DEVELOPMENT OF THREE-PHASE ENERGY METER USING

DATA LOGGER

BY

NWOKOCHA O. GOSPEL
PGS/ EEE/ 22004541

SUPERVISOR
ENGR. Prof. M. J. E. Evbogbai

A PROJECT PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT

OF ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, EDO STATE
UNIVERSITY UZAIRUE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE POST GRADUATE
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING.

JANUARY, 2024

1
 ABSTRACT
Traditional energy meters are limited to measuring single phase power making
them inadequate for industrial and commercial applications that utilize three-
phase power. This limitation has created a need for a sophisticated and reliable
solution that can accurately measure energy usage in a three phase system. The
development process of this three-phase energy meter with a data logger begins
with design and implementation of a robust hardware system. This include the use
of precised voltage and current sensors, a micro controller unit (MCU) for signal
processing and memory storage for data logging purposes. This solution provide
users with valuable insight into their energy consumption patterns and help them
make informed decisions to optimize their energy usage and reduce cost.

2
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Three-Phase energy meter with data logger is critical in ensuring the efficient and safe

operation of electrical systems. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for

accurate and reliable power and energy monitoring systems, especially in industrial

applications (Agrawal, 2001). Three-phase power is a common form of electrical

power transmission used in industrial settings, as it provides greater power efficiency

and higher power capacity compared to single-phase power. In a three- phase system,

three alternating currents of the same frequency and amplitude are transmitted, with

each current phase shifted by 120 degrees from the other two.

The system will utilize current transformers and voltage transformers to measure the

electrical parameters, and a microcontroller will process the data and display it on an

LCD screen. Additionally, the system will log the data to an SD card for further

analysis. This project will be useful in providing real-time power and energy

monitoring in industrial applications, helping to reduce energy wastage and improve

the efficiency of the electrical system (Saxena & Jain, 2010). Three-Phase energy

meter with data logger have become increasingly important in industrial applications,

as they enable companies to monitor their energy consumption in real-time, identify

energy wastage, and optimize their energy usage (Siddiqui, 2003).

The development of three-phase energy meter with data logger will involve the use of

current transformers and voltage transformers to measure the electrical parameters, a

microcontroller to process the data, and an LCD screen to display the real time data.

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Additionally, the system will log the data to an SD card for further analysis, allowing

companies to review their energy consumption data over time and identify areas for

improvement (Sen, 1997) and (Dorf & Svoboda, 2018).

In summary, the proposed three-phase energy meter with data logger will

provide accurate and reliable real-time data on the energy usage of a three-phase

electrical system, helping companies to optimize their energy usage and reduce their

energy costs. This project will be useful in industrial applications where energy

consumption is a significant cost factor, such as manufacturing, mining, and

transportation.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The lack of a reliable and accurate three-phase energy meter with data logger

for power and energy consumption in three-phase electrical systems is a significant

problem in industrial and commercial applications. Without such a system, companies

are unable to monitor their energy usage in real-time, identify energy wastage, and

optimize their energy consumption. Moreover, the absence of three-phase energy

meter with data logger in industrial and commercial applications can lead to

inefficiencies in power usage, increased energy costs, and reduced equipment lifespan.

These issues can have a significant impact on a company's bottom line and overall

competitiveness in the market.

Therefore, the development of a three-phase energy meter with data logger is

essential to address these challenges and enable companies to monitor their energy

consumption accurately, identify energy wastage, and optimize their energy usage,

leading to reduced energy costs and improved efficiency in their electrical systems.

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1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Project

The aim of this project is to develop a three-phase energy meter with data logger by

accurately measuring and tracking the power and energy consumption of a three-phase

electrical system. This aim will be achieved by carrying out the following objective;

i. To develop three-phase energy meter with data logger using microcontroller-

based data logging system that can accurately record and store the power data

in real time.

ii. Develop a user-friendly interface to display the real-time data and enable the

user to analyze the data easily.

iii. Ensure that the system is compatible with a variety of three-phase electrical

systems with different power ratings.

1.4 Scope of Study

This project work is focused on the development of a three-phase energy meter with a

data logger which involve careful planning, sensor selection, data acquisition, user

interface design and integration with other system. The specific scope of study is for

alternating circuit (AC) to measure and monitor voltage, current, power, energy of any

distribution system. It is also essential for optimizing energy usage, improving system

reliability, making data driven decision.

1.5 Significance of Project

The development of a three-phase energy meter using a data logger is significant

because it enables the accurate measurement and monitoring of electrical parameters

such as voltage, current, power and energy consumption of three-phase electrical

5
systems. It is essential for optimizing energy usage, in proven system reliability,

making data driven decision and complying with regulatory requirement.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter present the review of relevant studies articles and publications related to

the development of such devices. Here we examine the different type of energy meter

with data logger available in the market which include analysis of the features,

specifications and performance characteristics of these devices. This information will

help in understanding the current state of the art and identifying the potential areas of

improvement.

2.2 Review of Basic Components

The equipment involved in the design of three-phase energy meter with data logger

depends on the specific monitoring system used. Figure 2.1 shows the block diagram

of the major components. Here is a list of equipment that may be involved in a typical

three-phase energy meter with data logger:

Figure 2.1 Block Diagram of Energy Monitoring System (Akhtar, 2020).

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 2.2.1 Three-phase energy meter: A device that measures the electrical

energy consumption of the three-phase system in real-time.

Figure 2.2 Three-phase energy meter (Holger, 2020).

Types of Three Phase energy meter

There are typically two types of 3-phase meters.

i. Three phases, three wire meters: This system is a combination of two single-

phase meters. It uses a permanent horseshoe magnet.

ii. Three phases, four-wire meter: This system consists of three coils and three

aluminum discs. It is suitable for measuring the kWh in a 3-phase motor amps

calculation. It functions similar to a three-phase, three-wire electric meter.

2.2.2 Current transformers (CTs): Used to measure the current flowing

through each of the three phases. There are basically three types of current

transformer which includes;

i. Window Current Transformers

ii. Bar Current Transformers

iii. Wound Current Transformers

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For the purpose of this project, I shall be using wound current transformer because it

has a primary winding that is connected in series with the load current been measured

and the secondary winding been connected to the measurement circuit of the energy

meter.

Figure 2.3 Current Transformers (Joachim, 2021).

Current Rating

The current Rating of the primary winding of a current transformer is determined by

the maximum value of the load current to be measured. For example, if the current

Rating is 400 A with a secondary rating of 5A, the ratio between the primary and

secondary is 400:5, or 80:1. This means that the secondary winding has 80 times as

many turns as the primary, and the current transformer can be used to measure a line

load of 400A. The primary must be rated to withstand 400A. (eepower.com)

2.3.3 Voltage transformers (VTs): A Voltage Transformer (VT) is a device which

converts energy of one form to another. VT’s are used to monitor alternating

AC or DC current by measuring voltage directly or through a VT. Voltage

Transformers are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer. They are

9
 designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured. They have

an accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary

connected metering.

Voltage Transformer Types

Voltage transformer are of various types but I shall be using the electromagnetic

potential transformer for this project because it helps to step down a higher

voltage to a lower voltage suitable for measurement, also, it isolates the metering

circuit from the higher voltage allowing accurate measurement and data logging.

Figure 2.4 Voltage Transformer (Ruthard, 2021).

2.2.4 Data logger: A device that records data from the energy meter, CTs, and VTs

at regular intervals.

There are various examples of the kind of information a data logger can collect,

including: temperature, sound frequency, vibration, time, light intensity, electrical

current, and pressure.

Data logger applications include: specific conditions like a warehouse, a production

room, a refrigerator, a freezer, or a sterilizer. It may be used as a stand-alone

configuration or it can be connected to a computer. It can record temperature, which is

usually recorded by a thermocouple, a thermistor, or a resistance temperature detector

(RTD). It may be configured to include: wiring, multiple channels, or by self-

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contained instruments.

Figure 2.5 Data Logger (Gerardus, 2018).

2.3 REVIEW OF COMPONENTS

In this section, we will review the individual components used for the construction of

the data logger.

1.Microcontroller ESP-32

2.Module (PZEM 004t)

3.Liquid Crystal Display (TFT round)

4.Power Supply (12V DC to DC converter)

5.Controls (30A Relay and Transistor-NPN 2N222).

6.Mobile phone

2.3.1 ESP-32

ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power system on chip microcontrollers with

integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. The ESP32 series employs either

a Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor in both dual-core and single-core variations,

Xtensa LX7 dual-core microprocessor or a single-core RISC-V microprocessor and

includes built-in antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low-noise receive

amplifier, filters, and power-management modules. ESP32 is created and developed

by Espressif Systems, a Shanghai-based Chinese company, and is manufactured

by TSMC using their 40 nm process. It is a successor to the ESP8266 microcontroller.

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 Figure 2.6 ESP-32 (Vedat, 2023)

2.3.2 Module (PZEM 004t)

This is an electric monitoring test module with a split-core current transformer. The

module can be used to test power, energy, voltage as well as current, and then display

on a PC or other terminal.

Figure 2.7 Module PZEM 004t (Vadim, 2023)

The PZEM-004T is a popular and affordable digital AC voltage, current, and power

meter. It is commonly used for monitoring and measuring electrical parameters in

various applications, such as home automation, DIY electronics projects, and

industrial setups. The PZEM-004T typically displays the following electrical

parameters:

 Voltage (V): It measures the AC voltage of the power source and displays it on

the built-in screen.

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  Current (A): It measures the AC current flowing through the circuit and

displays it on the screen.

 Power (W): It calculates and displays the active power (in watts) based on the

voltage and current measurements.

 Energy (Wh): It also measures and accumulates the active energy consumption

in watt-hours.

Moreover, it can store data when power off, and store the accumulated energy data

before power off, so it is very convenient to use it. It can be widely used with power

distribution box, distribution cabinet, voltage regulators, teaching aids and household

small distribution box.

Features:

 AC 80-260V voltage test range, 80-260V working voltage, maximum current

can reach to 100A

 Electrical parameter measurement function including voltage, current, active

power and energy measurement.

 Designed to test high power equipment and you can observe the accumulative

process intuitively for the low-power (within 100W) load test.

 Equipped with TTL serial data communication interface, you can read and set

the relevant parameters via the serial port

 The key on the panel can be used to reset energy, convenient to users.

2.3.3 Liquid Crystal Display (TFT round)

A TFT LCD, or a thin film transistor liquid crystal display, is one of the fastest

growing forms of display technology today. The thin film transistor (TFT) is a type of

13
semiconductor device used in display technology to enhance efficiency, compactness,

and cost of the product. In conjunction with its semiconductor properties, the TFT

LCD is an active-matrix display, controlling pixels individually and actively rather

than passively, furthering the benefits of this semiconductor device.

Figure 2.8 Liquid crystal display (Dong, 2017).

Architecture of a TFT Pixel

Within an LCD, each pixel can be characterized by its three sub-pixels. These three

sub-pixels create the RGB colorization of that overall pixel. These sub-pixels act as

capacitors, or electrical storage units within a device, each with their own independent

structural and functional layers as described earlier. With the three sub-pixels per

pixel, colors of almost any kind can be mixed from the light passing through the filters

and polarizer at different brightness based on the liquid crystal alignment.

2.3.4 Controls (30A Relay and Transistor-NPN 2N222)

Relays are electromechanical devices that use an electromagnet to operate a pair of

movable contacts from an open position to a closed position.

The advantage of relays is that it takes a relatively small amount of power to operate

the relay coil. However, a relay switch circuit can be used to control motors, heaters,

lamps or AC circuits which themselves can draw a lot more electrical voltage, current

and therefore power.

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The electro-mechanical relay is an output device (actuator) which come in a whole

host of shapes, sizes and designs, and have many uses and applications in electronic

circuits. But while electrical relays can be used to allow low power electronic or

computer type circuits to switch relatively high currents or voltages both “ON” or

“OFF”, some form of relay switch circuit is required to control it.

Figure 2.9 Relay and Transistor circuit (electronics.stackexchange.com)

The design and types of relay switching circuits is huge, but many small

electronic projects use transistors and MOSFETs as their main switching device as the

transistor can provide fast DC switching (ON-OFF) control of the relay coil from a

variety of input sources so here is a small collection of some of the more common

ways of switching relays. (www.electronics-tutorials.ws)

2.3.4. 1 Transistor NPN Relay Switch Circuit

A typical relay switch circuit has the coil driven by a NPN transistor switch, TR1 as

shown depending on the input voltage level. When the Base voltage of the transistor is

zero (or negative), the transistor is cut-off and acts as an open switch. In this condition

no Collector current flows and the relay coil is de-energised because being current

devices, if no current flows into the Base, then no current will flow through the relay

coil.

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If a large enough positive current is now driven into the Base to saturate the NPN

transistor, the current flowing from Base to Emitter (B to E) controls the larger relay

coil current flowing through the transistor from the Collector to Emitter.

For most bipolar switching transistors, the amount of relay coil current flowing into

the Collector would be somewhere between 50 to 800 times that of the required Base

current to drive the transistor into saturation. The current gain, or beta value ( β ) of

the general purpose BC109 shown is typically about 290 at 2mA (Datasheet).

(www.electronics-tutorials.ws)

2.3.4.2 Power Requirements

DC powered devices require DC voltage (12V DC to DC converter).

Practical electronic converters use switching techniques. Switched-mode DC-to-DC

converters convert one DC voltage level to another, which may be higher or lower, by

storing the input energy temporarily and then releasing that energy to the output at a

different voltage. The storage may be in either magnetic field storage components

(inductors, transformers) or electric field storage components (capacitors). This

conversion method can increase or decrease voltage. Switching conversion is often

more power-efficient (typical efficiency is 75% to 98%) than linear voltage

regulation, which dissipates unwanted power as heat.

2.3.4.3 Mounting and Configuration

There are several mounting or installation options for current sensors.

i. Panel mount installation is designed to be panel-mounted into a wall or modular

unit.

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ii. SMD is a circuit mounted device assembled from surface mount components and

technology. SMD current sensors attach directly to the circuit board, without the

need to fit wire leads through holes in the board.

iii. Clamp or bolt on sensors clamp or bolt onto the surface. These are best used for

rough or extreme applications to prevent the sensor from falling off.

iv. Through hole technology (THT) mounts components on a printed circuit board

by inserting component leads through holes in the board and then soldering the

leads in place on the opposite side of the board.

v. Surface mount technology (SMT) adds current sensors to the printed circuit

board (PCB) by soldering component leads or terminals to the top surface of the

board.

vi. Handheld products are portable and do not require special mounting hardware.

2.3.4.4 Other Components Used:

Diodes: A diode is a single junction device made of p and n type materials. Its main

function is to rectify an ac signal although other special purpose diodes like zener and

led’s are used for other purposes. Majorly are used to allow flow of current in one

direction when forward. Zener diode these are used for voltage regulation in power

supplies. and have breakdown voltages which are very low.

Types of Diode

i. Light Emitting Diode (LED)

ii. Laser Diode

iii. Avalanche Diode

iv. Zener Diode

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 v. Schottky Diode

vi. Photodiode

vii. P-N Junction Diode

Figure 2.10 Types of Diode

Resistors: Resistors can be of two types: fixed value resistors or variable resistors.

These are used to limit current and variation of output power.

Capacitors: Capacitors are capable of storing charges. They are used for coupling ac

signals from one circuit to another and for frequency selection etc.

They are also used for filtering the output wave form in power supply circuit.

Transistors: Transistors are semiconductor devices used for applications like

amplification of voltages, current and are also used in oscillator circuits and switches.

Switches: They are used for breaking and completing the circuit.

LEDs: Leds are pn junction devices which emit light radiation when biased in the

forward direction

Voltage Regulator: They are used to produce a constant output direct voltage

depending on the input voltage and its rating

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Relays: This an electromechanical device have a coil wound on a solenoid, movable

contact, normally open contact and normally close contact such that when the power

passes through the coil, magnetizes the solenoid and attract the move contact

commanding to either open or close depending on the state of the device. It can be

used both in AC and DC voltage to switch on load.

Switches: This is an electro-mechanical device that is used for breaking and

completing the circuit on the loads. The choice depends on the purpose and the current

to switch on.

Batteries: This is an electrochemical cell that has two terminals positive and negative

that is used to store electrical charge and supply it when used as DC V.

Buzzer: This is an electronic device that transduce electrical signal into sound signal.

They are different types depending on the power rating required to use.

Fuse: They are used to allow rated current to pass through and block high current by

melting out to break the circuit thus protect the connected load.

2.3.5 Power Supply Unit

A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for

the internal components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use

switched-mode power supplies. Some power supplies have a manual switch for

selecting input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the mains voltage.

The power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical

load. The main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source

to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power

supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters.

19
 Figure 2.11 Power Supply Unit (Akash, 2020)

2.3.5.1 Types of Power Supply

i. Linear Power Supply: In a linear power supply, the AC input voltage passes

through a power transformer and is then rectified and filtered to obtain a DC

voltage. The filtering reduces the amplitude of AC mains frequency present in the

rectifier output and can be as simple as a single capacitor or more complex such as

a pi filter. The electric load's tolerance of ripple dictates the minimum amount of

filtering that must be provided by the power supply. In some applications, ripple

can be entirely ignored. For example, in some battery charging applications, the

power supply consists of just a transformer and a diode, with a simple resistor

placed at the power supply output to limit the charging current.

ii. Switched-Mode Power Supply: A switched-mode power supply (switching mode

power supply, switch-mode power supply, switched power supply, SMPS,

or switcher) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching

regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. Switched-mode power supplies

can also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply because the

transformer can be much smaller. This is because it operates at a high switching

frequency which ranges from several hundred kHz to several MHz in contrast to

the 50 or 60 Hz mains frequency. Despite the reduced transformer size, the power

20
 supply topology and the requirement for electromagnetic interference (EMI)

suppression in commercial designs result in a usually much greater component

count and corresponding circuit complexity. Switching regulators are used as

replacements for linear regulators when higher efficiency, smaller size or lighter

weight is required. They are, however, more complicated; switching currents can

cause electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and simple designs

may have a poor power factor. (wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched-

mode_power_supply, 2022).

2.4 Review of Related works

The following presents a review of similar work that are relevant to the research area.

This review is necessary to give an extent of research in this area and to identify a

research problem as well as tools and techniques used to solve the problem. The

review of similar works provides an improvement and limitations in various proposed

techniques.

Kumar et al. (2018) proposed a three-phase power and energy monitoring system that

utilized an ESP8266 microcontroller and a Wi-Fi module for real-time data

transmission. The system was designed to be low-cost and easy to install, making it a

practical solution for residential and small-scale industrial settings. The authors

reported an accuracy of 97% in their measurements, and demonstrated the system's

ability to identify energy-intensive appliances and optimize energy consumption.

Chakraborty et al. (2019) proposed a three-phase energy metering system that employs

a combination of current transformers and voltage dividers to measure power and

energy in real time. The system uses an Arduino microcontroller to sample the

21
measurements and transmit them to a cloud-based server for logging and analysis. The

authors reported an accuracy of 98% in their measurements, making their system a

viable solution for real time power monitoring.

In a similar study, Al-Gailani et al. (2020) designed a three-phase power monitoring

and control system using a Raspberry Pi and a Python-based program. The system

measured voltage, current, and power consumption in real time, and could be accessed

remotely via a web interface. The authors reported that their system achieved a

measurement accuracy of 95%, making it a promising solution for energy monitoring

and optimization.

Manoj, (2020) in their work, presented the Design and Simulation of Single Phase

Intelligent Prepared Energy Meter. The meter was designed to measure energy

consumption intelligently. It is only able to measure energy usage and not to monitor

the equipment for safety of the equipment.

(Zhenyu, 2021) utilized a DSP – based meter to measure the electricity consumption

of multiple users in a residential area. A Personal Computer (PC) at which in turn

transmitted data back, using the Power Line Communication (PLC) technique. The

major problem with this system is that it cannot detect tampering by consumers.

(Pierluigi, 2022) their findings collectively indicate that the paper explores the design

and functionality of a data logging system, emphasizing its capacity for long-term data

storage and unattended operation, in addition to addressing communication aspects

and memory storage limitations through empirical testing.

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2.5 Research Gap

Energy forecasting with artificial intelligence integrate a feature that predicts future

energy usage based on historical data, helping users plan more efficiently using

artificial intelligence

In conclusion, three-phase meter using data logger are becoming increasingly popular

due to their cost-effectiveness and real-time monitoring capabilities. The studies

reviewed in this project demonstrate that such systems can be designed and

constructed using a variety of microcontrollers and programming languages, with high

levels of accuracy and practicality. Further research in this area could focus on

optimizing the design and performance of these systems, as well as exploring their

potential for reducing energy costs and improving sustainability.

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 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the materials as well as the steps in the development of a three-

phase energy meter using a data logger.

3.2 Materials

The material that will be used to carry out this research include

i. Microcontrollers

ii. ESP-32

iii. Module (PZEM 004t),

iv. Liquid crystal display (TFT round)

v. Power supply (12V DC to DC converter)

vi. Controls (30A Relay and transistor-NPN 2N222)

3.3 Methodology

i. Determine the specific requirement for the three phase energy meter including

the voltage level, current range, accuracy, communication protocols and data

logging capability

ii. Choose the necessary hardware component such as current transformer (CTs)

for measuring the current, voltage (VTs) for measuring the voltage,

microcontrollers or microprocessors for data processing, memory module for

data storage and communication modules for data transmission.

24
 iii. Develop the circuitry for measuring and interpreting the three phase electrical

parameters, including voltage, current, power and energy consumption. This

involve designing an appropriate analogue front end circuit for conditioning the

signals from the CTs and VTs and digital processing circuit for calculating the

energy consumption.

iv. Incorporate a data logger module (e.g an SD Card or EEPROM) to store the

energy consumption data along with a real time clock module to record the

time stamp of data logging event.

v. Develop software algorithms to calculate the energy consumption based on the

measured voltage and current values. These algorithms can involve processing

the signal waveforms using digital signal processing techniques performing the

necessary mathematical calculations and updating the energy consumption

values at regular intervals.

vi. Incorporate communication modules (eg ethernet, Wi-Fi or RS 485) to enable

data transmission from the energy meter to an external device or network. This

allows remote monitoring and data retrieval.

vii. Install the energy meter at the desired location and periodically monitor its

performance to ensure accurate energy measurement and reliable data logging.

viii. Provide adequate maintenance and support for the energy meter system

including firmware updates, hardware repairs or replacements, and addressing

any customer queries or issues.

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3.4 Conclusion

This research proposes the development of a three-phase energy meter using

data logger. This can be achieved by the design and implementation of a robust

hardware system which include the use of precise voltage and current sensors,

microcontroller unit and memory storage. This can be beneficial for monitoring and

detecting abnormalities in energy consumption such as power surges or high usage

during off peak hours. Also, it offers a reliable and efficient solution for accurate

energy measurement, data storage analysis and monitoring.

26
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