A

Project Phase II
Seminar On

“Design of Three Phase Z-Source Inverter For Solar

Photovoltaic Application”

Presented by
Under the Guidance of
 1. Introduction
 An energy management system (EMS) is a system of computer-aided tools used by
operators of electric utility grids to monitor, control, and optimize the performance of
the generation and/or transmission system.
 Energy Management is one of the sub sections of BMS (Building Management Systems)
that focuses on the automation and monitoring of energy consuming devices.
 Energy Management System can be used to centrally control devices like HVAC units
and lighting systems across multiple locations, such as retail, grocery and restaurant
sites.
 EMS can give guarantee for continuous service to the critical loads.
 The main purpose of EMS

1. Make electric power available to critical loads at all times with or without main grid
service available.
2. Reduce peak power consumption to lower electricity costs, and
3. Store energy produced by DG units or during the time in which electricity from the
grid is least expensive.
2
 1. Introduction

Fig:1. EMS interfacing to main grid and micro grid

3
 2.Literature Survey
1. Giovanna Oriti, Senior Member, IEEE, Alexander L. Julian,
Member, IEEE, and Nathan J. Peck, “Power-Electronics-Based
Energy Management System With Storage”, IEEE IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electronics, vol. 31, No. 1, January 2016.
In this paper includes energy storage in the form of batteries in order to
accomplish three main objectives they highlighted
2. Make electric power available to critical loads at all times with or without
main grid service available,
3. Reduce peak power consumption to lower electricity costs, and
4. Store energy produced by DG units or during the time in which electricity
from the grid is least expensive.
A power-electronics-based energy management system (EMS) is presented
to accomplish peak power control in a single-phase power system while
guaranteeing continuous service to critical loads at the same time.
 2.Literature Survey
2. Sergio Vazquez, Member, IEEE, Srdjan M. Lukic, Member, IEEE,
Eduardo Galvan, Member, IEEE, Leopoldo G. Franquelo, Fellow,
IEEE, and Juan M. Carrasco, Member, IEEE “Energy Storage
Systems for Transport and Grid Applications”, IEEE IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 3881-3895, Dec.
2010.
 In this paper the author his explained about the usage of energy storage
system and the effect of without energy storage system on critical loads and
they talk about the different types of batteries and applications of that
storage energy in transportation and grid related one.
 The choice of the ESS for an application will depend on the application power
and energy ratings, response time, weight, volume, and operating temperature.
 Batteries: Lead Acid batteries, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, NiCd/NiMH
batteries and Sodium sulfur batteries (NaS).
 Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs)
 Regenerative FCs
 Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
 Flywheel ESSs (FESSs)
 Superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES)
 Thermoelectric energy storage (TEES)
 2.Literature Survey
•HYBRID ESS
Certain applications require a combination of energy, power density, cost,
and life cycle specifications that cannot be met by a single energy storage
device.
1. Battery and EDLC
2. FC and battery or EDLC
3. CAES and battery or EDLC
4. Battery and flywheel
5. Battery and SMES
ESSs are the key enabling technologies for transport and utility applications.
In particular, the proliferation of energy storage will enable the integration
and dispatch of renewable generation and will facilitate the emergence of
smarter grids with less reliance on inefficient peak power plants.
 2.Literature Survey
3. Luis Arnedo, IEEE Member, Suman Dwari, IEEE Member, and Vladimir Blasko,
IEEE Fellow System Department, Power Electronics Group United Technologies
Research Center, Albert Kroeber Department of Electrical Engineering RWTH
Aachen University Aachen, Germany, “Hybrid Solar Inverter Based on a Standard
Power Electronic Cell for Microgrids Applications”, 978-1-4577-0541-0/11/ 2011
IEEE
•This paper they proposed system is capable to provide security of supply by delivering
uninterrupted power to critical loads in standalone operation and transition seamlessly
between stand alone and grid connected mode.
•To mitigate the effect of variability of the generation and load demand a state of the art
20kWh lithium ion battery is used to balance the power flow in the system.
More objectives can be added depending on the system requirements but for this project
the following objectives where defined.
1. Provide power to critical load
2. Maintain an optimal battery state of charge (SOC)
4. When grid connected power may be exported or imported depending if there is an
excess or deficit of PV generation.
 2.Literature Survey
4. David Velasco de la Fuente, César L. Trujillo Rodríguez, Gabriel Garcerá,
Member, IEEE, Emilio Figueres, Senior Member, IEEE, and Rubén Ortega
González, “Photovoltaic Power System with Battery Backup with Grid-
Connection and Islanded Operation Capabilities”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 60, NO. 4, APRIL 2013.

 This paper author explained on capable of both grid-connected and islanded

operations.
 The main advantage of the proposed system is that, in grid-connected mode,
the inverter works as a current source in phase with the grid voltage,
injecting power to the grid and controlling the dc-link voltage. The dc/dc
converter manages the battery charge.
 In islanded mode, the inverter control is reconfigured to work as a voltage
source using droop schemes.
 The dc/dc converter controls the dc-link voltage to enable the maximum
power point tracking reference to be followed.
 The control of the dc-link voltage is performed by the dc/dc converter in
islanded operation and by the inverter in grid connected mode.
 2.Literature Survey
5. Hristiyan Kanchev, Di Lu, Frederic Colas, Member, IEEE, Vladimir
Lazarov, and Bruno Francois, Senior Member, IEEE, “Energy Management
and Operational Planning of a Microgrid with a PV-Based Active Generator
for Smart Grid Applications”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2011.
•The development of energy management tools for next-generation PhotoVoltaic
(PV) installations, including storage units, provides flexibility to distribution
system operators.
•The author proposes a determinist energy management system for a microgrid,
including advanced PV generators with embedded storage units and a gas
micro turbine.
•The system is organized according to different functions and is implemented in
two parts: a central energy management of the microgrid and a local power
management at the customer side.
•The need to reduce pollutant gas emissions and the liberalization of the
electricity market has led to a large scale development of distributed renewable
energy generators in electrical grids.
•. Photovoltaic panels are associated with a storage system which includes a set
of batteries as a long-term storage device and a set of ultra capacitors as a fast
dynamic power Regulator.
 2.Literature Survey
Short-term power balancing includes the following:
1) rms voltage regulation and primary frequency control;
2) Real-time power dispatching among internal sources of a DER.

Long-term energy management includes the following:

1) Hourly “Renewable Energy Resource (RES) production forecast,” including th
time dependence of the prime source, environmental impacts, and cost o
generation;
2) Management of controllable loads that may be disconnected/ shed according to
the supervision requirement;
3) Provision of an appropriate level of power reserve capacity according to th
electricity market and the load demand forecast;
4) Maintenance intervals.
 2.1. Problem statement and Explanation of my work

 The main problem of Previous EMS is supplying continuous supply to the critical
loads or non critical loads without storage system are more difficult than EMS with
storage system. With storage system EMS will used to accomplish only the peak power
control and suppose load increases then EMS will be partially fail to supply sufficient
power to the critical loads as well as non critical loads[1].
 If grid is shut down then batteries will stand for a while for both the loads, at that
time user should shut down there non critical loads up to grid supply is not connected
again to the EMS system. Here batteries are charged through grid at electricity is least
expensive.
 To overcome this draw back I have used photovoltaic cells for battery charging
purpose and here battery is charged through ac grid also. I have used grid and
photovoltaic cells for EMS to accomplish continuous supply to critical loads with or
without grid. I have replaced IGBT’s (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) by MOSFET’s
(Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) to work under lower voltages with
higher communication speed and greater efficiency.
 3.Objective of the Project

Objective of This system is

1) Peak shaving by tapping the energy storage system during high
power demand.
2) Islanding or standalone mode of operation when the main AC grid is
no longer available.
3) Battery charging mode.

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4. Circuit Schematic diagram Proposed EMS system

13
Fig: 2. Circuit schematic diagram used to experimentally verify the EMS model
4.1. Proposed AC load set up for EMS

Fig: 3. Proposed System for AC Load

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4.2. Architecture of EMS

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Fig: 4. Architecture of EMS
Schematic Circuit diagram for Proposed EMS system

 The Fig. 2 shows the schematic circuit diagram used to

experimentally verify the EMS model with critical and non critical
loads.
 Three legs of the MOSFET is use to control power flow of the buck
and boost converter and single-phase voltage source operation (H-
bridge inverter) of the respected module.
 Critical loads are those loads to which power supply has to
maintain at any condition. Here critical loads are connected in
parallel to Vac with H-bridge inverter for continuous service to
these critical loads using a MOSFET switches.
 Noncritical loads are also connected in parallel to Vac but these
are powered when necessary by using a MOSFET switch. 16
4.3. Scenarios of EMS system

Fig: 5. Scenarios of EMS 17

 Scenarios of EMS system

• Fig. shows the different scenarios of EMS system, there are three
scenarios as listed below.
• Scenario: 1. Battery supply additional current to the load when
sudden increase in load side.

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Fig: 6. Scenario 1, battery supply extra current
 Scenarios of EMS system

• Scenario: 2. Islanding mode occurs when EMS or source is

disconnected from the system and critical load can be
decreased at that time battery can discharge stored energy
to the critical loads.

Fig: 7. Scenario 2, Island mode EMS disconnected 19

 Scenarios of EMS system
• Scenario: 3. Shedding of non critical loads can be done at the high
demand of critical loads and batteries can supply stored energy to
critical loads to manage energy or load leveling.

Fig: 8. Scenario 3, Shedding Non critical loads

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 5. Hardware Block Diagram of EMS System

Fig: 9. Block Diagram of Proposed 21

Hardware System
 6. Requirement Specifications
Software Requirements
 Matlab R2013a for Simulation
 Arduino Tool for Hardware

Hardware Requirements

1. Setp Down Transformers 5. Arduino Mega 2560

1. 6 Tap with 12V/0.1Amp 6. Solar Panel 12V/5W

2. 12V/750 milli Amp 7. Battery 12V/7Ah

2. Bridge Rectifier 8. IRF 840 MOSFET

1. DB107 9. 100mico Hennery Inductor

2. IN4007 Diode Based 10. Capacitors

3. TLP 250 47mF &10mF/63V

4. Voltage Regulator
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1. 7805, 7812
7. Hardware Details

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 7.1 Step-down Transformer

By using step-down transformer, 230V AC main supply is

step-down to 12V AC supply. The 12V supply is given to bridge
rectifier which converts the AC supply to DC supply and further
given to the switching circuit.
• Selection of transformer
In my work, I need a supply of 12V. So, to get this voltage
level I have used a step-down transformer which steps down
230V AC main supply to 12V/0/1A & 12V/720mA AC supply.

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Fig: 10. Step Down Transformer
 7.2Microcontroller

In my work, I have used ARDUINO microcontroller for

producing switching pulses to the power circuit. The used
microcontroller is of ARDUINO AT MEGA 2560. The microcontroller
is given a supply of 5V.

Features of Microcontroller
 Operating Voltage is 5V
 It has Input Voltage which is
recommended is 7-12V
 Limiting Range of Input Voltage is
6-20V
 DC current per I/O Pin is 40mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin is 50mA
 It has a flash memory of 256KB
 SRAM used is 8KB
 EEPROM has 4KB
 It has a clock speed of about 16MHz

Fig: 11. ARDUINO AT MEGA 2560 25

Fig: 12. Pin description of ARDUINO MEGA 2560 Microcontroller 26
 7.3. IRF840 MOSFET

• Motorola semiconductor
manufacturer
• Drain source voltage : 500V
• Drain gate voltage :500V
• Gate source voltage :20V
• Drain current :8A
• Power dissipation : 125W
• Type N channel
Fig: 13. IRF840 MOSFET
 Best combination of fast switching, ruggedized device design, low on-
resistance and cost-effectiveness.
 It is preferred for industrial applications where power dissipation levels is
approximately 50 W.
 The low thermal resistance and low package cost contribute to its wide
acceptance throughout the industry. 27
 7.4 TLP250
Parameters

 Input current is 5mA

 Supply current is 11mA

 Supply Voltage range is 10-35 V

 Output current is ±1.5A

Fig: 14. Pin configuration of isolated
MOSFET driver TLP250  Switching time is 0.5μs

Package : DIP 8pin

Manufacturers : Toshiba
I have used TLP250 optocoupler and driver circuit to provide isolation between
MOSFET and control unit. TLP250 is a 8 pin IC which provide both isolation
and amplification.

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 7.4 TLP250

 MOSFET Driver TL250 like other MOSFET drivers have input stage
and output stage. It also have power supply configuration.
 TLP250 is more suitable for MOSFET and IGBT.
 The main difference between TLP250 and other MOSFET drivers is
that TLP250 MOSFET driver is optically isolated.
 Its mean input and output of TLP250 MOSFETdriver is isolated from
each other.
 Its works like a optocoupler. Input stage have a light emitting diode
and output stage have photo diode.
 Whenever input stage LED light falls on output stage photo detector
diode, output becomes high

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 7.5 Diode Bridge Rectifier
It is basically a rectifier which converts AC Supply to DC
supply from the step-down transformer, a supply of 12V AC is
given to the bridge rectifier which will convert AC supply to DC
supply.
Selection of bridge rectifier
• In my work, I have used a bridge rectifier to convert AC supply to
DC supply. I have used DB107 bridge rectifier.
• DB107 bridge rectifier voltage and current ratings are 50-100V
and 5A respectively.
Specifications
• Rectron Semiconductor Technical specification
manufacturer.
• Voltage rating ranges from 50V to 1000V.
• Maximum Average Forward Output Current: 1
Amp
Fig: 15. DB107 bridge rectifier • Operating and Storage Temperature Range: -55
30
to + 150 0C
 7.5. Diode Full Wave Rectifier
 The main advantage of center tapped full wave rectifier is that it allows electric
current during both positive and negative half cycles of the input AC signal.
 As a result, the DC output of the center tapped full wave rectifier is double of
that of a half-wave rectifier. In addition to this, the DC output of center tapped
full wave rectifier contains very fewer ripples.
 As a result, the DC output of the center tapped full wave rectifier is smoother
than the half wave rectifier.
 However, the center tapped full wave rectifier is used at for TLP250 Driver .
 IN4007 diodes are used to form full wave rectifier.
•Fairchild ON semiconductor manufacturer.
•Low forward voltage drop.
•High surge current capability.
•Voltage rating ranges from 50V to 1000V.
•Current rating is about 1A. Fig: 16. IN4007 DIODE
•Operating temperature is about -55 to +150 0C.
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 7.6. Solar Panel
 A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light
directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
 It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics,
such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light.
In my work, I have used 12V/5W solar cell to produce 12V DC power from it and that can
be store in battery of capacity 12V/7Ah.
Selection of solar panel
Andslite manufacturer.
Model number is AS 0506.
PMAX – 5W

Max power voltage(VMP) – 8.97V

Max power current (IMP) –0.57A

Open Circuit voltage (Voc) – 11.12V

Short circuit current (Isc) – 0.61A

Production tolerance -- + 3%

Temperature – 250C Fig. 17. Solar cell 32

 7.7 Battery
 Lead acid battery cell consists of spongy lead as the negative active material, lead
dioxide as the positive active material, immersed in diluted sulfuric acid electrolyte,
and lead as the current collector. During discharge, lead sulfate is the product on
both electrodes.
 In my work I have used Sealed Lead Acid battery with ratings of 12V/7Ah. Its model
number is CS 7-12.
Specifications
• EXIDE CHLORIDE SAFEPOWER manufacturer.
• Constant voltage charge
• Voltage regulation is 270C
• Input voltage of 12V
• Stand by use voltage rating is 13.6V – 13.8V.
• Current rating is 7 AMPS hour (Ah)
• Maximum initial current is 1.4Amp Fig: 18. Battery

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 7.7 Battery

Table:3. Different types of ESS with their specifications

34
Hardware Set up

35
Hardware Output Normal CRO

36
Hardware Output In Digital CRO
Hardware PWM in Digital CRO
 8 Development Of Simulation

• What is MATLAB…?
 MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) was invented in late 1970s by Cleve
Moler.
 MATLAB is a software package for high performance numerical
computation and visualization.
 It provides an interactive environment with hundreds of built in
functions for technical computations for graphics and animation.
 Best of all it also provides easy extensible with its own height level
programming language. The name stands for matrix laboratory.
 I have used Matlab R2013a for my work.

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 8 Development Of Simulation

MATLAB – MATrix LABoratory

– Initially developed by a lecturer in 1970’s to help students learn linear

algebra.

– It was later marketed and further developed under MathWorks Inc.

(founded in 1984) – www.mathworks.com

– Matlab is a software package which can be used to perform analysis

and solve mathematical and engineering problems.

– It has excellent programming features and graphics capability – easy to

learn and flexible.

– Available in many operating systems – Windows, Macintosh, Unix, DOS

– It has several tooboxes to solve specific problems.

 8 Development Of Simulation

Simulink
– Used to model, analyze and simulate dynamic systems

using block diagrams.

– Fully integrated with MATLAB , easy and fast to learn
and flexible.
– It has comprehensive block library which can be used

to simulate linear, non–linear or discrete systems –

excellent research tools.
– C codes can be generated from Simulink models for

embedded applications and rapid prototyping of

control systems.
 Simulink

Used to model, analyze and simulate dynamic systems

using block diagrams.

Provides a graphical user interface for

constructing block diagram of a system –
therefore is easy to use.

However modeling a system is not

necessarily easy !
 8 Development Of Simulation

Getting Started

Run MATLAB from Start  Programs  MATLAB

Depending on version used, several windows appear

• For example in Release 13 (Ver 6), there are several

windows – command history, command, workspace, etc

• For Matlab Simulation – I Have slected

 8 Development Of Simulation

Simulink
Model – simplified representation of a system – e.g. using
mathematical equation

We simulate a model to study the behavior of a system – need to

verify that our model is correct – expect results

Knowing how to use Simulink or MATLAB does not mean

that you know how to model a system
Creating New Sheet

45
New Worksheet

46
Taking Power Gui

47
Drag And Dropping All Components

48
8 Simulation Development

49
8 Simulation Development of AC

50
8 Simulation Development of Solar Power

51
8 Simulation Development of Solar Power

52
 9. Advantages
Advantages of environmental management systems
Most advantages of environmental management systems stem from
savings your business can make, increased profitability and better sales
opportunities:
Better regulatory compliance - running an EMS will help ensure your
environmental legal responsibilities are met and more easily managed on a
day-to-day basis.
More effective use of resources - you will have policies and procedures
in place that help you manage waste and resources more effectively and
reduce costs.
Marketing - you can highlight your business' credentials as an
environmentally aware operation that has made a commitment to
continual environmental improvement through advertising or annual
53
reporting.
 9. Advantages

Finance - you may find it easier to raise investment from banks and
other financial institutions, which are increasingly keen to see businesses
controlling their environmental impact.
Increased sales opportunities - large businesses and government
departments may only deal with businesses that have an EMS.
Lighter regulation - even if an EMS is not a regulatory requirement, by
showing your commitment to environmental management, you may
benefit through less frequent site visits or reduced fees from
environmental regulators.
.

54
 Conclusions
• In this project I have designed, the functionality of an EMS FOR CRITICAL
LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICS is demonstrated with a laboratory
prototype is done for 12V based on grid as well PV Solar Panel. The control
system designed to perform the experimental implementation of typical
scenarios is presented in arduino meaga, Experimental data are shown to
demonstrate how the EMS supports critical loads when the ac grid becomes
unavailable and how the connection to the ac grid is restored by the EMS when
the ac grid becomes available again.
• The same thing can be done by MATLAB/SIMULATION by using version
R2013a with 12V AC and 12V DC sources and the output was checked by
using Scopes and the solar simulation part also done on with whole EMS
system.
•The output of the Hardware and simulation part is cross checked and the out
of my work is almost same for both parts.
55
 References
1. Giovanna Oriti, Senior Member, IEEE, Alexander L. Julian, Member, IEEE, and
Nathan J. Peck, “Power-Electronics-Based Energy Management System With
Storage”, IEEE IEEE Trans. Ind. Electronics, vol. 31, No. 1, January 2016.
2. David Velasco de la Fuente, César L. Trujillo Rodríguez, Gabriel Garcerá, Member,
IEEE, Emilio Figueres, Senior Member, IEEE, and Rubén Ortega González,
“Photovoltaic Power System with Battery Backup with Grid-Connection and
Islanded Operation Capabilities”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS, VOL. 60, NO. 4, APRIL 2013.
3. Luis Arnedo, IEEE Member, Suman Dwari, IEEE Member, and Vladimir Blasko, IEEE
Fellow System Department, Power Electronics Group United Technologies Research
Center, Albert Kroeber Department of Electrical Engineering RWTH Aachen
University Aachen, Germany, “Hybrid Solar Inverter Based on a Standard Power
Electronic Cell for Microgrids Applications”, 978-1-4577-0541-0/11/$26.00
©2011 IEEE
4. Hristiyan Kanchev, Di Lu, Frederic Colas, Member, IEEE, Vladimir Lazarov, and
Bruno Francois, Senior Member, IEEE, “Energy Management and Operational
Planning of a Microgrid with a PV-Based Active Generator for Smart Grid
Applications”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58,
NO. 10, OCTOBER 2011.
5. Sergio Vazquez, Member, IEEE, Srdjan M. Lukic, Member, IEEE, Eduardo Galvan,
Member, IEEE, Leopoldo G. Franquelo, Fellow, IEEE, and Juan M. Carrasco,
Member, IEEE “Energy Storage Systems for Transport and Grid Applications”,
IEEE IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 3881-3895, Dec. 2010.
56
 References
6. M. Bragard, N. Soltau, S. Thomas, and R. W. De Doncker, “The balance of renewable
sources and user demands in grids: power electronics for modular battery energy storage
systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3049–3056, Dec. 2010.
7. E. Barklund, N. Pogaku, M. Prodanovic, C. Hernandez-Aramburo, and T. C. Green,
“Energy management in autonomous microgrid using stability-constrained droop control
of inverters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 2346–2352, Sep. 2008.
8. S. Chakraborty, M. D. Weiss, and M. G. Simoes, “Distributed intelligent energy
management system for a single-phase high-frequency AC microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 97–109, Feb. 2007.
9. H. Zhou, T. Bhattacharya,D. Tran, T. S. T. Siew, and A. M. Khambadkone, “Composite
energy storage system involving battery and ultracapacitor with dynamic
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pp. 923–930, Mar. 2011.
10. Z. Yao, L. Xiao, and Y. Yan, “Seamless transfer of single-phase grid interactive
inverters between grid-connected and stand-alone modes,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
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11. B. I. Rani, G. S. Ilango, and C. Nagamani, “Control strategy for power flow
management in a PV system supplying DC loads,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no.
8, pp. 3185–3194, Aug. 2013.

57
 Paper Published

The outcome of the dissertation work is published in the form of

article titled “Energy Management System for critical loads using
Power Electronics” in Journal of Emerging Technologies and
Innovative Research  in Volume 5 Issue 7 , July-2018 Page No
208-214, http://www.jetir.org/

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Paper Certificate

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Paper Overview

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