Electrical Power and Machines

Lecture 4

<Dr Ahmed El-Shenawy>

<Dr Hadi El Helw>

DC Generators

Electric Equivalent Circuit of a DC Generator

Field Winding

Ra +
-
E
ia

RL

Field winding is responsible of setting up a flux

 Types of DC Generators

1. Permanent Magnet Generators

φ Constant Flux
Ra +
-
E
Ia
Ia = IL

IL

RL

This type is characterized by being smaller, lighter and more efficient

compared to wound generators

2. Electro-magnet Generators VF
a. Separately Excited If Rf

- +
Ia = IL E
Ia Ra
b. Self Excited RL IL

Rf

If
- +
E
Ia Ra Ia = If + IL

RL IL
 Induced E.M.F Equation
e.m.f “EC” is generated in armature windings
EC = BLV
B: Flux density (T) N
L
L: length of conductor (m)
V: velocity of conduction motion r
V =Wr
B =φ / A = φ/ L Ap = φ/ [L(πD/P)]
V = Wr = (2πN/60)r (N: rev/min)

Then  WD  PW S
Ec   L 
L ( D P ) 2 2
Machine e.m.f “Ea” = EC (total no. of conductors/no. of parallel paths)
 PW Z
Ea    K a  pW
2 a
Where Ka = ZP/2 π a ……………….. Machine constant
And Z = 2 C NC (C:no. of coils, NC : no. of turns)

Example

Calculate the voltage generated by a six pole dc machine if its windings are: 1)
lap wound 2) Wave wound, if the flux per pole is 0.05 wb. and the generator
speed is 120 rev/min, 200 armature coils with 15 turns each

Solution

Z = 2CNC = 2×200×15 = 6000 conductors

1)Lap wound
a= P=6
Ea = Ka φp w = [6000×6/2π ×6]×0.05×[2π×120/60] = 600 V
2)Wave wound
a=2
Ea = Ka φp w = [6000×6/2π×2]×0.05×[2π×120/60] = 1800 V
Torque Equation

P = Ea Ia = Ka φp w Ia = T × w
Then the developed torque is given by: Td = P/w = Ka φp Ia

Example
A 24 slot, 2 pole Dc machine has 18 turns per coil, the average flux density per
pole is 1T. The effective length is 20 cm and the armature radius is 10 cm. the
magnetic poles are designed to cover 80 % of the armature periphery. If the
armature velocity is 183.2 rad/sec and the armature current is 25 A, determine:
• the current in each conductor
• the developed torque
• the developed power
Solution
•As the machine is a 2 pole,
•then IC = Ia / 2 = 25/2 = 12.5 A
• Ap = 2πrL/p = 2×3.14×0.1×0.2/2 = 0.063 m2,
•as Ae = 0.8 Ap ,
•then Ae = 0.8×0.063 = 0.05 m2,

•then φp = B Ae = 1×0.05 = 0.05 wb

•and Ka = (Zp/2πa) = (2×24×18)×2/2П×2 = 137.51
•Td = Ka Ia φp = 137.51×25×0.05 = 171.89 N.m
• Pd = Td ×w = 171.89×183.2 = 31490 W
 Magnetization characteristics of DC machine

As Ea α φp w, now if the armature circuit is left open, and armature is rotated at rated
speed, then Ea = K1 φp = Ka wm φp and since φp = Kf If (flux per pole depend on the
m.m.f provided by current If ) then Ea = K1 Kf If

Induced E.M.F at no load

Air gap line
Since Ea is an indirect measure of the Magnetic
Air gap circuit
flux per pole and since If is a measure m.m.f

of the applied m.m.f (Nf If ), then the

curve is similar to a B-H curve

From previous operation of the machine Er

Field Current If
m.m.f required for magnetic material is almost negligible at small values of flux density

Separately Excited Dc Generator

VF
Ea = Vt + Ia Ra
If Rf
IL = Ia
- +
Vf = If Rf
E
Ia Ra
RL IL

- Vt +
Ea = VN L
Drop due to armature resistance and reaction
Vt

Speed
 Shunt Generator

Rf
If = Vt /Rf
If
Ia = IL +If - +
E
Vt = Ea – IaRa =ILRL Ia Ra Ia
RL IL

- Vt +

VNL Magnetization curve •Er induces an e.m.f in armature winding

(Er) and as the field is parallel then a small If
Terminal Voltage

flows giving a m.m.f that sets up a flux

e
lin giving aid to the residual flux.
e
nc •An increase in the flux per pole will
ta
sis increase the induced e.m.f thus increasing
re If
el d
Fi •The shunt generator continues to build up
Er voltage until the point of intersection of the
field resistance line and the magnetization
saturation curve
If

Note :
A decrease in the field circuit resistance will cause the shunt generator to build up
faster to a higher voltage, the generator will not build up if the field resistance is
greater than or equal the critical resistance

RF2
RF
VNL RC RF1
Terminal Voltage

Er RC >RF2 >RF >RF1

If
Series Generator
Rf

Ia
IL = Vt /RL Ra IL

+
Ia = IL = If

Vt
+ RL
Vt = Ea – Ia Ra –Ia Rf
TS Ea

-
-
wm

•Series generators are used to supply a constant load current

•Rf should be small to reduce voltage drop (so it is made of thick wire)

Voltage Regulation

Voltage regulation is a measure of the terminal voltage drop at full load

V.R % = 100×(VNL – VFL )/VFL
VNL: NO load terminal voltage
VFL : Full load terminal voltage

Losses in DC Generators

Input Mechanical Power

Rotational losses “Pr” Developed Power “Pd” = EaIa

Mechanical Losses:
• Windage (drag on armature caused by air) • Output Power “Po” =Vt IL
• Friction (brushes-commutator , bearing-shaft) • Copper Losses “PCU” = I2R
Magnetic Losses:
• Hysteresis losses
• Eddy losses
 Power Flow Diagram

l)
na
io
at
ot
(R
P
r
Pin = T SWm Pd =TdWm= EaIa P0 = Vt I L

P CU
=
I2 R
Efficiency “η”
η %= (P0 /Pin) ×100

Example:

The d.c Separately-excited generator shown in Fig produces an open circuit emf
E of 220 V. Calculate the Terminal voltage V when generator supplies a current
of 10 A. The armature resistance is 1 ohm

Vt=Ea – Ra Ia

Where Ea= 220 V Ia= 10 A Ra= 1 ohm

Vt=220 – (10)(1)
=210 V
 Example:

A separately-excited d.c. generator produces an open-circuit voltage of 250 V

with field current of 1.5 A. If the field current is increased to 2 A, calculate
a) The new open-circuit emf.
b) The terminal voltage if the generator supplies a current of 5 A. Assume
armature resistance- 0.8 ohm and the speed remains constant.
Solution:

a) Since the speed is constant b) Vt=Ea – Ra Ia

b)
E1 I f 1

E2 If2 Where
Ea=333 V, Ia= 5 A and Ra = o.8 ohm
Where
E1=250 V, If1= 1.5 A and If2 = 2A V= 333 – (5)(0.8)
= 333 – 4
E2=250 (2/1.5)=333 V = 329 V

Example

A separately excited DC generator has a field resistance of 50 ohm, armature

resistance of 0.125 ohm and brush drop of 2V. At no load the generated voltage
is 275 V, and the full load current is 95 A. the field excitation voltage is 120 V and
the friction windage and core losses are 1500 watt. Calculate :
• The rated terminal voltage and output power
• the efficiency at full load
Solution
VF
Vt = Ea –IaRa –VB = 275-95×0.125-2 = 261.13 V
If Rf
P0 = Vt Ia = 26.13×95=24.81 Kw
Pin = P0 + Plosses - +
E
= 24.81×103+1500+952×0.125+1202/50 Ia Ra
= 27.913 Kw RL IL

η = (24.81/27.913)×100 = 88.88 % - Vt +