Impact of COVID-19 on power sector and analysis of substation changes

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF SUBSTATION WITH CHANGES AND
EFFECT ON POWER SECTOR DUE TO COVID-19
A Major Project Report submitted to the
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

RAJIVGANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,BHOPAL
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by
SHASHANK BARSAINYA
(0101EX161047)
Under the Guidance of
MRS.DEENA LODWAL YADAV
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
RAJIVGANDHIPROUDYOGIKI
VISHWAVIDYALAYA BHOPAL (M.P.)-462033
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
AIRPORT ROAD, GANDHINAGAR, BHOPAL(M.P.)-462033,INDIA
DECLARATIONOFSTUDENTS
We the student of B.E. VIII Semester in Electrical & Electronics Engineering Branch, hereby
declare that this project report entitled “STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF SUBSTATION WITH
CHANGES AND EFFECT ON POWER SECTOR DUE TO COVID-19” submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering Branch, is a work carried out at University Institute of Technology, Rajiv
Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal by all members of the project group under
the supervision and guidance of Mrs. Deena Lodwal Yadav
To the best of our knowledge, the matter embodied in this project report has not been submitted to
another University/ Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Date: _________
Place: _________
SHASHANK BARSAINYA SHASHANK BARSAINYA PRAYASH BISEN
(0101EX161046) (0101EX161047) (0101EX161033)

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
AIRPORTROAD, GANDHINAGAR, BHOPAL (M.P.)-462033, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF SUBSTATION WITH CHANGES
AND EFFECT ON POWER SECTOR DUE TO COVID-19” is a bonafide work of “SHASHANK
BARSAINYA”
Who carried out this project work in the allotted group under my supervision.
Date: _________
Place: _________
Mrs. Deena Lodwal Yadav .

SUPERVISOR
Electrical Engineering Department
UIT-RGPV, Bhopal
Prof. Vinay Thapar. Dr. R.S. Rajput.

Head of Department. Director.
Electrical Engineering Department UIT-RGPV, Bhopal
UIT-RGPV, Bhopal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express our profound gratitude to Mrs. Deena Lodwal yadav, Department of
Electrical Engineering, University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki
Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal for her invaluable guidance, sustained help and inspiration in carrying out
the work.
I sincerely thank Prof. Vinay Thapar, Head of Electrical Engineering Department, UIT-RGPV,
Bhopal for his co-operation and guidance during the project work.
I wish to express our deep gratitude to Prof. R. K. Rajput, Director, UIT-RGPV, Bhopal for his kind
permission to carry out the work at UIT-RGPV, Bhopal.
I am also thankful to my class friends & family.
Finally, I would like to thank all the persons who directly or indirectly helped us in carrying out this
project work.
SHASHANK BARSAINYA
(0101EX161047)
ABSTRACT
The project work assigned to us was
“STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF SUBSTATION WITH CHANGES AND
EFFECT ON POWER SECTOR DUE TO COVID-19”

The main purpose of Substation is to transform voltage level either from high to low or low to high. It acts
as connecting link between generating Station and consumers. In beginning we have discussed some of
the main equipments used in Substation, and then we will discuss new technologies and advancements
used in substation like Smart Substation, Smart Grid etc. Further we will study about effect and changes
faced by power sector in daily life. We will also study about the challenges Covid 19 has introduced in
power sector. Recently on April 5th our Prime minister has urged people to shut down the light in the
honor of covid 19 Warriors for 9 minutes such a sudden steep fall in electric consumption on consumer’s
side can bring high instability in power station, we will also discuss about that.
Let us review point wise what we will study in the upcoming project
 In first section we will take a general introduction and talk about main purpose of substations and
why they are used.
 In second section we will discuss about major equipments used in substation
 In third and fourth section we will discuss about new advancements used nowadays in modern
substations
 In fifth section we will study about impacts Covid 19 has introduced on power sector
 In sixth section we will study about impacts of 9 min power off on power sector
 In seventh section we will study about impact of atmanirbhar scheme on power sector
CONTENTS
TITLE Page No.
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Content
Chapter1-Introduction 1
Chapter2-ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION 2-13
2.1 Operation of substation 2
2.2 Power transformer 3-4
2.2.1 Types of Transformer 4
2.3 Circuit Breaker 5
2.3.1 Working Principle 6
2.3.2 Types of Circuit Breaker 7
 Air Circuit Breaker

 Oil Circuit Breaker
 Air Blast Circuit Breaker
 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
 Solid State Circuit Breaker
2.4 Earthing Switch 8
2.5 Lightning Arrestor 8
2.6 Bus Bar 9
2.7 Current Transformer 9-10
2.8 Insulator 10-11
2.9 Wave Trap 11
2.10 Relay 11-12
2.11 Surge Arrestor 12
2.12 Major Task of Substation 13
CHAPTER 3- WHAT IS NEW IN ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION 14-17
3.1 SMART SUBSTATION 14
3.2 Significance of smart substation 14-15
3.3 Benefits of a Smart substation 15
3.4 Smart substation in India 16-17
CHAPTER 4-SMART GRID 18-19
4.1 What makes a grid ‘SMART’ 18
4.2 What does a Smart Grid do? 19
CHAPTER 5- IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON POWER SECTOR 21-28

5.1 Effect on power supply 21-23
5.2 Increase in energy and peak deficit level 23-24
5.3 Coal stock in power plant increases 24-27
5.4 Impact on power project 27
5.5 Impact on electricity demand 27-28
CHAPTER 6- “9 MINUTE” ELECTRICITY SHUTDOWN ON 5 APRIL 29-30
CHAPTER 7- IMPACT OF “ATMANIRBHAR SCHEME” ON POWER SECTOR
31-32
CHAPTER 8-CONCLUSION 33
REFERENCES 34
INTRODUCTION
A substation is facility which is employed to step-up or step down the voltage within the utility

power lines, voltage are going to be stepped up if the facility is transmitted through long-
distance transmission lines and it'll be stepped down when the facility is to enter the local
distribution line. Generally, an electrical substation is a place which transmits electricity from
one a part of the assembly system to others. Generation, transmission, and distribution of the
electrical power is completed by the substation, substations are entities that integrate the
facility system. the planning objective of a substation is to supply maximum reliability,
flexibility, and continuity of service. Substations provide transformation, switching, tie points,
sectionalizing, protection and compensation.
At this point most of the stations become a “smart substation” at which A digital substation
ensures that it's reliable and before all economically efficient over its entire life cycle by using
secondary technology (like digital protection devices, sensors and automation
components) also as Ethernet-based communication technologies and standard communication
protocols (like IEC 61850, Goose). Aside from secondary technology, new primary technology
developments like non-conventional current and voltage transformers and NCIT for gas and air
insulated substations are wont to utilize the extra potential of a substation regarding operational
efficiency and safety.
The future of digital substations results in expect that there'll be more technologies and
developments, for instance centralized protection, that allow substations, or rather, digital
substations to evolve to form them even more efficient and safe.
1|Page Department of Electrical Engineering, UIT-RGPV, BHOPAL

CHAPTER-2
ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
Electrical substation is a major part of electrical generation, transmission, and

distribution systems. Substation transforms voltage from high to low or from low to high
as necessary. Substation also dispatches electric power from generating stations to the
consumption center. i'd say that substation may be a bunch of electrical devices gathered
and connected in one place.
The electrical substation doesn't have one circuit but consists of varied outgoing and
incoming circuits which are connected to a bus bar i.e. common entity among circuits.
The substation receives electricity directly from generating stations through incoming
power supply lines while it delivers electricity to the consumers through outgoing
transmission lines. A substation which is nearly the electrical power generation is
additionally mentioned as grid substation.
2.1 Operation of Substation
Electricity is generated at a thermal power plant , hydroelectric power plant , and nuclear

power plant, etc. This electricity is then supplied to a transmission substation near the
generating plant. Within the transmission substation the voltage is increased substantially
using intensify transformers. The voltage is increased to reduce the transmission losses
over long distances. This electricity then is supplied to an influence substation where it's
stepped down using step down transformers then supplied to a distribution grid. within
the distribution grid there are additional transformers and voltage is further reduced for
distributing further down the grid. From here the electricity is supplied to step down
transformers near residential quarters that step down the voltage to 110/220 Volts as per
each country’s requirement.

2.2 POWER TRANSFORMER
Transformers are an important part of any electric power system. they are available in various
sizes and voltage ratings.
AC transformers are one among the keys to allowing widespread distribution of electrical power
as we see it today. Transformers efficiently convert electricity to higher voltage for long distance
transmission and backtrack to low voltages suitable for customer usage. The distribution power
transformers perform the required voltage transition from transmission (or sub-transmission)
voltage level to A level suitable for power distribution.
The selection of suitable transformer is always an integral part of substation design and
separate consultants are often hired for the purpose.
Primary factors for the choice of power transformer for a substation are:
 User installation capabilities and preferences.

 Operational continuity expected.
 Location and environment of a particular substation.
Generally transformer’s types vary as:
 Separate winding or auto power transformers.

 Single phase or multiphase. Three phase power transformers are widely used for the
substations.
 Tap changing options. Tap changer is almost a necessary requirement for power
transformers connected to a transmission line.
 Indoor/outdoor installation. Outdoor installation is more favorable and all power

transformers are expected to be rigid and degradation resistant.
 Level of noise and current leakages, Etc.
Choice of a power transformer is a core phase of a substation design and should not be taken
lightly. A proper evaluation and selection according to all the factors involved guarantees smooth
and reliable operations of a grid station. Poor choice may result in accidents and loss of
personnel and property becomes inevitable.

2.2.1 Types of Transformers
 based on internal cooling:
Heating creates problems with efficiency and load limits of a transformer and controlling the
core temperature is a mandatory requirement. Power transformers employ different cooling
techniques and are classified as:
 AN: Cooling is achieved by circulating outside air and these transformers are also known
as air cooled transformers.
 AF: Cooling is achieved by forced (with the help of industrial fans) air circulation.
 ONAN: Cooling is achieved by the circulation of oil and outside air. Air acts as a heat
dissipation medium.
 OFAF: Cooling is acquired by forced (or helped) circulation of synthetic oil and air.
 based on operational requirements:
Electrical load and power flow requirements are always decisive factors for the proper choice of
power transformers to be installed. Transformer(s) should be able to bear the rated and short
circuit current of the bus bar being fed.
 Winding connection schemes:
Normally substations use two types of winding connection schemes to prevent

accidents and loss of equipment in an event of short circuit (both internal and
external):
a.Delta-primary-scheme.
b. Grounded-star secondary scheme.

2.3 Circuit Breaker
The modern power grid deals with huge power network and large numbers of associated
electrical equipment. During a short circuit fault or the other sort of electrical fault (such as
electric cable faults), a high fault current will flow through this equipment also because the
power network itself. This high current may damage the equipment and networks permanently.
For saving these pieces of apparatus and therefore the power networks, the fault current should
be cleared from the system as quickly as possible. Again after the fault is removed, the system
must come to its normal working condition as soon as possible for supplying reliable quality
power to the receiving ends. additionally thereto for correct controlling of the facility system,
different switching operations are required to be performed. So for timely disconnecting and
reconnecting different parts of power grid network for protection and control, there must be
some special form of switching devices which might be operated safely under huge current
carrying condition. During the interruption of huge current, there would be large arcing in
between switching contacts, so care should be taken to quench these arcs in circuit breaker
during a safe manner. The circuit breaker is the special device which does all the specified
switching operations during current carrying condition.
Circuit Breaker can switch automatically during normal and abnormal conditions . during faulty
condition the fault is sensed by the relay and operates the circuit breaker to isolate the fault.
In 33kv substation generally vacuum circuit breaker are used where are quenching medium is
vacuum (or) circuit breaker is an automatically operated switch designed to guard an circuit from
damage caused by overload or short . Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by
interrupting continuity, to instantly discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates
once then must get replaced , a circuit breaker is reset (either manually or automatically) to
resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that
protect a private home appliance up to large switchgear designed to guard high voltage circuits
feeding a whole city.

2.3.1 Working Principle of Circuit Breaker
The circuit breaker mainly consists of fixed contacts and moving contacts. In normal “ON”
condition of the breaker , these two contacts are physically connected to each other because of
applied mechanical pressure on the moving contacts. there's an arrangement stored P.E. within
the operating mechanism of breaker which is released if the switching signal is given to the
breaker.
The P.E. may be stored within the breaker by alternative ways like by deforming metal spring,
by compressed air, or by hydraulic pressure. But regardless of the source of P.E. , it must be
released during operation. the discharge of P.E. makes the sliding of the moving contact in a very
speedy manner.
All circuit breaker have operating coils (tripping coils and shut coil), whenever these coils are
energized by switching pulse, and therefore the plunger inside them displaced. This operating
coil plunger is usually attached to the operating mechanism of breaker , as a result the
mechanically stored P.E. within the breaker mechanism is released in sorts of K.E. , which
makes the moving contact to maneuver as these moving contacts mechanically attached through
a gearshift arrangement with the operating mechanism. After a cycle of operation of breaker the
entire stored energy is released and hence the P.E. again stored within the operating mechanism
of the breaker using spring charging motor or compressor or by the other means.
There are electrical characteristics of a breaker which also should be considered during this
discussion of the operation of the breaker . Let’s have a discussion on electrical principle of
breaker .
The circuit breaker has got to carry large rated or fault power. because of this massive power,
there's always dangerously high arcing between moving contacts and glued contact during
operation of the breaker . Again as we discussed earlier the arc in breaker are often quenching
safely if the dielectric strength between the present carrying contacts of breaker increases rapidly
during every current zero crossing of the AC . The dielectric strength of the media in between
contacts are often increased in numbers of the way , like by compressing the ionized arcing
media since compressing accelerates the deionization process of the media, by cooling the arcing
media since cooling increase the resistance of arcing path or by replacing the ionized arcing
media with fresh gasses. Hence some arc quenching processes should be involved within the
operation of the breaker . Although circuit breakers perform their function independently and
without supervision, there also are remote circuit breakers which may be operated on demand at
a distance.
n 33kv substation generally vacuum circuit breaker are used where are quenching medium is
vacuum (or) breaker is an automatically operated switch designed to guard an circuit from
damage caused by overload or short .

2.4 TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
 Air circuit breaker:
Built between the connections of air that collide in the air atmosphere. Often used in low voltage
systems with normal 3000 currents.
In heavy industries that have large electric motors with frequent starting, air CB can replace oil
damage and oil contamination. CB air can be used more widely with electric stoves
 Oil circuit breaker:
Oil here provides the right container to stop sparks. In oil damage, sparks can be called automatic
blackouts. Oil circuit breakers are classified into 2 types, namely large oil and minimum oil. This
classification is based on sparks and the ability to stop different types.
 Air-Blast Circuit Breakers:
The principle of extinguishing sparks in a CB-Air Blast is to put direct pressure directly on the
air that is longitudinal or perpendicular to the spark. Fresh and dry air will quickly occupy the
hot gas which is ionized in the sparks zone and the duration of the spark will increase steadily.
 Vacuum Circuit Breaker:
The vacuum chamber circuit breaker (VCB) has a pressure of 10-4 Pa, acts as a strong dielectric
and has high insulation ability for other media, including compressed gas and oil. In vacuum
breakers, a contact is only 1 cm apart. Because it is very tight, it takes a little power to close and
open the circuit for other types of breakers.
 Solid-State Circuit Breaker:

This type of circuit breaker uses solid materials such as thyristors, triacs or transistor
power. This circuit cannot weaken the electromechanical device. Solid breakers can clean
errors with only 1.5 cycles. If the breaker is closed, an error will occur in the circuit, it
will still damage the wrong curren with only 1.5 cycles

2.5 Earthing Switch
Earthing switch is the protective equipment used after circuit breaker and isolators. After the
circuit breaker and isolators are OPEN there are some charges stuck in power lines due to their
capacitance. If these charges are removed from power lines then they will have hazardous effects
on personnel's working on it.
In order to protect the working personnel & to discharge trap charges a earthing is used so that
trapped charges are grounded.
Under normal operating conditions the C.B & isolators are close but earthing switch is open.
And during fault or maintenance period the C,B & isolators are open but the earthing switch is
closed.
2.6 Lightning Arrestor

The device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the substations against travelling
waves, such type of device is called lightning arrester or surge diverter. In other words, lightning
arrester diverts the abnormal high voltage to the ground without affecting the continuity of
supply. It is connected between the line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the equipment to be
protected at the substation.
Location of Lightning Arrester
The lightning arrester is located close to the equipment that is to be protected. They are usually
connected between phase and ground in an AC system and pole and ground in case of the DC
system. In an AC system, separate arrester is provided for each phase.
In an extra-high voltage AC system the surge diverter is used to protect the generators,
transformers, bus bars, lines, circuit breakers, etc. In HVDC system the arrester is used to protect
the buses, valves converter units reactors, filter, etc.

2.7 Bus Bar
Bus Bar is a metallic strip of copper, conductor or group of conductor which is used for electrical
power distribution as junction or node. The Bus bars that makes the electrical power distribution
much easier, less expensive and more flexible. Bus Bar manufactured by aluminum and copper.
There are various types of Bus bar uses in housed in switchgear, panel boards and bus way
enclosures for local high current. High level voltage bus bar used in substation, generation and
feeder separation. In house wiring bus bar uses in distribution box, panel boards enclosures.
Busbar distributes the power between different feeders. Busbar is like a main pipe line from
which many tapping points are taken for use
2.8 Current Transformers
Current transformer is an instrument transformer used in substation for measurement and

protection purposes.
CT used for the measurement of AC current by taking the samples of higher currents of the
system. The reduced samples are in accurate proportion with the actual high current of the
system.
CT’s are used for installation and maintance of the current relays in substation for protection.
Relays have normally low current rating for their operation.

Current transformers are mainly of two types
1) Measuring CT
2) Protection CT
2.9 Insulator
The main function of an insulator is to insulate live conductor or equipment at different
voltages with reference to the ground structures as well as provide mechanical support .
Provision of adequate insulation in a substation is of primary importance from the point of

view of reliability of supply and safety of personnel.
Different types of insulators used in the electrical substation are:
Pin Insulators:
Simple pin type insulators are used for supporting standard flexible conductors in distribution
system up to the voltage rating of 33Kv.
Strain Insulators:
This type of insulators are employed at the dead end of the transmission .
Hallow apparatus Insulators :
Hallow insulators are employed in chambers of circuit breakers, CTs, CVTs, bushings, surge
arresters
Suspension Insulators:
Suspension type insulators consists of series of insulator discs piled up to provide the insulation
for EHV applications.
Some of the other types of insulators are:
10 | P a g e Department of Electrical Engineering, UIT-RGPV, BHOPAL

 Post insulators for support
 Stray arm insulators
 Shaft insulators
 Sectionalizing insulators
 Connecting rod insulators
2.10 Wave trap
Wave trap is a parallel tuned inductor - capacitor tank circuit made to be resonant at desired
communication frequency. It reduces corona losses in transmission lines in installation. Wave
trap is installed within the substation for trapping the high frequency communication signal sent
on the road from remote substation and diverting them to the telecom panel in substation control
room. These high frequency signal shouldn't be coming near the buses as these may damage the
equipments .A wave trap is a device that allow only a specific frequency to undergo it that it
filters the signals approaching thereto . So a wave trap is connected between buses and therefore
the cable which permit only 50 Hz signal to undergo it.This is relevant in power carrier
communication (PLCC) system for communication among various substation without
dependence on telecom company network . The signals are primarily teleportation signal and
additionally , voice and digital communication signal .
2.11 Relays
Relays are the primary protection as well as switching devices in most of the control processes or
equipments. All the relays respond to one or more electrical quantities like voltage or current
such that they open or close the contacts or circuits. A relay is a switching device as it works to
isolate or change the state of an electric circuit from one state to another.
Types of Relays
 Latching Relays
 Reed Relay
 Polarized RelayBuchholz Relays
 Overload Protection Relays
 Solid State Relays (SSRs)
 Inverse Definite Minimum Time Relays (IDMT Relays)
 Differential Relays
2.12 Surge Arrestor

The purpose of a surge arrestor is to guard insulation/components from high DV/DT that peak at
instantaneous values that are in more than the breakdown of the insulation or component.
Lightning is one common explanation for voltage surges. Another common cause is switching in
an inductive circuit.
It is possible to capture the occurrence of a voltage surge. Some surge arresters are equipped
with ‘surge counters’ that capture the very fact that the arrester has discharged current. it's also
possible to use other phenomena (sound measurement, light measurement, field measurement,
etc) to capture the occurrence of a discharge. Meteorologists routinely capture and record
lightning discharges using both ground-based and satellite-based instruments.
It is also possible to capture and record voltage surges, but here the technology gets complicated.
a standard issue is that a voltage surge is inherently a high-frequency phenomenon, and so as to
capture and record (ie, quantify) the event, the measurement system must have a high-frequency
response. the type of instruments that are commonly applied for fundamental voltage
measurements don’t have sufficient frequency response to accurately capture and record high-
frequency voltage transients. they'll be ready to capture the occurrence of the event, but it's not
always possible to accurately quantify the event using those devices.
A surge arrester is a device that protects electric power systems from damages caused by
lightning. A typical surge arrester has both a ground terminal and a high-voltage terminal.
When a strong electric surge travels from the facility system to the surge arrester, the high
voltage current is shipped on to the insulation or to the bottom to avoid damaging the system.

Major Tasks of Substations
There are numerous tasks associated with power substations in the distribution and
transmission system. Some of the major tasks that substations perform are as follows.
 It serves as protection hub of the transmission system.
 It maintains the frequency of system confined in targeted limits and has to deal with load
shedding.
 It controls the exchange of electrical energy amid consumers and generating stations.
 It is ensuring transient stability along with steady-state stability of the system.
 It delivers sufficient line capacity hence securing supply.
 It helps in reducing the flow of reactive power, hence gaining voltage control.
 Through line carrier, it performs data transmission to ensure monitoring of network,
protection, and control.
 It helps in fault analysis and pinning cause for a failure, hence improving the
performance of the electrical network.
 It ensures reliable supply through feeding network at numerous points.
 It assists in determining energy transfer with help of transmission lines.

CHAPTER 3
WHAT IS NEW IN ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
3.1 SMART SUBSTATION
As the demand for renewable energy increases, and therefore the patterns for supply and demand
change, smart digital substations are starting to be implemented. Electricity transmission and
distribution network operators are preparing to equip power substations with digital control and
communication carried by fiber optic networks. this may allow faster communication, enhanced
safety and more.
S MART substation is a key component of a smart grid. at the present , smart substations are
mainly of the IEC61850 standard , which uses the “three layers and two networks” architectural
framework to enable substation information digitization and advanced application functions.
its overall construction concept, technology innovation, design optimization, standard setting,
and economy require further improvements, particularly with reference to dispersion of the many
system functions within the smart substation . This problem is especially reflected in devices
associated with substation protection, measurement, control, and data collection.
There is basically “three layers” refers to the equipment configurations of station control layer,
bay layer, and process layer. Although the smart substation solves such issues as digital
information sharing and collecting equipment reconfigurations.
3.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF SMART SUBSTATION
Several issues are pushing the digitalization of the electrical substation. The grid is working
mainly at maximum capacity in much of the developed world as customers demand more power
and better power quality. Therefore, when a fault takes place, it must be cleared as quickly as
possible, which is where modern digital technology offers numerous benefits. On the customer
side of the meter, digital technology is being integrated into the web of Things (IoT). during a
nutshell, IoT may be a network of devices, buildings, vehicles and almost every other sort of
object one can consider equipped with sensors, connected by networks, and monitored and
controlled by computer-based systems.
Today, there's not one component during a substation that has not been enhanced, enriched or
augmented by some sort of embedded digital technology, making them operate better at higher

ratings with more reliability than ever before. However, the challenge now's integrating all of
those elements into a completely digital substation and making it add a demanding environment.
3.3 Benefits of a Smart Substation
Reduced investment and operating costs
■ Decrease within the use of copper signal cables
■ Easier and quicker commissioning including engineering and system testing
■ Saves space and weight, especially for primary technology, by using state-of-the-art converter
technology (NCIT)
■ Optimized grid control because important measurement data are available with state-of-the-art
evaluation and analysis procedures
■ Improved asset management and maintenance thanks to up-to-date measurement data of the
equipment.
Increased personal and property safety
■ Digitalization of process values and use of optical fibers for communication of process values
for cover and substation control
■ Implementation of a cyber security policy. This ensures that the system is usually state-of-the-
art.
Increased interoperability and future security
■ Implementation of IEC 61850 as internationally recognized data model and exchange format
■ Simpler adaptation and expandable with new technologies

3.4 SMART SUBSTATION IN INDIA
“Tata Power Launches IoT Based Smart Consumer Substation”
Tata Power, India’s largest integrated power company, has worked with Tata Communications to
launch its IoT based, Smart Consumer Substation in Mumbai.
To provide a world class power experience to its customers, Tata Power worked on a state-of-
the-art CSS solution, which can enable the team with an summary of CSS spread across different
zones and monitor its distribution substations which are opened up within the field. the answer
would offer timely alerts on a visible dashboard on handheld mobile devices to enable the sector
staff to proactively address any event.
Ashok Sethi, COO and ED, Tata Power said, “Tata Power has successfully adopted and
implemented best-in-class technological solutions for the convenience and betterment of its
customers and stakeholders. the answer will further enable our distribution team to watch the
substations and distribution transformers during a very effective manner and supply a world class
power supply experience to our customers.”
VS Shridhar, senior vice chairman and head of Internet of Things (IoT), Tata Communications,
said, “The Internet of Things has the facility to form our lives less stressful, fire the engines of
productivity, reduce energy consumption, improve healthcare, and make new disruptive business
models. To enable people, businesses and society as an entire to form the foremost of the truly
transformational potential of billions of always connected ‘things’, we, at Tata Communications,
have laid the inspiration for giant scale adoption for IoT in India through the creation of the
world’s largest IoT LoRa network. It’s been an honour to figure with Tata Power, shoulder-to-
shoulder, in lighting up the CSS solution and adding momentum to the present revolution in
India.”
As India’s largest integrated power service with a growing international presence, Tata Power
along side its subsidiaries and jointly controlled entities has an installed gross generation
capacity of 10,757 MW and a presence altogether the segments of the facility sector like fuel
security and logistics, generation (thermal, hydro, solar and wind), transmission, distribution and
trading. it's successful public-private partnerships in generation, transmission and distribution in
India namely “Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited" with Delhi Vidyut Board for distribution
in North Delhi, 'Powerlinks Transmission Ltd.' with power system Corporation of India Ltd. for

evacuation of Power from Tala hydro plant in Bhutan to Delhi and 'Maithon Power Ltd.' with
Damodar Valley Corporation for a 1,050 MW mega power project at Jharkhand.
Tata Power is serving quite 2.6 million distribution consumers in India and has developed the
country’s first 4000 MW ultra mega power project at Mundra (Gujarat) supported super-critical
technology. it's also one among the most important renewable energy players in India with a
clean energy portfolio of three ,417 MW. Its international presence includes strategic
investments in Indonesia through a 30 percent stake within the leading coal company PT Kaltim
Prima Coal (KPC), 26 percent stake in mines at PT Baramulti Suksessarana Tbk ("BSSR"); in
Singapore through Trust Energy Resources to securitize coal supply and therefore the shipping
of coal for its thermal power generation operations; in South Africa through a venture called
‘Cennergi’ to develop projects in sub-Sahara Africa; in Zambia through 50:50 venture with
ZESCO for 120 MW Hydro which has become operational in 2016; in Georgia through AGL
which may be a venture with Clean Energy, Norway & IFC for development of 187 MW hydro
project and in Bhutan through a hydro project in partnership with The Royal Government of
Bhutan.

CHAPTER-4
THE SMART GRID
the Smart Grid. "The grid," refers to the electrical grid, a network of transmission lines,
substations, transformers and more that deliver electricity from the facility plant to your home or
business. It’s what you plug into once you flip on your light switch or power up your computer.
Our current electric grid was inbuilt the 1890s and improved upon as technology advanced
through each decade. Today, it consists of quite 9,200 electric generating units with quite 1
million megawatts of generating capacity connected to quite 300,000 miles of transmission lines.
Although the electrical grid is taken into account an engineering marvel, we are stretching its
patchwork nature to its capacity. to maneuver forward, we'd like a replacement quite electric
grid, one that's built from rock bottom up to handle the groundswell of digital and computerized
equipment and technology hooked in to it—and one which will automate and manage the
increasing complexity and wishes of electricity within the 21st Century.
What Makes a Grid “Smart?”
In short, the digital technology that permits for two-way communication between the utility and
its customers, and therefore the sensing along the transmission lines is what makes the grid
smart. just like the Internet, the Smart Grid will contains controls, computers, automation, and
new technologies and equipment working together, but during this case, these technologies will
work with the electrical grid to reply digitally to our quickly changing electric demand.
What does a sensible Grid do?
The Smart Grid represents an unprecedented opportunity to maneuver the energy industry into a
replacement era of reliability, availability, and efficiency which will contribute to our economic
and environmental health. During the transition period, it'll be critical to hold out testing,
technology improvements, consumer education, development of standards and regulations, and
knowledge sharing between projects to make sure that the advantages we envision from the
Smart Grid become a reality. the advantages related to the Smart Grid include:
• More efficient transmission of electricity

• Quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances
• Reduced operations and management costs for utilities, and ultimately lower power costs for
consumers
• Reduced peak demand, which can also help lower electricity rates
• Increased integration of large-scale renewable energy systems
• Better integration of customer-owner power generation systems, including renewable energy

systems
• Improved security
BENIFICIAL FOR ELECTRICITY CONSUMERS
The Smart Grid isn't almost utilities and technologies; it's about supplying you with the
knowledge and tools you would like to form choices about your energy use. a better grid will
enable an unprecedented level of consumer participation. for instance , you'll not need to await
your monthly statement to understand what proportion electricity you employ . With a better
grid, you'll have a transparent and timely picture of it. "Smart meters," and other mechanisms,
will allow you to ascertain what proportion electricity you employ , once you use it, and its cost.
Combined with real-time pricing, this may allow you to save lots of money by using less power
when electricity is costliest . While the potential benefits of the Smart Grid are usually discussed
in terms of economics, national security, and renewable energy goals, the Smart Grid has the
potential to assist you economize by helping you to manage your electricity use and choose the
simplest times to get electricity. And you'll save even more by generating your own power.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON
POWER SECTOR

The central government has enforced national wide lockdown between March 25 and May 18 as
part of its measures to contain the spread of COVID-19. During the lockdown, several
restrictions have been placed on the movement of individuals and economic activities have come
to a halt barring the activities related to essential goods and services. Here we look at how the
lockdown has impacted the demand and supply of electricity and what possible repercussions its
prolonged effect may have on the power sector.
CHAPTER-5
5.1 EFFECT ON POWER SUPPLY
Power supplies saw a decrease by 25% during the lockdown period.
As electricity cannot be stored in large amount, the power generation and supply for a given day
are planned based on the forecast for demand. The months of January and February in 2020 had
seen an increase of 3% and 7% in power supply, respectively as compared to 2019 (year-on-
year). In comparison, the power supply saw a decrease of 3% between March 1 and March 24.
During the lockdown between March 24 and April 19, the total power supply saw a decrease of
about 25% (year-on-year).
Figure :% change in power supply position between March 1 and April 19 from 2019 to
2020)

Sources: Daily Reports; POSOCO; PRS.
If we look at the consumption pattern by consumer category, in 2018-19 41% of total electricity
consumption was for industrial purposes, followed by 25% for domestic and 18% for agricultural
purposes. As the lockdown has severely reduced the industrial and commercial activities in the
country, these segments would have seen a considerable decline in demand for electricity.
However, note that the domestic demand may have seen an uptick as people are staying indoors.
Figure ;Power consumption by consumer segment in 2018-19

Sources: Central Electricity Authority; PRS.
Electricity demand may continue to be subdued over the next few months. At this point, it is
unclear that when lockdown restrictions are eased, how soon will economic activities return to
pre COVID-19 levels. India’s growth projections also highlight a slowdown in the economy in
2020 which will further impact the demand for electricity.
5.2 Increase in energy and peak deficit levels
As power sector related operations have been classified as essential service the plant operations
and availability of fuel (primarily coal) have not been significantly constrained. This can be
observed with the energy deficit and peak deficit levels during the lockdown period which have
remained at a nominal level. Energy deficit indicates the shortfall in energy supply against the
demand during the day. The average energy deficit between March 25 and April 19 has been
0.42% while the corresponding figure was 0.33% between March 1 and March 24. Similarly, the
average peak deficit between March 25 and April 19 has been 0.56% as compared to 0.41%
between March 1 and March 24. Peak deficit indicates the shortfall in supply against demand
during highest consumption period in a day.(ACCORDING TO REPORT DAILY
REAORTS)

Figure ; Energy deficit and peak deficit between March 1, 2020 and April 19, 2020 (in %)
5.3 Coal stock in power plants increases
Coal is the primary source of power generation in the country (~71% in March 2020). During
the lockdown period, the coal stock with coal power plants has seen an increase. As of April 19,
total coal-stock with the power plants in the country has raisin to 29 days compared to 24 days in
march. This indicates that the supply of coal has not been constrained during the lockdown, at
least to the extent of meeting the requirements of power plants.
Energy mix changes during the lockdown, power generation from coal impacted
During the lockdown, power generation has been adjusted to compensate for reduced
consumption, Most of this reduction in consumption has been adjusted by reduced coal power
generation. As can be seen in Table coal power generation reduced from an average of 2,511
MU between March 1 and March 24 to 1,873 MU between March 25 and April 19 (about 25%).
As a result, the contribution of coal in total power generation reduced from an average of 72.5%
to 65.6% between these two periods.
Table ;Energy Mix during March 1-April 19, 2020

This shift may be happening due to various reasons including:
 renewable energy sources (solar, wind, and small hydro) have must run states, i.e., the
power generated by them has to be given the highest priority by distribution companies,
and
 running cost of renewable power plants is lower as compared to thermal power plants.
This suggests that if growth in electricity demand were to remain weak, the adverse impact on
the coal power plants could be more as compared to other power generation sources. This will
also translate into weak demand for coal in the country as almost 87% of domestic coal
production is used by power generation. Note that the plant load factor (PLF) of the thermal
power plants has seen a considerable decline over the years, decrease Low PLF implies that coal
plants have been lying idle. Coal power plants require significant fixed costs, and they incur
such costs even when the plant is lying idle. The declining capacity utilisation augmented by a
weaker demand will undermine the financial viability of these plants further.

Figure ; Power generation from coal between March 1, 2020 and April 19, 2020 (in MU)
IMPACT OF CAPACITY ADDITION
As per the national electricity plan India’s total capacity addition target is around 176 GW for
2017-2022. This comprises of 118 GW from renewable sources, 6.8 GW from hydro sources,
and 6.4 GW from coal (apart from 47.8 GW of coal-based power projects already in various
stages of production as of January 2018).
India has set a goal of installing 175GW of renewable power capacity by 2022 as part of its
climate change commitments In January 2020, the parliament ry standing Committee of energy
observed hat India could only install 82% and 55% of its annual renewable energy capacity
addition targets in 2017-18 and 2018-19. As of January 2020, 67% of the targethas been
achieved for 2019-20.
As India struggles with the lockdown, the government has taken measures to insulate
the renewable energy sectors as much as possible. Due to a sharp decline in commercial and
industrial activity, there was a resulting decline in the power demand leading to shutdown of
several thermal power plants in the country in order to match demand with supply
Due to the impact of COVID-19, the capacity addition targets for various sources are likely to be
adversely impacted in the short run as:
 Construction activities were stopped during the lockdown and will take some time to
return to normal,

 disruption in the global supply chain may lead to difficulties with the availability of key
components leading to delay in execution of projects for instance, for solar power plants,
solar PV modules are mainly imported from China, and
 Reduced revenue for companies due to weak demand will leave companies with less
capacity left for capital expenditure.
“INDIA’S POWER CONSUMPTION FALL BY 19% DURING COVID 19

LOCKDOWN”
5.4 IMPACT ON POWER PROJECTS DUE TO COVID 19
Projects being developed in the power sector have faced delays due to the lockdown and
movement restrictions imposed to control the spread of COVID-19 disease. India may also face
similar delays with 21% or 3GW of wind and solar projects being delayed due to postponement
of construction and supply and labor disruptions. Further, out of the 62GW of coal-fired projects
under development, 30% are expected to be delayed as they were based on Chinese power
generation equipment. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted power projects by causing delays
in project development.
IMPACT ON ELECTRICITY DEEMAND DUE TO COVID LOCKDOWN
The lockdown decided by the govt for control covid 19willl adversely impact electricity demand,
cash flows for discoms and lead to payment delays for power generation and transmission
companies. The lockdown has resulted in a shutdown of the industrial and commercial
establishments and stoppage of passenger railway services. This has adversely impacted the all
India electricity demand, given that these segments constitute about 40% of the all India
electricity demand. The lockdown imposed by the government is likely to adversely impact the
all India electricity demand, with demand expected to decline by about 20-25% on a year-on-
year basis during the period of lockdown. This would in turn adversely impact the revenues and
cash collections for distribution utilities in the near term, especially given the consumption
decline from the high tariff paying industrial and commercial consumers and likely delays in
cash collections from other consumer segments. The revenue deficit for the discus is estimated to
be about Rs. 130 billion per month, on all India basis. This would in turn adversely impact the
liquidity profile of the discuses, increase their subsidy requirement and lead to delays in
payments to the power generation and transmission companies. The power generation companies
are already suffering delays in payments by discos across majority of states, with payment due of
more than Rs 85000 crore as of November 2019 at all India level.

CHAPTER-6
9 MINUTE ELECTRICITY SHUTDOWN ON 5 APRIL
The Hon’ble Prime Minister of India appealed to the citizens on 3rd April 2020 at 09:10 Hrs to
switch off
their lights and light lamps/ candles on 5th April 2020 at 21:00 Hrs for 9 minutes.
There have been concerns that the blackout may impact the electricity grid due sudden drop in
peak power demand, which was already down 25 per cent at 125.81 GW on April 2 compared to
a year ago. But to manage the dramatic changes in electricity and its impact on the grid, the
government has drawn an elaborate plan.
ACTION TAKEN
 Hydro generation across the country was maximized by 20:45 Hrs and generation
reduction of 17543MW (from 25559 MW to 8016 MW) between 20:45 Hrs to 21:10 Hrs
(matching with demand reduction of 31089 MW during the same period) was achieved
with these resources. This hydro generation was again ramped up from 8016 MW to
19012 MW from 21:10 Hrs to 21:27 Hrs to meet the increase in demand after the event.
 Reduction of total 10950 MW generation was achieved through Thermal (6992 MW),
Gas (1951 MW) and Wind generation (2007 MW) during 20:45 Hrs to 21:10 Hrs.
 Advance actions such as switching off transmission lines, taking reactors in service,
changing SVC,STATCOM, HVDC set points etc. were taken prior to the event for
keeping voltages and line loadings within permissible limits.
 The event was managed smoothly without any untoward incident while power system
parameters were maintained within limits.
 POSOCO acknowledges the support and co-operation of all the stakeholders in
successfully meeting this unprecedented challenge.
EVENT SUMMARY
 The total reduction in all India demand recorded during the event was 31089 MW. All
India demand started reducing from 20:45 Hrs and minimum demand of 85,799 MW was

recorded at 21:10 Hrs. Subsequently, from 21:10 Hrs, the demand started picking up and
settled around 114400 MW at 22:10 Hrs.
 Grid Frequency during the event remained in the range of 50.26 Hz to 49.70 Hz with
maximum and minimum frequency of 50.259 Hz and 49.707 Hz recorded at 20:49 Hrs
and 21:08 Hrs respectively.
Demand(MW) Reductionw.r.t.AllInd
Time(Hrs)
NR WR SR ER NER AllIndia dat20:45Hr
20:45 31791 32474 35012 15815 1796 116887 0
20:50 31339 32113 35109 15452 1761 115775 -1113
20:55 30148 31462 35019 14928 1693 113251 -3637
21:00 26683 28091 32688 12752 1453 101667 -15220
21:10 22061 24010 29034 9679 1015 85799 -31089
21:15 24956 26992 30665 11879 1303 95795 -21092
21:30 28433 30777 33394 14689 1515 108808 -8080
21:45 28633 32403 34096 15140 1523 111796 -5092
22:00 28544 32944 34647 15231 1437 112803 -4084
TrendofAllIndiaandRegionalDemandsduringtheeventisattachedatAnnexe-II

CHAPTER-7
IMPACT OF “ATMANIRBHAR-SCHEME” ON POWER SECTOR
Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi announced a Special economic and
comprehensive package of Rs 20 lakh crore - equivalent to 10% of India’s GDP on 12th
May 2020. He gave a clarion call for Self-Reliant India Movement. He also outlined five
pillars of Atmanirbhar Bharat – Economy, Infrastructure, System, Vibrant Demography
and Demand.
The Finance Minister announced following policy reforms to fast track investment in an effort
towards Aatma Nirbhar Bharat:
1.
a. There will be fast tracking of investment clearance through Empowered Group of
Secretaries.
b. Project Development Cell will be constituted in each Ministry to prepare
investible projects, coordinate with investors and Central/State Governments.
c. There will be ranking of States on investment attractiveness to compete for new
investment.
d. Incentive schemes for promotion of new champion sectors will be launched in
sectors such as solar PV manufacturing; advanced cell battery storage etc.
The Finance Minister today announced the following structural reforms in the Power
Sector. The details are as follows:
1. Tariff Policy Reform

Tariff Policy laying out the following reforms will be released:
(i) Consumer Rights

a. DISCOM inefficiencies not to burden consumers
b. Standards of Service and associated penalties for DISCOMs
c. DISCOMs to ensure adequate power; load-shedding to be penalized
(ii) Promote Industry
a. Progressive reduction in cross subsidies

b. Time bound grant of open access
c. Generation and transmission project developers to be selected competitively
(iii) Sustainability of Sector
a. No Regulatory Assets
b. Timely payment of Gencos
c. DBT for subsidy; Smart prepaid meters
2. Privatization of Distribution in UTs
Power Departments / Utilities in Union Territories will be privatised. This will lead to better
service to consumers and improvement in operational and financial efficiency in Distribution.
This will also provide a model for emulation by other Utilities across the country.

Union Ministry of Power has written to all States/UTs extending Rs 90,000 crore financial
package to assist the stressed DISCOMs. A communication in this regard has been sent on
14.05.2020.
“The package for power sector will significantly reduce the burden of Discoms for
maintaining distribution of electricity as supplied by gencos/transcos during these difficult
times.” said Shri RK Singh, Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power and New and
Renewable Energy. The Government of India had on 13.5.2020 decided to make an infusion of
liquidity of Rs 90,000 cr through Power Finance Corporation (PFC) and Rural Electrification
Corporation (REC) as a part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.
The letter says, the COVID-19 pandemic and the resultant lockdown has adversely affected the
power sector finances, creating a situation of acute liquidity crisis across the value chain in the
power sector as a consequence. In this situation the liquidity infusion in the Power sector value
chain will help to tide over the cash flow problem. This money will help discoms to repay most
of the money that they owe to power generators( Gencos) and Transmission
Companies( Transcos). It will help restart the virtuous cycle of cash flow in the Power sector.

Conclusion
Now from this report we conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. We are
made aware of how the transmission of electricity is done .We came to know about the various
parts of the substation system like
Power transformer,
Circuit breaker,
Relay,
Busbar,
Current transformer etc.
Here we also studied the integrated smart substation which is proposed, based on digital
information sharing, three-layer device integration and combining two networks. The system is
seen to improve the reliability and economy of the substation, and reduce the difficulty and cost
of operation and maintenance. It represents a good example of the development direction of a
smart substation. Smart substation system integration and optimization solutions that enable
substation protection and control functions are no longer dependent on a particular discrete
hardware.
The purpose to study on this subject was to know that what is new going on this sector and we
got to know “The smart grid” which is key point of new era of substation.

“REFERENCES”
 1.] Class notes

 2.] Smart gov.com.in
 3.] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7785865Pib ind gov.com
 4.] Electrical4u.com
 5.] T&D.com
 6.] Hindustan times
 7.] Slide share.com
 8. ] PIB ADDRESS BY GOVT. OF INDIA https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx
 9.] https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/atmanirbhar-bharat-heres-
a-complete-list-of-reforms-announced-by-fm-nirmala-sitharaman-under-rs-20-lakh-crore-
financial-package-5277891.html
 10.] http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Tata-Power-Launches-IoT-Based-Smart-
Consumer-Substation
 11.] Indiatoday.com
 12.] Circuit globe.com
 13.] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/digital-substations-what-significance-benefits-
manfred-unterweger
 14.] https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/substation-basics

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STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF SUBSTATION WITH CHANGES AND

EFFECT ON POWER SECTOR DUE TO COVID-19

A Major Project Report submitted to the

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Under the Guidance of

MRS.DEENA LODWAL YADAV

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

AIRPORT ROAD, GANDHINAGAR, BHOPAL(M.P.)-462033,INDIA

SHASHANK BARSAINYA SHASHANK BARSAINYA PRAYASH BISEN

(0101EX161046) (0101EX161047) (0101EX161033)

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

AIRPORTROAD, GANDHINAGAR, BHOPAL (M.P.)-462033, INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Mrs. Deena Lodwal Yadav .

Prof. Vinay Thapar. Dr. R.S. Rajput.

I am also thankful to my class friends & family.

The project work assigned to us was

“STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF SUBSTATION WITH CHANGES AND

EFFECT ON POWER SECTOR DUE TO COVID-19”

TITLE Page No.

Chapter2-ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION 2-13

2.1 Operation of substation 2

2.2 Power transformer 3-4

2.2.1 Types of Transformer 4

2.3 Circuit Breaker 5

2.3.1 Working Principle 6

2.3.2 Types of Circuit Breaker 7

 Air Circuit Breaker

2.5 Lightning Arrestor 8

2.6 Bus Bar 9

2.7 Current Transformer 9-10

2.8 Insulator 10-11

2.9 Wave Trap 11

2.10 Relay 11-12

2.11 Surge Arrestor 12

2.12 Major Task of Substation 13

CHAPTER 3- WHAT IS NEW IN ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION 14-17

3.1 SMART SUBSTATION 14

3.2 Significance of smart substation 14-15

3.3 Benefits of a Smart substation 15

3.4 Smart substation in India 16-17

CHAPTER 4-SMART GRID 18-19

4.1 What makes a grid ‘SMART’ 18

4.2 What does a Smart Grid do? 19

CHAPTER 5- IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON POWER SECTOR 21-28

5.2 Increase in energy and peak deficit level 23-24

5.3 Coal stock in power plant increases 24-27

5.4 Impact on power project 27

5.5 Impact on electricity demand 27-28

CHAPTER 6- “9 MINUTE” ELECTRICITY SHUTDOWN ON 5 APRIL 29-30

CHAPTER 7- IMPACT OF “ATMANIRBHAR SCHEME” ON POWER SECTOR

A substation is facility which is employed to step-up or step down the voltage within the utility

1|Page Department of Electrical Engineering, UIT-RGPV, BHOPAL

Electrical substation is a major part of electrical generation, transmission, and

2.1 Operation of Substation

Electricity is generated at a thermal power plant , hydroelectric power plant , and nuclear

2|Page Department of Electrical Engineering, UIT-RGPV, BHOPAL

 User installation capabilities and preferences.

Generally transformer’s types vary as:

 Separate winding or auto power transformers.

 Indoor/outdoor installation. Outdoor installation is more favorable and all power