying metallic
objects in the sub-station (equipment earthing).

Typically the Earthing System Audit follows the steps below:

 Soil Resistivity Measurement

 Site Resistance Measurement
 Site Continuity Measurement
 Touch and Step Potential Measurement
 Visual Assessment of all above ground earthing

RTU
A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a microprocessor-controlled electronic device that interfaces
objects in the physical world to a distributed control system or SCADA (supervisory control
and data acquisition) system by transmitting telemetry data to a master system, and by using

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messages from the master supervisory system to control connected objects. Other terms that
may be used for RTU are remote telemetry unit and remote telecontrol unit.

OPERATION AND MAINTAINANCE

UNIT OFFICE

SUB-DIVISIONAL
OFFICE

DIVISIONAL OFFICE

CIRCLE OFFICE

ZONAL OFFICE

Figure:13

SUB DIVISIONAL OFFICE:

A Sub-Divisional Magistrate is a title which is sometimes given to the head official of a

district subdivision, an administrative officer that is sometimes below the level of district,
depending on a country's government structure. SDM is generally an officer of PCS ranking.
Each district is divided into tehsil. It is empowered by tax inspector, Collector magistrate. All
subdivisions (tehsils) are under the charge of SDM (Sub Divisional Magistrate).

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Magisterial functions:

Sub Divisional Magistrates exercise powers of Executive Magistrates. In this role they are
responsible for operating preventive Sections of Code of Criminal Procedure. They also carry
out enquiries in cases of unnatural deaths of women within seven years of marriage and issue
directions to the Police for registration of case, if required.

Sub Divisional Magistrates are empowered to conduct enquiries into custodial deaths
including deaths in Police Lock Up, Jails, Women Homes etc. The Officers of this
Department are also expected to act as eyes and ears of the Government and conduct
enquiries into all major accidents including major fires incidents, riots and natural calamities
etc.

An administrative division, unit, entity, area or region, also referred to as a subnational

entity, constituent unit, or country subdivision, is a portion of a country or other region
delineated for the purpose of administration. Administrative divisions are granted a certain
degree of autonomy and are usually required to manage themselves through their own local
governments. Countries are divided up into these smaller units to make managing their land
and the affairs of their people easier. A country may be divided into provinces, which, in turn,
may be divided in whole or in part into municipalities.

DIVISIONAL OFFICE:
Duties and Responsibilities of Divisional Officers:

Elected officers are expected to carry out the following duties and responsibilities. Should an
elected officer be unable or unwilling to carry out these resposibilities, the LLAMA President
may request resignation or refer the issue to the LLAMA Executive Committee for
resolution.

 Serves as a voting member of the LLAMA Board and Board Executive Committee.

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 Serves as ex-officio member of the Budget and Finance Committee and the Program
Committee.
 Plans and directs the objectives and activities of the Division.
 Provides communication and coordination for the Division.
 Attends or sends a delagate to the ALA Conference Program Committee meetings and
ALA BARC Planning and Budget Assembly during Midwinter Meeting and Annual
Conference. Votes as LLAMA's representative when appropriate.
 Presides at all LLAMA Board meetings and Board Executive Committee meetings.
 Keeps abreast of LLAMA activities by attending as many meetings as possible of the
divisional committees, such as the LLAMA Budget and Finance Committee, and the
sectional executive committees during the Midwinter Meeting and Annual
Conference.
 Plans agendas for Board meetings in coordination with the LLAMA Executive
Director and the LLAMA Executive Committee.
 Keeps the Board Executive Committee informed of all actions and activities.
 Prepares and submits an Annual Report to ALA Council.
 Insures that programs are responsive to LLAMA membership needs.
 Insures that the LLAMA Bylaws are observed and that the decisions of the Board of
Directors and of the membership are carried out.
 Performs other duties as assigned by the Board of Directors.
 Consults with LLAMA Board of Directors and carries out LLAMA Executive
Director's annual performance evaluation. Submits a written recommendation to ALA
Deputy Executive Director.
 Plans annual President's program at ALA Annual Conference.

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CONCLUSION:

A intern can use the knowledge gain in the college practically so that her ability to solve
problems can be understood. A intern can use both technical knowledge such as generation,
transmission and distribution etc. and non –technical such as communication, time
management, personality development and skill utilization so that a intern can grow both
technically and non-technically during its intern period and it can be carried out in her future.

The experience during the internship is so well that we had a supporting management. The
organization environment was good and well supportive in all the departments. Along with
gaining knowledge. Improved my practical knowledge in different departments such as in
transmission and distribution, inspection and testing of energy meter. So the internship is
very much useful for me to gain practical knowledge.

 Collection of primary data on operations and performance.

 Discussions with senior officers of HESCOM to know the operations and
performance and key factors affecting the performance of HESCOM.
 Obtaining annual reports of HESCOM and analysis the same.
 Benchmarking the performance of HESCOM against better performing organization
in the power distribution ( any one of the DISCOMs) through data collected from
secondary sources.
 Information collected was scrutinized, compiled and analyzed and the report was
prepared based on the outcome of the analysis.

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Chapter:4

SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
 An internship can provide a student with paid professional work experience
in a safe and structured environment with help from experts.
 The worksite mentor will help train a student and advise him or her on how
to navigate a particular worksite culture and also help the student learn how
to manage their expectations and implement successful work habits.
 At an internship, a student can practice and improve their practical skills
while also learning how to work. Students can gain a better understanding of
how what they are learning in college can help them with their future.
 Internship help students master professional soft skills such as
communication ,punctuality, and time management. These are skills that are
key for success at a job and college and are highly sought after by
companies.
 At an internship, a student can learn what the roles and responsibilities of a
particular career are from people working in the field.
 An internship can be a real confidence builder for student. Being successful
in the real world can inspire a student to work harder at college, and be more
willing to take on challenges or be outside of his/her comfort zone.
 Having successfully completed an internship makes a job candidate more
attractive to employers. Many companies prefer to hire students who have
completed internship programs. This is because many interns have better
work habits, possess excellent soft skills, and have higher technical and
industry skills since they have received formal job training and professional
guidance.
 An internship can help a student start to build a professional network that
can be a resource for the student. A network can help a student make well-
informed decisions about their career and connect them with other
professionals or opportunities that will help a student achieve success in a
field.

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 Completing an internship also makes a student a more attractive candidate

for colleges and scholarships. Having “real world” work experience shows a
college or scholarship panel that a student has a clear set of goals that they
are actively working towards. Demonstrating commitment and fallow
through demonstrates a high level of maturity, responsibility, and
willingness to do what it takes to be successful.
 An internship can help a student decide if a particular career is a good match
for their personality, lifestyle, passions and goals. This way a student can
avoid spending time and money on training for a career that does not really
suit their abilities or needs.
 By successfully completing an internship, a student can obtain a positive
recommendation that can be used for future employers.

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