Introduction:

Electronic applications use a wide variety of materials, knowledge, and devices, which pave the road to
creative design, development, and the creation of countless electronic circuits with the purpose of
incorporating them in electronic products. Therefore, power electronics have been fully introduced in
industry, in applications such as power supplies, converters, inverters, battery chargers, temperature
control, variable speed motors, by studying the effects and the adaptation of electronic power systems
to industrial processes. Recently, the role of power electronics has been gaining special significance
regarding energy conservation and environmental control. The reality is that the demand for electrical
energy grows in a directly proportional manner with the improvement in quality of life. Consequently,
the design, development, and optimization of power electronics and controller devices are essential to
face forthcoming challenges.

Applications:
Two leading trends are currently noticeable in the power systems field of study. The first trend is the
increasingly and prevalent employment of renewable energy resources. The second trend is
decentralized energy generation. This scenario raises many challenges. Therefore, the design,
development, and optimization of power electronics and controller devices are required in order to face
such challenges. New microprocessor control units (MCUs) could be utilized for power production
control and for remote control operation, while power electronic converters are and could be utilized to
control the power flow. Nevertheless, power electronics can be used for a wide range of applications,
from power systems and electrical machines to electric vehicles and robot arm drives . In conjunction
with the evolution of microprocessors and advanced control theories, power electronics are playing an
increasingly essential role in our society.

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION:
Distributed generation (DG), mainly renewable energy, is a group of power sources that can be installed
in distinct points of the power system or be isolated, such as: wind power, photovoltaic systems, fuel
cells, small hydro, and microturbines. Power converters are a crucial technology for the integration of
DG into the modern sustainable power system, including microgrids and smart grids structures. They
allow correct adaptation, but also enable DG units to fully realize their potential benefits in their wide
variety of configurations.

[1] Main DG interface configurations with power converters. Alternating current (AC) and direct
current (DC)
A Compound Current Limiter and Circuit Breaker:
The protection of sensitive loads against voltage drop is a concern for the power system. A fast fault
current limiter and circuit breaker can be a solution for rapid voltage recovery of sensitive loads. This
proposes a compound type of current limiter and circuit breaker (CLCB) which can limit fault current and
fast break to adjust voltage sags at the protected buses. In addition, it can act as a circuit breaker to
open the faulty line. The proposed CLCB is based on a series L-C resonance, which contains a resonant
transformer and a series capacitor bank. Moreover, the CLCB includes two anti-parallel power electronic
switches (a diode and an IGBT) connected in series with bus couplers.  

[2]

Electric vehicles:
The popularity of the electric vehicle (EV) brings us many challenges of electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC). Automotive manufacturers are obliged to keep their products in compliance with EMC
regulations. However, the EV is a complex system composed of various electromagnetic interferences
(EMI), sensitive equipment and complicated coupling paths, which pose great challenges to the efficient
troubleshooting of EMC problems. This Power ectronics describes an electromagnetic topology (EMT)
based model and analysis method for vehicle-level EMI prediction, which decomposes an EV into multi-
subsystems and transforms electromagnetic coupling paths into network parameters. This way, each
part could be modelled separately with different technologies and vehicle-level EMI was able to be
predicted by algebra calculations. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated by
comparing predicted vehicle-radiated emissions at low frequency with experimental results, and
application to the troubleshooting of emission problems.

[3]
Application to DC Microgrid
A microgrid (MG) is a stand-alone or grid-connected hybrid renewable system that uses distributed
renewable and nonrenewable energy sources and energy storage systems (ESSs) to supply power to local
loads. The system is ordinarily based on power electronics, with interface converters allowing the
sources to supply power to the system and the loads to draw power from the common bus in a
controllable fashion. A MG is normally designed such that renewable energy sources (RESs) supply the
average load demand, while ESSs, nonrenewable generation, and the grid are used to ensure that the
loads enjoy a continuous supply of power in the presence of variable RES production. This chapter
describes some specific features of DC MGs in terms of power architecture, control, and protection. It
also reviews several uncommon power electronic interfaces. Regarding control, operation without
critical communication links between units is an attractive solution from the point of view of both
reliability and wiring hardware savings. Therefore, the conventional droop control concept from the bulk
AC power systems was used at the primary control level because it requires only locally obtainable
measurements. However, the higher control level becomes a challenging task with an increase in the
number of units with different characteristics and topology complexity. It has to deal with RESs, which
are controllable only within the limits imposed by natural phenomenon, while the battery recharging
usually has to be done in a specific way. Moreover, the technical constraints such as stability margins and
maintenance of acceptable voltage deviation within the system must also be respected while the
aforementioned issues are considered. While a centralized control is commonly deployed for this
purpose, distributed techniques are explained in this chapter. The chapter concludes with a review of
power electronic intensive protection solutions for DC MGs.

Renewable Energy Resources:

Power electronics plays a key role in the development of renewable energy systems and, therefore, in
reducing greenhouse gases. Therefore, through small incremental steps, the objective is to strengthen
the role of innovation, with the aim of facing the challenges that lay ahead [28] with efficient responses
that, additionally, can ensure an economical, reliable and sustainable electrical supply, on which we
have grown to become so dependent

References:
[1] https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/20828

[2] Heidary, A.; Radmanesh, H.; Bakhshi, A.; Rouzbehi, K.; Pouresmaeil, E. A Compound Current
Limiter and Circuit Breaker. Electronics 2019, 8, 551. [

[3] Wu, C.; Gao, F.; Dai, H.; Wang, Z. A Topology-Based Approach to Improve Vehicle-Level
Electromagnetic Radiation. Electronics 2019, 8, 364. [