MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

“OVERVIEW OF A 33/11 KV SUBSTATION”

MINI PROJECT SUBMITTED AT

JNTUH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD
(Autonomous)

A REPORT SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD
OF
DEGREE
OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

REPORT BY

GALIPELLI HANMAN TEJA (21015A0204)

PALLE PRATYUSHA (20011A0225)
MASARATH BEGUM (21015A0216)
PASULA GOKUL SAI (20011A0228)
PUPPALA RAJ KUMAR (21015A0214)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. M. SURYA KALAVATHI, PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

JNTUH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

HYDERABAD
(AUTONOMOUS)
KUKATPALLY, HYDERABAD-500085, TELANGANA STATE

I
 TELANGANA STATE SOUTHERN POWER
DISTRIBUTION COMPANY LTD.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project work entitled "OVERVIEW OF A 33/11 KV
SUBSTATION" has been successfully carried out in the partial fulfilment for the award of
the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering, JNTUH
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HYDERABD.

This is a bonafide work carried out by GALIPELLI HANMAN TEJA (21015A0204),

PALLE PRATYUSHA (20011A0225), MASARATH BEGUM (21015A0216),
PASULA GOKUL SAI (20011A0228), PUPPALA RAJ KUMAR (21015A0214) at
33/11 KV SUBSTATION VIJAY NAGAR COLONY, TSSPDCL under the guidance
of Er. B. SARATBABU, Assistant Engineer, TSSPDCL.

Place: Hyderabad
Date: Assistant Engineer
TSSPDCL, Hyderabad

II
 JNTUH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD
(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini project entitled "OVERVIEW OF A 33/11KV

SUBSTATION" is being submitted by

1. GALIPELLI HANMAN TEJA (21015A0204)

2. PALLE PRATYUSHA (20011A0225)
3. MASARATH BEGUM (21015A0216)
4. PASULA GOKUL SAI (20011A0228)
5. PUPPALA RAJ KUMAR (21015A0214)

in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of “Bachelor of
Technology” in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to JNTUH UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD
during the academic year 2023-2024. The result presented in this project has been verified
and found to be satisfactory.

Project Guide Head of Department

Dr. M. Surya Kalavathi, Dr. K. Naga Sujatha,
Professor, Professor and Head of Department,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
JNTUHUCESTH, Kukatpally, JNTUHUCESTH, Kukatpally,
Hyderabad. Hyderabad.

III
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that Mini Project work reported in the present thesis titled “OVERVIEW
OF 33/11KV SUBSTATION” done by us at VIJAY NAGAR COLONY, HYDERABAD.

No part of the thesis is copied from books/journals/internet and where the portion is taken
the same has been duly referred in the text. The reported work is based on the project work
done entirely by us and not copied from another source.

SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The above bonafide students carried out mini project work and fulfilled project
requirements and found satisfactory.

Date:

IV
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project titled "OVERVIEW OF A 33/11 KV SUBSTATION" was carried out by us.
We are grateful to Dr. M. SURYA KALAVATHI, Professor and Dr. K. NAGA SUJATHA,
Professor & Head of the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, JNTUH
University College of Engineering Science and Technology, Hyderabad for their internal
guidance and timely advice in completion of our mini project.

We are deeply indebted and thankful to B. SARATBABU, Assistant Engineer, VIJAY

NAGAR COLONY SUBSTATION, TSSPDCL, Hyderabad, for the systematic guidance,
valuable advice and constant encouragement in completion of our mini project.

With Gratitude

GALIPELLI HANMAN TEJA (21015A0204)

PALLE PRATYUSHA (20011A0225)
MASARATH BEGUM (21015A0216)
PASULA GOKUL SAI (20011A0228)
PUPPALA RAJ KUMAR (21015A0214)

V
 ABSTRACT

This project majorly deals with the observation and knowing the auxiliary and major parts
protecting a POWER TRANSFORMER which gave us a brief idea of the structure of the
equipment, and how they protect the power transformer in a 33/11 kV VIJAY NAGAR
COLONY SUBSTATION. A practical power transformer is given here with all parts and its
protective devices.

Transformer is a vital link in a power system which has made possible the power generated
at level of voltages to be stepped up to extra high voltages for transmission over long
distances and then transformed to low voltages for utilization at proper load centres. With
this tool in hands, it has become possible to harness the energy sources at far off places from
the load centres and connect the same through long extra high voltage transmission lines
working on high efficiencies. At that, it may be said to be the simplest equipment with no
moving parts and hence the most efficient part of a power system, as the losses are less.

At every step, whether the voltage level should have to be increased or decreased we need
a transformer. If there is any fault or damage in the transformer then there will be heavy loss
to the distribution system. So, periodical maintenance and testing is very important for a
power transformer.

VI
 CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
An electric power system is defined as a network of electrical components used to
supply, transfer, and consume electric power. The supply is done through some form of
generation (e.g. a power plant), the transfer is done through a transmission (via a
transmission line) and distribution system, and the consumption can be through residential
applications such as powering the lights or air conditioning in our home, or via industrial
applications such as the operation of large motors. The electrical energy is a major source of
energy, which we use in our day-to-day life. And hence, it is necessary that the power is
supplied to the consumers without interruption and with ensured safety. And to do so many
auxiliary equipment’s are used in our day-to-day life.

1.1 OVERVIEW ON TSSPDCL

Telangana State Southern Power Distribution Corporation Limited or TSSPDCL is the

Electrical Distribution Company owned by the government of Telangana for the 15 southern
districts of Telangana. It was incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 as a public limited
company on 02-06-2014 with headquarters at Hyderabad to carryout electricity distribution
business as part of erstwhile A.P.S.E.B.
TSSPDCL has a vast infrastructure facility in its operating area with 1,605 Nos. of
33/11
KV substations, 3,102 Nos. of 33KV feeders, 7,263 Nos. of 11KV feeders and around
4,22,003 Nos. of distribution transformers of various capacities. TSSPDCL encompasses an
area of 15 districts viz., Mahbubnagar, Narayanpet, Nalgonda, Yadadri, Bhuvanagiri,
Suryapet, Siddipet, Medchal, Wanaparthy, Nagarkarnool, Jogulamba Gadwal, Sanga Reddy,
Medak, Hyderabad, Vikarabad and Rangareddy Catering to the power requirements of 8.4
million consumers.
A number of new initiatives for improving the quality supply of power were introduced by
TSSPDCL such as:
• Electronic Spot Billing
• Web-Enabled Customer Service Centre’s
• Tie up with e-Seva Centre’s for Bill Payment
• Online Bill Payment
• EBS, MATS, CAT
• Vidyut Sadassus, Sub-station wise Meeting.

1
 CHAPTER 2
2. SUBSTATION AND POWER TRANSFORMER
Substation and Power Transformer plays a vital role in Power Transmission.

2.1 SUBSTATION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution
system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of
several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric
power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may
include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by
a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally, substations are unattended, relying on
SCADA for remote supervision and control.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a
grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted
to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using
their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one PowerStation, where
the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

2.1.1 Types of Substations:

Depending on the purpose, the sub-stations can be classified as:

2.1.1.1 Based on Nature of Duties:
a) Step Up or primary substation:
Primary substations are associated with the power generating plants where the voltage
is stepped up from low voltage (11, 33KV) to 220kV or 400kV for transmitting the power
so that huge amount of power can be transmitted over a large distance to load centres.

Fig 2.1 Primary Substation

2
b) Primary Grid Substation:
Such substations are located at suitable load centres along with the primary
transmission lines. At primary Grid Power Substations, the primary transmission voltage
(220kV or 400kV) is stepped down to secondary transmission voltages (110kV). This
Secondary transmission lines are cared over to Secondary Power Substations situated at the
load centres where the voltage is further stepped down to Sub transmission Voltage or
Primary Distribution Voltages (11kV or 33kV).

Fig 2.2 Primary Grid Substation

c) Step Down or Distribution Substation:
Such Power Substations are located at the load centres. Here the sub transmission
voltages of distribution voltages (11kV or 33kV) are stepped down to Secondary
Distribution voltages (400kV or 230kV). From these Substations power will be fed to the
domestic and industrial consumers.

Fig 2.3 Step Down or Distribution Substation

2.1.1.2. Based on Service Rendered
a) Transformer Substation:
Transformers are installed on such Substations to transform the power from one
voltage level to other voltage level.

3
 Fig 2.4 Transformer Substation
Transformer substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or
perform any of several other important functions. Before being used, electric power may
flow through several transformer substations at different voltage levels. A transformer
substation includes transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different
transmission voltages.
b) Switching Substation:
Switching substations are meant for switching operation of power lines without
transforming the voltages. At these Substations different connections are made between
various transmission lines. Different switching schemes are employed depends on the
application to transmit the power in more reliable manner in a network.

Fig 2.5 Switching Substation

c) Converter Substation:
Such Substations are located where AC to DC conversion is required. In HVDC
transmission Converting Substations are employed on both sides of HVDC link for
converting AC to DC and again converting back from DC to AC. Converting Power
Substations are also employed where frequency is to be converted from higher to lower and
lower to higher. This type of frequency conversion is required in connecting to Grid
Systems.

4
 Fig 2.6 Converter Substation
2.1.2.3. Based On Operating Voltage:
a) High Voltage Substation:
This type of Substation associated with operating voltages between 11kV and 66kV.
b) Extra High Voltage Substation:
This type of Substation sociated where the operating voltage is between 132kV and
400kV.
c) Ultrahigh Voltage Substation:
Substations where operating voltages are above 400kV is called Ultra High Voltage
Substation.
2.1.2.4. Based On Design Configuration:
a) Air Insulated Substation:
In Air Insulated Power Substation bus bars and connectors are visible. In this Power
Substations circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, current transformers, potential
transformers etc. are installed in the outdoor. Bus bars are supported on the post insulators
or strain insulators. Substations have galvanized steel structures for supporting the
equipment, insulators and incoming and outgoing lines.

Fig 2.7 Air Insulated Substation

5
b) Gas Insulated Substation:
In Gas Insulated Substation various Power Substation equipment like circuit breakers,
current transformers, voltage transformers, busbars, earth switches, surge arresters, isolators
etc are in the form of metal enclosed SF6 gas modules. The modules are assembled in
accordance with the required configuration. The various live parts are enclosed in the metal
enclosures(modules) containing SF6 gas at high pressure. Thus, the size of Power
Substations reduces to 8% to 10% of the Air Insulated Power Substation.

Fig 2.8 Gas Insulated Substation

c) Hybrid Substation:
Hybrid Substations are the combination of both Conventional Substation and Gas
Insulated Substation. Some bays in a Power Substation are Gas Insulated Type and some are
Air Insulated Type. The design is based on convenience, local conditions available, area
available and cost.

Fig 2.9 Hybrid Substation

6
2.2 POWER TRANSFORMER
A power transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit
to another without changing the frequency. As there is no rotating or moving parts, a
transformer is classified as a static device.
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a
varying electromotive force across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical
energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection
between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the
induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.
Transformers are most commonly used for increasing low AC voltages at high current (a
step-up transformer)

Fig 2.10 Windings of Transformer

or decreasing high AC voltages at low current (a step-down transformer) in electric power
applications, and for coupling the stages of signal processing circuits. Transformers can also
be used for isolation, where the voltage in equals the voltage out, with separate coils not
electrically bonded to one another.

Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers

have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating
current electric power. A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and
electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a
cubic centimetre in volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect the
power grid. A varying current in the transformer's primary winding attempts to create a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer core, which is also encircled by the secondary
winding. This varying flux at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF, voltage) in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction and the
secondary current so produced creates a flux equal and opposite to that produced by the
primary winding, in accordance with Lenz's law.
The windings are wound around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so
that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With
7
a voltage source connected to the primary winding and a load connected to the secondary
winding, the transformer currents flow in the indicated directions and the core
magnetomotive force cancels to zero.
According to Faraday's law, since the same magnetic flux passes through both the
primary and secondary windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is induced in each
winding proportional to its number of windings. The transformer winding voltage ratio is
directly proportional to the winding turns ratio.
The ideal transformer identity is a reasonable approximation for the typical
commercial transformer, with voltage ratio and winding turns ratio both being inversely
proportional to the corresponding current ratio.

The load impedance referred to the primary circuit is equal to the turn’s ratio
squared times the secondary circuit load impedance.

Fig 2.11 Primary Secondary representation

Fig 2.12 Power Transformer

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Main Parts of the transformer are:
1. Main Oil Tank
2. Expansion Oil Tank (Conservator)
3. Breather Unit
4. Oil level Indicator
5. Sampling Valve
6. Radiator
7. Bushing
8. HV and LV winding
9. Marshalling Box
10.On Load tap changer
11.Buchholz Relay

2.2.1 Main Oil Tank:

It is a main part of transformer. It is steel made box. Transformer core is placed inside
this tank. Windings and other helpful devices are placed inside this tank. It is filled with
insulating oil (mineral oil). It has usually cylindrical or cubical shape depending on
transformer construction. It is coated internally and externally with colour for safety point
of view. Colour coating also provide protection in case of winding connection with tank
accidentally.

Fig 2.2.1 Main Oil Tank

2.2.2 Expansion Oil Tank (Conservator):
It is installed above the main oil tank on the outer transformer frame and is
connected to the main tank through a metallic tube. Oil can freely contract and expand
during loading and thus the temperature of the oil increases and decreases. Loading can
increase expansion up to 8%. Tank compensates any loss in oil that may occur in the main
tank.

9
 Fig 2.2.2 Conservator
This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the transformer
main tank. The main function of conservator tank of transformer is to provide adequate
space for expansion of oil inside the transformer.

2.2.3 Breather Unit:

When the temperature changes occur in transformer insulating oil, the oil expands
or contracts and there an exchange of air also occurs when transformer is fully loaded. When
transformer is cooled, the oil level goes down and air is absorbed within. This process is
called breathing and the apparatus that pass through the air is called breather. Actually, silica
gel breathers control the level of moisture, entering electrical equipment during the change
in volume of the cooling medium and airspace caused by temperature increasing. Silica gel
crystal has tremendous capacity of absorbing moisture. When air passes through these
crystals in the breather; the moisture of the air is absorbed by them. Therefore, the air reaches
to the conservator is quite dry, the dust particles in the air get trapped by the oil in the oil
seal cup. The oil in the oil sealing cup acts as barrier between silica gel crystal and air when
there is no flow of air through silica gel breather. The colour of silica gel crystal is dark blue
but, when it absorbs moisture; it becomes pink.
When there is sufficient difference between the air inside the conservator and the
outside air, the oil level in two components of the oil seal changes until the lower oil level
just reaches the rim of the inverted cup, the air then moves from high pressure compartment
to the low-pressure compartment of the oil seal. Both of these happen when the oil acts as
core filter and removes the dust from the outside air.

10
 Fig 2.2.3 Breather

2.2.4 Oil Level Indicator:

It indicates level of oil in the conservator unit. The oil level rises due to the increase
in temperature or when load reduces. It is essential that the oil level is maintained above a
predetermined minimum level. Decrease in oil can cause flashover if it is not corrected.

Fig 2.2.4 Oil level indicator

2.2.5 Sampling Valve:

We collect oil sample for performing different tests on the oil to determine different
physical, chemical and electrical characteristics of the oil. The sample is the representative
of the oil inside the equipment. That is why, we take special care during collecting oil sample
from the equipment. Otherwise, surrounding atmosphere may affect the characteristics of
the oil which may differ the outcome of the tests form the actual results.
Transformer oil testing is important to:
• Determine essential electrical properties of transformer oil
• Identify if a certain oil is suitable for future use
• Detect whether regeneration or filtration is needed
• Reduce oil costs and enhance component life
• Prevent untimely failures and maximize safety

11
 Fig 2.2.5 Sampling Valve

2.2.6 Radiator:
When a transformer is loaded, the current starts flowing through its windings. Due to
this flowing of electric current, heat is produced in the windings, this heat ultimately rises
the temperature of transformer oil. We know that the rating of any electrical equipment
depends upon its allowable temperature rise limit. Hence, if the temperature rises of the
transformer insulating oil is controlled, the capacity or rating of transformer can be extended
up to significant range. The radiator of transformer accelerates the cooling rate of
transformer. Thus, it plays a vital role in increasing loading capacity of an electrical
transformer. This is basic function of radiator of a power transformer.

Oil immersed power transformer is generally provided with detachable pressed sheet
radiator with isolating valves. But in case of small size distributing transformer, the radiators
are generally integrated parts of transformer body and projected from the main tank. The
working principle of radiator is very simple. It just increases the surface area for dissipating
heat of the oil. In case of electrical power transformer, due to the transport limitation, this
units are sent separately and assembled at site with transformer main body. At the time of
dispatching, the flings of radiator are blanketed by gasket and blanketing plates. The radiator
valves on the main tank are also blanketed by gasket and blanketing plates.

Fig 2.2.6 Radiator

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2.2.7 Bushing:
In electric power, a bushing is an insulated device that allows an electrical conductor
to pass safely through a grounded conducting barrier such as the case of a transformer or
circuit breaker. It is responsible for connecting the internal windings of the transformer with
the external electrical network. It isolates the internal windings from the transformer body.
Bushings are fixed using flanges to avoid any humidity, dirt and dust from reaching the
points of contact. The wavy shape is to maximize surface path length and minimize surface
leakage, corona and eventual arcing from exposure to year-round weather conditions, dust,
air pollution etc. If continuous shape is given when the rain falls over the surface, water
particles crawl down over the bushing and cause short circuit. Bushings sometimes fail due
to partial discharge. This is sometimes due to the slow and progressive degradation of the
insulation over many years of energized service however it may also be a rapid degeneration
which destroys a good bushing in a matter of hours. At present, there is great interest by the
electricity supply industry, high voltage bushings However, some bushings failing early in
service are due to failures to control voltage or carry out essential maintenance, while others
relate to incipient failure mechanisms built in at manufacturer

Fig 2.2.7 Bushings

2.2.8 HV And LV Windings:
The windings form its crucial part, because these are the ones that are mainly
responsible for the transformer action. They are usually marked, however, the terminals with
a greater number of turns is the HV side while the one the lesser number of turns is the LV
side. It is essential that they have the specified number of turns that forms the exact
transformation ratio.

Fig 2.2.8 HV and LV windings

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2.2.9 Marshalling Box:
It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and the winding of main
tank. If temperature of oil or winding exceeds the specified value, relay operates to sound
an alarm. If there is further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to
open the circuit breaker controlling the transformer.

Fig 2.2.9a) Marshalling Box

Fig 2.2.9b) Marshalling Box wiring diagram

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2.2.10 On Load Tap Changer:
In larger power transformers, for proper voltage regulation of transformer, an on-load
tap changer is required. As there is no permission of switching off the transformer during
tap changing. The tapping arrangement, is placed in separate divertor tank attached to
electrical power transformer main tank. Inside this tank, the tap selectors are generally
arranged in a circular form. The divertor switches have contacts operating in rapid sequence
with usually four separate make and break units. Mostly the power transformer is used for
both step up and step-down action. In that, the power transformer turns are in the high
voltage side is higher than the low voltage side. Therefore, placing on load tap changer
circuit on high voltage side which can give fine voltage regulation. The LV winding of the
transformer is placed inside of HV winding, so on the account of practical consideration, it
is simpler to provide tapping on the high voltage. When you increase the number of turns
on the HV side which decrease the flux and flux density of the transformer. Reducing the
flux density reduces the core losses of the transformer, thus increasing the efficiency.

Fig 2.2.10a) On load tap changer readings

Fig 2.2.10b) Inside On load Tap Changer

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2.2.11 Buchholz Relay:
A Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on (some) oil-filled power transformers
and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a “conservator”.
Buchholz relays are used as a protective device, as they are sensitive to the effects of
dielectric failure that can occur inside the equipment they protect. Buchholz relays are a type
of gas detection relay.
Buchholz relays have two main elements. The upper element consists of a float. The
float is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the
oil level in the Buchholz relay container. A mercury switch is fixed on the float. The
alignment of the mercury switch hence depends upon the position of the float.
The lower element consists of a baffle plate and a mercury switch. This plate is fitted
on a hinge just in front of the inlet (main tank side) of the Buchholz relay in a transformer
in such a way that when oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment
of the baffle plate along with the mercury switch attached to it, will change.
Working:
The Buchholz relay working principle is very simple. Buchholz relay function is
based on a very simple mechanical phenomenon.
It is mechanically actuated. Whenever there will be a minor internal fault in the
transformer such as an insulation fault between turns, breakdown of core of the transformer,
core heating, the insulating transformer oil will be decomposed in different hydrocarbon
gases, CO2 and CO.
The gases produced due to the decomposition of transformer insulating oil will
accumulate in the upper part of the Buchholz container which causes a fall of the oil level
in it. Fall of oil level means lowering the position of the float and thereby tilting the mercury
switch. The contacts of this mercury switch are closed and an alarm circuit energized.
Sometimes due to oil leakage on the main tank air bubbles may be accumulated in
the upper part of the Buchholz container which may also cause a fall of oil level in it and
the alarm circuit will be energized.
By collecting the accumulated gases from the gas release pockets on the top of the
relay and by analysing them one can predict the type of fault in the transformer.
More severe types of faults, such as short circuits between phases or to earth and
faults in the tap changing equipment, are accompanied by a surge of oil that strikes the baffle
plate and causes the mercury switch of the lower element to close.
This switch energized the trip circuit of the circuit breakers associated with the
transformer and immediately isolate the faulty transformer from the rest of the electrical
power system by intercropping the circuit breakers associated with both LV and HV sides
of the transformer. This is how Buchholz relay functions.

16
 Fig 2.2.11a) Buchholz Relay

Fig 2.2.11b) Internal Diagram of Buchholz Relay

17
 CHAPTER 3
EQUIPMENTS IN A 33/11 KV SUB-STATION
The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-
Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection desired 33/11 KV Sub-Station
has the following major equipment.
3.1 BUSBAR
When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be
directly connected electrically, the bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus
bars are made up of copper rods operate at a constant voltage.

Fig 3.1. Bus Bar

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be
directly connected electrically, the bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus
bars are made up of copper rods operate at a constant voltage.
In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general
maintenance and repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates
under no-load condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current
making capacity. In some cases, isolators are used to breaking charging currents or
transmission lines. While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator
while closing a circuit the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are
necessary on the supply side of circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit
breaker from live parts for the purpose of maintenance.

3.2 INSULATORS:
The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine
the current to the conductors. The most commonly used material for the manufacture of the
insulator is porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g., pin type, suspension type.
post insulator, etc.) and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement.
For example, post insulator is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body.
cast iron cap, and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can
be directly bolted to the cap.

18
Types of Insulators:
1. Pin Insulator
2. Suspension Type Insulator
3. Strain Insulator
4. Stay Insulator
5. Shackle Insulator

Fig 3.2. Insulators

The materials generally used for the insulating purpose is called insulating material.
For successful utilization, this material should have some specific properties as listed below
1. It must be mechanically strong enough to carry the tension and weight of conductors.
2. It must have a very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses in the High
Voltage system.
3. It must possess high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the earth.
4. The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities.
5. It should not be porous
6. There must not be any entrance on the surface of the electrical insulator so that the
moisture or gases can enter in it.
7. There physical as well as electrical properties must be less effected by changing
temperature.
3.3 CIRCUIT BREAKER:
A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the area is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat
and extinguish the area, the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas
whose high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the area that famishes the
necessary insulation to prevent a restrike of the area. The area is then extinguished, both
because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and because of intensive cooling by the
gases and oil vapor.

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 Fig 3.3. Circuit Breaker
Types of Circuit Breakers:
1. Electric Circuit Breaker
2. Arc in Circuit Breaker
3. Vacuum Arc
4. Oil Circuit Breaker
5. Air Circuit Breaker
6. Vacuum Circuit Breaker
The circuit breakers are such types of switches utilized for closing or opening circuits
at the time when a fault occurs within the system. The circuit breaker has 2 mobile contacts
which are in OFF condition in normal situations. At the time when any fault occurs in the
system, a relay is sending the tripped command to the circuit breaker which moves the
contacts apart. hence avoiding any damage to the circuitry.
3.4 PROTECTIVE RELAY:
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the
C.B. to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system". The relay detects the
abnormal condition in the electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical quantities,
which are different under normal and fault conditions. The electrical quantities which may
change under fault condition are voltage, current, frequency, and phase angle. Having
detected the fault, the relay operates to close the trip circuit of C.B.

Fig 3.4. protective relay

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Types of the relay:

Based on the actuating parameter the protection relay can be categorized as

1. Current relays.
2. Voltage relays.
3. Frequency relays.
4. Power relays etc.
Based on Characteristic the protection relay can be categorized as:
1. Definite time relays
2. Inverse time relays with definite minimum time (IDMT)
3. Instantaneous relays.

3.5 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:

The line in Substation operates at high voltage and carries the current of thousands of
amperes. The measuring instrument and protective devices are designed for low voltage
(generally 110V) and current (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactorily if
mounted directly on the power lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing Instrument
transformer, on the power lines. There are two types of instrument transformers.
3.5.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
A current transformer is a device that is used for the transformation of current from a
higher value into a proportionate current to a lower value. It transforms the high voltage
current into the low voltage current due to which the heavy current flows through the
transmission line are safely monitored by the ammeter.

Fig 3.5.1. current transformer

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3.5.2 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:
The potential transformer may be defined as an instrument transformer used for the
transformation of voltage from a higher value to a lower value. This transformer step down
the voltage to a safe limit value which can be easily measured by the ordinary low voltage
instrument like a voltmeter, wattmeter and watt-hour meters, etc.

Fig 3.5.2. voltage transformer

3.6 METERING AND INDICATING INSTRUMENTS:
There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g.: Ammeters, Voltmeters, energy
meter, etc.) installed in a Substation to maintain which over the circuit quantities.

Fig 3.6. metering instruments

There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g.: Ammeters, Voltmeters,
energy meter, etc.,) installed in a Substation to maintain which over the circuit quantities.
The instrument transformers are invariably used with them for satisfactory operation.
Ammeters,
Voltmeters, Wattmeter’s, kWh meters, KVARH meters, power factor meters reactive volt-
amperes meters are installed in substations to control and maintain a watch over the current
flowing through the circuits and over the power loads.

3.7 TRANSFORMER:
There are three transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines step down
at the same time. In the case of a 220KV or more KV line station, autotransformers are used.
In while in case of lower KV lines such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers
are used i.e., (33/11KV)

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 Fig 3.7 KVA transformer

The transformer is a static device that works on the principle of electromagnetic

induction. It is used for transferring the electrical power from one circuit to another without
any variation in their frequency. In electromagnetic induction, the transfer of energy from
one circuit to another takes place with the help of the mutual induction, i.e., the flux induced
in the primary winding is linked with the secondary winding According to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction, there will be an EMF induced in the second winding. If the circuit
of this secondary winding is closed, then a current will flow through it. This is the basic
working principle of a transformer. Let us use electrical symbols to help visualize this. The
winding which receives electrical power from the source is known as the "primary winding”.
The winding which gives the desired output voltage due to mutual induction is commonly
known as the "secondary winding. This is the "Second Coil' in the diagram above. A
transformer that increases the voltage between the primary to secondary windings is defined
as a step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer that decreases voltage between the
primary to secondary windings is defined as a step-down transformer. While the diagram of
the transformer above is theoretically possible in an ideal transformer it is not very practical.
This is because in the open air only a very tiny portion of the flux produced from the first
coil will link with the second coil. So, the current that flows through the closed circuit
connected to the secondary winding will be extremely small (and difficult to measure).
Rate of change of flux linkage depends upon the amount of linked flux with the second
winding. So ideally almost all of the flux of primary winding should link to the secondary
winding. This is effectively and efficiently done by using a core type transformer. This
provides a low reluctance path common to both of the windings.

3.8 CAPACITOR BANK ATTACHED TO THE BUS:

Reactive loads cause current and voltage to shift in phase by up to 90 degrees, Inductive
loads such as motors cause the current to lag the voltage. This what’s called the power factor
and cause significant power loss in power transmission. Ideally, the current should be in
phase with the voltage: Capacitors act as a reactive load in the opposite way than inductive
loads do. By selectively switching in parts of capacitor banks in the substation the power
factor can be brought closer to being in phase and thus reduce power loss. When the PF goes
too far off it is a contributing factor in blackouts.

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 Fig 3.8. capacitor bank
Reactive loads cause current and voltage to shift in phase by up to 90 degrees,
Inductive loads such as motors cause the current to lag the voltage. This what’s called the
power factor and cause significant power loss in power transmission. Ideally, the current
should be in phase with the voltage: Capacitors act as a reactive load in the opposite way
than inductive loads do. By selectively switching in parts of capacitor banks in the substation
the power factor can be brought closer to being in phase and thus reduce power loss. When
the PF goes too far off it is a contributing factor in blackouts.
The demand for active power is expressed in Kilowatts (kW) or Mega Watts (MW).
This power should be supplied from the electrical generating station. All the arrangements
in the electrical pomes system are done to meet up this basic requirement. Although in
alternating power system, reactive power always comes in to picture. This reactive power is
expressed in Kilo VAR or Mega VAR
The demand for this reactive power is mainly originated from the inductive load
connected to the system. These inductive loads are generally electromagnetic circuits of
electric motors, electrical transformers, the inductance of transmission and distribution
networks, induction furnaces, fluorescent lightings, etc. This reactive power should be
properly compensated otherwise, the ratio of actual power consumed by the load, to the total
power I.e., vector sum of active and reactive power, of the system becomes quite less.
This ratio is alternatively known as the electrical power factor, and fewer ratios indicate
the poor power factor of the system. If the power factor of the system is poor, the ampere
burden of the transmission, distribution network, transformers, alternators and other
equipment connected to the system, becomes high for required active power. And hence
reactive power compensation becomes so important. This is commonly done by the
capacitor bank.
3.9 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS:
Lightning arrestors with earth switch lightning arrestors after the current transformer
are used so as to protect it from lightening i.e., from high voltage entering into it. This
lightning arrestor has an earth switch, which can directly earth the lightning. The arrestor
works at 30 to 45" angel of the lightening making a cone. The earthing switch can be
operated manually. by pulling the switch towards the ground. This also helps in breaking the
line entering the station by doing so maintenance and repair of any instrument can be
performed.

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 Fig 3.9. lightning arresters

Lightning can create voltage surges in several of the following ways. Lightning can
score a direct hit on your house. It can strike the overhead power line which enters your
house, or the main power line that is blocks away from your home. Lightning can strike
branch circuitry wiring in the walls of your house. Lightning can strike an object near your
homes such as a tree or the ground itself and cause a surge. Voltage surges can be created
by the cloud-to-cloud lightning near your home. A highly charged cloud that passes over
your home can also induce a voltage surge.

3.10 ISOLATOR:
The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage flow through the line into the
bus. This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only need for
voltage and rest is earthed by itself. Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support
and separate electrical conductors without allowing current through themselves

Fig 3.10. lightning arresters

An insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment is
called insulation. The term insulator is also used more specifically to refer to insulating
supports used to attach electric power distribution or transmission lines to utility poles and
transmission towers. They support the weight of the suspended wires without allowing the
current to flow through the tower to the ground.

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3.11 BATTERY:
Generally, we give D.C supply to all protective equipment like relays indicator and
for controlling devices through batteries in substations.

Fig 3.11. Battery

Generally, each battery is of 1.5 to 3V and are connected in series. Battery chargers
are automatically stabilized D.C power source meant to fed the connected load and
simultaneously trickle charge the battery, there by maintaining it continuously healthy and
ready to feed the load in the emergency situation of A.C supply failure. They supply power
to the relays even during the interruption of supply of power to the substation, as the
equipment used are costly and needed to be protected even when the power is turned off.

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 CHAPTER 4
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

We visited the 33/11Kv sub-station in May 2022. We studied and observed the
following Single line diagram and electrical equipment in the substation

Fig 4.0. Single line diagram

In Vijay Nagar Colony substation we observe two incoming feeders connected to

33KV busbar from which they are stepped down to 11KV using two 12.5MVA power
transformers and then connected to seven outgoing feeders.
33KV Side
The two incoming feeders are:
1.Shapur Nagar
2.IDPL
11KV Side
The seven outgoing feeders are:
1. Jayanagar Feeder
2. Sapthagiri Feeder
3. A.S. Raju Nagar Feeder
4. Allwyn Colony Feeder

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 5. Yellamma Banda Feeder
6. Venkat Rao Nagar Feeder
7. Shanthi Nagar Feeder
4.1 POWER TRANSFORMER
A Power Transformer is a main part in Substation. The Power transformer is a one kind
of transformer, that is used to transfer electrical energy in any part of the electrical or
electronic circuit between the generator and the distribution primary circuits. These
transformers are used in distribution systems to interface step up and step-down voltages.
The common type of power transformer is liquid immersed and the life span of these
transformers is around 30 years.

Fig 4.1. Power Transformer

Specifications:

Capacity: 12.5MVA
Voltage Rating: 33/11KV
Transformer Ratio: 33/11
No of Tappings:17
Frequency:50Hz
Primary Rated Current:140Amps
Secondary Rated Current:420Amps Percentage Impedance:8.35
No-Load Losses:8.5KW

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4.2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current Transformers are used for measuring current and monitoring the operation of
power grid. The current Transformer is connected in series with line which measures current
and step-down current for control panel.

Figure 4.2. Current Transformer

Specifications:
Type: Outdoor Oil Cooled, Live Tank
Current Transformer Ratio: 600-300/1-1-0.577 A
Frequency: 50Hz

4.3 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Potential transformer is also called as Voltage Transformer and is connected in parallel
with transformer

Fig 4.3. Voltage Transformer

Specifications:

33KV Potential Transformer 11KV Potential Transformer

Ratio:33KV/110V Ratio:11KV/110V
Type: Outdoor Oil Cooled Type: Outdoor Oil Cooled
Burden:30VA Burden:50VA
Frequency: 50Hz Frequency: 50Hz

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4.4 CIRCUIT BREAKER:
Circuit breakers are used to open and close circuits. They can be operated manually
to perform maintenance or will automatically trip if a short circuit occurs. This function in
the power system is similar to that of the fuses or breakers in a household distribution panel.
It is widely used for the substation for the overload or high current protection.

Fig 4.4 Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is a switching device that interrupts the abnormal or fault current.
It is a mechanical device that disturbs the flow of high magnitude (fault) current and in
additions performs the function of a switch. The circuit breaker is mainly designed for
closing or opening of an electrical circuit, thus protects the electrical system from damage.
Specifications:
Type: Vacuum Circuit Breaker Voltage: 36KV
Normal Current: 1250Amps
Breaking Capcity:25KAmps Frequency: 50Hz

4.5 LIGHTING ARRESTERS:

Lighting Arresters is used to protect equipment’s in substation from surge voltages
from the line during lighting.

Fig 4.5. Lighting Arrester

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Specifications:
Type: Morester Gapless Surge Arrester
Voltage Rating:30KV
Current Capacity:10Amps Frequency: 50Hz
4.6 ISOLATORS:
Isolators are normally interlocked with Circuit breakers and earthing switches. These
are operated at No-Load.

Fig 4.6 Isolators

Specifications:
Voltage Rating:33/36KV
Current Rating:2000-1250Amps
Frequency: 50Hz

4.7 STATION TRANSFORMER:

The supply for the 11 kV station boards is via a 132 kV, 275 kV or 400 kV/11 kV station
transformer, the rating of which is chosen to provide a starting facility for the unit, and
standby capacity to the unit transformer in the case of its being unavailable, due to an outage.
The station transformers' duties summarized as follows:
1. Supply the total 'station' load (due to outage of the other station transformer) as well
as supplying the starting load of a unit.
2. Supply its proportion of the station load and the CMR unit load when acting as
replacement for a unit transformer.

Fig 4.7 Station Transformer

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 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

We got the clear view of the components used within the substation and the components out
of the substation which support the operation of the substation. It is understood that
transmission and distribution stations exist at various scales throughout a power system. In
general, it represents an interface between different levels or sections of the power system,
and the capability to switch or reconfigure the connections among various transmission and
distribution lines.

The major stations include a control room from which operations are coordinated. Smaller
distribution substations follow the same principle of receiving power at higher voltage on
one side and sending out a number of distribution feeders at lower voltage on the other, but
they serve a more limited local area and are generally unstaffed. The central component of
the substation is the transformer, as it provides the effective in enface between the high- and
low-voltage parts of the system. The substation also involves Current transformers and
Potential transformers that are used on the High voltage end of transformer which makes
the possibility of measurement of high voltages and high currents.

The substation also involves the protection against the lighting using lightning arrestors, the
earthing provided within the substation support the discharge of surge and leakage currents
and the Horn gap fuses are open type which make ease of operation. Other crucial
components are circuit breakers and switches. Breakers serve as protective devices that open
automatically in the event of a fault, that is, when a protective relay indicates excessive
current due to some abnormal condition.

Switches are control devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish or break
a connection. An important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that breakers
are designed to interrupt abnormally high currents (as they occur only in those very
situations for which circuit protection is needed), whereas regular switches are designed to
be operable under normal currents.

The distribution system plays an important role serving the industrial, domestic and
commercial consumers letting the consumers get the required voltage by providing them
with separate feeders and industrial consumers has an extra meter connected for the proper
measurement of the consumed power and the operating power factor. Without the
distribution station the usage of the high voltage is made impossible for the low-level
consumers which take the bigger part in the usage of power in the country.

Hence, we understood that there are many auxiliary equipment’s in order to step the voltage
form high voltage to low voltage. And each and every equipment has different purpose and
play a different and important role in measuring and protecting the power transformer. The
transformers which are rated more than 1MVA are called as Power Transformers. And the
voltage supplied to the consumers are maintained at nearly constant temperature with the
help of Onload Tap changers. And there by satisfying the needs of the consumers.
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 REFERENCES

The following list of books or websites provide the complete details about the
different aspects of “Distribution Transformers”.

1. Distribution Transformer Handbook - Alexander Publications

2. Distribution Transformer Manual - General Electric
3. Distribution Transformers (Chapter 2) - Dudley L. Galloway and Dan Mulkey
4. J&P Transformer Book - Martin J. Heathcoate
5. Transformer Installation and Maintenance (Chapter 3) - Alan Oswalt
6. Webpage: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_transformer

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