Advanced Wireless Power Transfer System

ADVANCED WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM
Submitted by
S .KALIMUTHU. Reg.No.(22300073)
I.KARUPUSAMY Reg.No.(22300075)
R.KESAVAN. Reg.No.(22300076)
E.KISHORE Reg.No.(22300077)
S.KOUSHIKEAN Reg.No.(22300078)
M.MADHAN KUMAR Reg.No.(22300080)
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

COIMBATORE – 641014.
Directorate of Technical Education, Chennai – 600025
Government of Tamilnadu
APRIL-2024
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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

(Approved By Govt. of Tamilnadu and AICTE)
Avinashi Road, Coimbatore - 641014. Ph(0422)- 2573218
E-mail: gptccbe@gmail.com
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Certificate
This is to certify that this project report titled
“ADVANCED WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM”

Is a bonafide project work done by
S .KALIMUTHU. Reg.No.(22300073)
I.KARUPUSAMY Reg.No.(22300075)
R.KESAVAN. Reg.No.(22300076)
E.KISHORE Reg.No.(22300077)
S.KOUSHIKEAN Reg.No.(22300078)
M.MADHAN KUMAR Reg.No.(22300080)
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Of
Directorate of Technical Education, Government of Tamil Nadu.
During the year 2023-2024
Project guide Head of the Department

______________________________________________________________________________
Certified that the candidate was examined by using the Project Viva-Voce examination
Held on _____________
Internal Examiner External Examiner

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ABSTRACT
In present era, every human needs a systems that transfer power in a

very efficiently way. Wireless power transfer is one of those system that
become a highly active research area in past few years. Wireless power system
transfer the power without using of wire and increase the efficiency by decreasing
power loss. In this paper, different methods are discussed for wireless power
transfer. In addition, a qualitative comparison between methods on the basis of
separation distance, power transmitting capacity, cost, efficiency and safety issue
discussed. Furthermore, we also discuss about recent technology on wireless
power transfer such as Qi, A4WP, and PMA technology. Furthermore there
are plenty of application of WPT such as in medical science, solar power
satellites (SPS) e.t.c.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At this pleasing moment of having successfully completed our project, We wish to
convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to our college Principal TMT.THENMOZHI, who has
provided all the facilities to us.
We are also grateful to the Head of Department Dr.G.SIVAGURUNATHAN, Ph.D, for
his constructive suggestions & encouragement during our project which leads to the successful
completion of our project.
With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest & sincere thanks to our guide Dr.
V.MURUGAVEL Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for his kind guidance
& encouragement during this project.
We also express our indebt thanks to our Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff
members of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
Government Polytechnic College, Coimbatore for their sincere support in completion of this
project.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITTLE PAGE

NO NO
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS x
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 5
4 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 7
4.1 POWER SUPPLY 8
4.2 TYPES OF BRIDGE RECTIFIERS 10
4.3 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS 13
4.4 TRANSFORMER 15
4.5 INVERTER 16
4.6 INDUCTIVE COUPLING 23
4.7 WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER (WPT) 25
4.8 LED 26
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4.9 DC MOTOR 27
5 SOFTWARE 34
5.1 PCB DESIGN 35
5.2 PCB BOARD DESIGN 38
6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 40
6.1 ADVANTAGE 41
6.2 DISADVANTAGE 41
7 APPLICATION OF WPT 42
7.1 MEDICAL DEVICES 43
7.2 ELECTRICAL VECHICLES 43
7.3 SOLAR POWER SATELLITE (SPS) 43
8 CONCLUSION 44
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 46
10 PHOTO GRAPHY 48
11 PROJECT ESTIMATION 50
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO
3.1 Block Diagram 6
4.1.1 Power Supply Diagram 8
4.1.2 Bridge Rectifier Diagram 9
4.2.1 Single Phase & Three Phase Rectifier Diagram 10
4.2.2 Uncontrolled Bridge Rectifier Diagram 10
4.2.3 Controlled Bridge Rectifier Diagram 11
4.2.4 Bridge Rectifier Diagram 12
4.3.2 (A) Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators Diagram 14
4.4.1 Transformer Diagram 15
4.5.3 Square Wave 17
4.5.4 Sine Wave 18
4.5.5 Waveform Produced 12 Volt Dc To 120 V Ac 60 Hz 19

Inverter
4.5.6 An Example Of PWM Voltage Modulated 21
4.6 Inductive Coupling 23
4.8 LED Diagram 26

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4.9 DC Motor 27
4.9.6 (A) Motor Driver IC 32
5.1.1 PCB Board Diagram 38
10.1 Photography 49
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DC - DIRECT CURRENT
AC - ALTERNATING CURRENT
SCR - SILICON CONTROLLER RECTIFIER
MOSFET - METAL–OXIDE–SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD-EFFECT

TRANSISTOR
IGBT - INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
V - VOLTAGE
PIV - PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE
D - DIODE
IC - INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
VI - INPUT VOLTAGE
VO - OUTPUT VOLTAGE
GND - GROUND
IN - INPUT
OU - OUTPUT
PIC - PERIPHERAL INTERFACE CONTROLLER
CPU - CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

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RISC - REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER
MHZ - MEGA HERTZ
RAM - RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
MA - MICRO AMPS
PWM - PULSE WITH MODULATION
CCP - CAPTURE, COMPARE, PULSE WITH MODULATION
SSP - SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL PORT
BOR - BROWN-OUT RESET
POR - POWER-ON RESET
PWRT - POWER-UP TIMER
OST - OSCILLATOR START-UP TIMER
WDT - WATCHDOG TIMER
RC - RESISTOR CAPACITOR
IC - INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
TMR - TIMER
A/D - ANALOG TO DIGITAL
DVD - DIGITAL VIDEO DISC

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CRT - CATHODE RAY TUBE
LED - LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
PCB - PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD
WPT - WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION
SPS - SOLAR POWER SATELLITE (SPS)

CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
The project is a device to transfer power wireless instead of using
conventional copper cable and current carrying wires. The concept of
wireless power transfer was introduced by Nikolas Tesla. This power is
made to be transferred within a small range only for example charging
rechargeable batteries etc. For demonstration purposes we have used a fan
instead of battery that operates by using wireless power. This requires an
electronic circuit for conversion of ac 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, high
frequency and this is then fed to a primary coil of an air core transformer. The
secondary coil of the transformer develops 12V high frequency. Therefore by
this way the power get transformed through primary coil to secondary coil
that are separated by certain distance around 3cm. Here the primary coil acts
as transmitter and secondary coil receives the power to run a load. This
project can be used to charge batteries of a pace marker and similar
applications.
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CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
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2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
After the immense research in electromagnetic field by many pioneers
and development of electromagnetic induction law by Michael Faraday which
gives the basis of wireless power transfer. In 1891 Nikola Tesla was the first
pioneer who started working on wireless power transfer system in his
“experimental station” at Colorado, by using Tesla coils. Tesla want to develop
a wireless power system that is capable of transmmitting power over long
distances. He proposed many such systems. Nikola Tesla successfully lighted a
small incandescent lamp by means of a resonant circuit grounded on one end.
The lamp is lighted by the current induced in the coil.
Wardenclyffe tower was also designed by Tesla for Trans-Atlantic
wireless telephone and also for demonstrating wireless electrical power
transmission. In 2008 the wireless power consortium was established to connect
all manufactures its Qi inductive power standard enable wireless power
charging and powering of portable devices of capacity up to 5W with separation
distance 4cm. In recent years the research on microwave and LASER wireless
power transmission system such as solar power satellite has increased.
Energy harvesting also called power harvesting which is the conversion
of ambient energy from environment to electric power which mainly used to
power mini watts wireless electronic devices. The ambient energy is produce
from stray electric or magnetic field or radio waves.
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CHAPTER – 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure No.3.1 Block Diagram
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CHAPTER – 4
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
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4.1 POWER SUPPLY
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to
an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one
form of electrical energy to another and, as a result, power supplies are
sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are
discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into larger devices along
with their loads. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop
computers and consumer electronics devices.
Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well
as any energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source.
Depending on its design, a power supply may obtain energy from various types
of energy sources, including electrical energy transmission systems, energy
storage devices such as a batteries and fuel cells, electromechanical systems
such as generators and alternators, solar power converters, or another power
supply.
All power supplies have a power input, which receives energy from the
energy source, and a power output that delivers energy to the load. In most
power supplies the power input and output consist of electrical connectors or
hardwired circuit connections, though some power supplies employ wireless
energy transfer in lieu of galvanic connections for the power input or output.
Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for
functions such as external monitoring and control.
Figure No 4.1.1Power Supply Diagram
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Bridge Rectifier Circuit with Working Operation and Their Types A
bridge rectifier circuit is a common part of the electronic power supplies. Many
electronic circuits require rectified DC power supply for powering the various
electronic basic components from available AC mains supply. We can find this
rectifier in a wide variety of electronic AC power devices like home appliances,
motor controllers, modulation process, welding applications, etc.
Figure No 4.1.2 Bridge Rectifier Diagram

What is a Bridge Rectifier?
A Bridge rectifier is an Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC)
converter that rectifies mains AC input to DC output. Bridge Rectifiers are
widely used in power supplies that provide necessary DC voltage for the
electronic components or devices. They can be constructed with four or more
diodes or any other controlled solid state switches. Depending on the load
current requirements, a proper bridge rectifier is selected. Components’ ratings
and specifications, breakdown voltage, temperature ranges, transient current
rating, forward current rating, mounting requirements and other considerations
are taken into account while selecting a rectifier power supply for an
appropriate electronic circuit’s application.
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4.2 TYPES OF BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
Bride rectifiers are classified into several types based on these factors:
type of supply, controlling capability, bride circuit’s configurations, etc. Bridge
rectifiers are mainly classified into single and three phase rectifiers. Both these
types are further classified into uncontrolled, half controlled and full controlled
rectifiers. Some of these types of rectifiers are described below.
1. Single Phase and Three Phase Rectifiers
Figure No 4.2.1 Single Phase & Three Phase Rectifier Diagram

The nature of supply, i.e., a single phase or three-phase supply decides these
rectifiers. The Single phase bridge rectifier consists of four diodes for
converting AC into DC, whereas a three phase rectifier uses six diodes, as
shown in the figure. These can be again uncontrolled or controlled rectifiers
depending on the circuit components such as diodes, thyristors, and so on.
2. Uncontrolled Bridge Rectifiers
Figure No 4.2.2 Uncontrolled Bridge Rectifier Diagram
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This bridge rectifier uses diodes for rectifying the input as shown in the
figure. Since the diode is a unidirectional device that allows the current flow in
one direction only. With this configuration of diodes in the rectifier, it doesn’t
allow the power to vary depending on the load requirement. So this type of
rectifier is used in constant or fixed power supplies.
3. Controlled Bridge Rectifier
Figure No 4.2.3 Controlled Bridge Rectifier Diagram

In this type of rectifier, AC/DC converter or rectifier – instead of
uncontrolled diodes, controlled solid state devices like SCR’s, MOSFET’s,
IGBT’s, etc. are used to vary the output power at different voltages. By
triggering these devices at various instants, the output power at the load is
appropriately changed.
Bridge Rectifier Circuit Diagram
The main advantage of bridge rectifier is that it produces almost double
the output voltage as with the case of a full wave rectifier using center-tapped
transformer. But this circuit doesn’t need center tapped transformer so it
resembles low-cost rectifier. The bridge rectifier circuit diagram consists of
various stages of devices like transformer, Diode Bridge, filtering and
regulators. Generally all these blocks combination is called as regulated DC
power supply that powers various electronic appliances.
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The first stage of the circuit is a transformer which is a step-down type that
changes the amplitude of the input voltage. Most of the electronic projects uses
230/12V transformer to step-down the AC mains 230V to 12V AC supply.
Figure No 4.2.4 Bridge Rectifier Diagram

Next stage is a diode-bridge rectifier which uses four or more diodes
depending on the type of bridge rectifier. Choosing a particular diode or any
other switching device for a corresponding rectifier needs some considerations
of the device like Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV), forward current If, voltage
ratings, etc. It is responsible for producing unidirectional or DC current at the
load by conducting a set of diodes for every half cycle of the input signal. Since
the output after the diode bridge rectifiers is of pulsating nature, and for
producing it as a pure DC, filtering is necessary. Filtering is normally performed
with one or more capacitors attached across the load, as you can observe in the
below figure wherein smoothing of wave is performed. This capacitor rating
also depends on the output voltage.
The last stage of this regulated DC supply is a voltage regulator that maintains
the output voltage to a constant level. Suppose the microcontroller works at 5V
DC, but the output after the bridge rectifier is around 16V, so to reduce this
voltage, and to maintain a constant level – no matter voltage changes in input
side – a voltage regulator is necessary.
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Bridge Rectifier Operation
As we discussed above, a single-phase bridge rectifier consists of four
diodes and this configuration is connected across the load. For understanding
the bridge rectifier’s working principle, we have to consider the below circuit
for demonstration purpose. During the Positive half cycle of the input AC
waveform diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased and D3 and D4 are reverse
biased. When the voltage, more than the threshold level of the diodesD1 and
D2, starts conducting – the load current starts flowing through it, as shown as
red lines path in the diagram below.
4.3 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC
units contain the circuit for reference source, comparator amplifier, control
device, and overload protection all in a single IC.
Although the internal construction of the IC is somewhat different from
that described for discrete regulator circuits, the external operation is much the
same. IC units provide regulator of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed
negative, or an adjustable set voltage.
A power supply can be built using a transformer connected to the AC
supply line to step the AC voltage to desired amplitude, then rectifying that AC
voltage, filtering with a capacitor and RC filter, if desired, and finally regulator
the DC voltage using an IC regulator.
The regulators can be selected for operation with load current from
hundreds of mill amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings
from mill watts to tens of watts.
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4.3.1 TREE-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS
Fig shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to
load. The fixed voltage regulator has on unregulated DC input voltage, VI,
applied to one input terminal, a regulator output DC voltage, VO, from a second
terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground.
For a selected regulator, IC device specifications list a voltage range over
which the input voltage can vary to maintain a regulator output voltage over a
range of load current. The specification also lists the amount of output voltage
change resulting from a change in load current (load regulator) or in input
voltage (line regulator).
4.3.2 FIXED POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS

FROM TRANSFORMER SEC
Figure No 4.3.2 (A) Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators Diagram

The series 78 regulators provide fixed regulated voltage from 5 to 24V.
Figure shows how one such IC, a 7812, is connected to provide voltage
regulator without from this units of +12V DC. An unregulated input voltage VI
is filtered by capacitor CI and connected to the IC’s IN terminal. The IC’s OUT
terminal provide a regulated +12V which is filtered by capacitor C2 (mostly for
any high-frequency noise). The third IC terminal is connected to ground
(GND). Which the input voltage may vary over some permissible voltage range,
and the output load may vary over some acceptable range, the output voltage
remains constant within specified voltage variation limits.
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4.4 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy
between two or more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer
produces a varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a varying
electromotive force across a second coil wound around the same core. Electrical
energy can be transferred between the two coils, without a metallic connection
between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831
described the induced voltage effect in any coil due to changing magnetic flux
encircled by the coil. Transformers are used for increasing or decreasing the
alternating voltages in electric power applications, and for coupling the stages
of signal processing circuits. Since the invention of the first constant-potential
transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for the transmission,
distribution, and utilization of alternating current electric power. A wide range
of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power
applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic
centimeter in volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect
the power grid.
Figure No 4.4.1 Transformer Diagram
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4.5 INVERTER
A power inverter, inverter, or invertor is a power electronic device or
circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The
resulting AC frequency obtained depends on the particular device employed.
Inverters do the opposite of rectifiers which were originally large
electromechanical devices converting AC to DC.
The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and
overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or circuitry.
The inverter does not produce any power; the power is provided by the DC
source.
A power inverter can be entirely electronic or maybe a combination of
mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static
inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process.
Power inverters are primarily used in electrical power applications where
high currents and voltages are present; circuits that perform the same function
for electronic signals, which usually have very low currents and voltages, are
called oscillators. Circuits that perform the opposite function, converting AC to
DC, are called rectifiers.
4.5.1 INPUT AND OUTPUT

A typical power inverter device or circuit requires a stable DC power
source capable of supplying enough current for the intended power demands of
the system. The input voltage depends on the design and purpose of the inverter.
Examples include: 12 V DC, for smaller consumer and commercial inverters
that typically run from a rechargeable 12 V lead acid battery or automotive
electrical outlet. 24, 36, and 48 V DC, which are common standards for home
energy systems. 200 to 400 V DC, when power is from photovoltaic solar
panels. 300 to 450 V DC, when power is from electric vehicle battery packs in
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vehicle-to-grid systems. Hundreds of thousands of volts, where the inverter is
part of a high-voltage direct current power transmission system.
4.5.2 OUTPUT WAVEFORM

An inverter may produce a square wave, sine wave, modified sine wave,
pulsed sine wave, or near-sine pulse-width modulated wave (PWM) depending
on circuit design. Common types of inverters produce square waves or quasi-
square waves. One measure of the purity of a sine wave is the total harmonic
distortion (THD). Technical standards for commercial power distribution grids
require less than 3% THD in the wave shape at the customer's point of
connection. IEEE Standard 519 recommends less than 5% THD for systems
connecting to a power grid. There are two basic designs for producing
household plug-in voltage from a lower-voltage DC source, the first of which
uses a switching boost converter to produce a higher-voltage DC and then
converts to AC. The second method converts DC to AC at battery level and uses
a line-frequency transformer to create the output voltage.
4.5.3 SQUARE WAVE
Figure No 4.5.3 SQUARE WAVE

This is one of the simplest waveforms an inverter design can produce and
is best suited to low-sensitivity applications such as lighting and heating. Square
wave output can produce "humming" noises when connected to audio
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equipment and is generally unsuitable for sensitive electronics. A 50% duty
cycle square wave is equivalent to a sine wave with 48% THD.
4.5.4 SINE WAVE
Figure No 4.5.4 SINE WAVE

A power inverter device that produces a multiple step sinusoidal AC
waveform is referred to as a sine wave inverter. To more clearly distinguish the
inverters with outputs of much less distortion than the modified sine
wave (three-step) inverter designs, the manufacturers often use the phrase pure
sine wave inverter. Almost all consumer grade inverters that are sold as a "pure
sine wave inverter" do not produce a smooth sine wave output at all,[citation
needed] just a less choppy output than the square wave (two-step) and modified
sine wave (three-step) inverters. However, this is not critical for most
electronics as they deal with the output quite well.
Where power inverter devices substitute for standard line power, a sine
wave output is desirable because many electrical products are engineered to
work best with a sine wave AC power source. The standard electric utility
provides a sine wave, typically with minor imperfections but sometimes with
significant distortion.
Sine wave inverters with more than three steps in the wave output are
more complex and have significantly higher cost than a modified sine wave,
with only three steps, or square wave (one step) types of the same power
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handling. Switched-mode power supply (SMPS) devices, such as personal
computers or DVD players, function on modified sine wave power. AC motors
directly operated on non-sinusoidal power may produce extra heat, may have
different speed-torque characteristics, or may produce more audible noise than
when running on sinusoidal power.
4.5.5 MODIFIED SINE WAVE
Figure No 4.5.5 WAVEFORM PRODUCED 12 VOLT DC TO 120 V AC

60 HZ INVERTER
The modified sine wave is the sum of two square waves, one of which is
delayed one-quarter of the period with respect to the other. The result is a
repeated voltage step sequence of zero, peak positive, zero, peak negative, and
again zero. The resultant voltage waveform better approximates the shape of a
sinusoidal voltage waveform than a single square wave. Most inexpensive
consumer power inverters produce a modified sine wave rather than a pure sine
wave.
If the waveform is chosen to have its peak voltage values for half of the
cycle time, the peak voltage to RMS voltage ratio is the same as for a sine wave.
The DC bus voltage may be actively regulated, or the "on" and "off" times can
be modified to maintain the same RMS value output up to the DC bus voltage to
compensate for DC bus voltage variations. By changing the pulse width, the
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harmonic spectrum can be changed. The lowest THD for a three-step modified
sine wave is 30% when the pulses are at 130 degrees width of each electrical
cycle. This is slightly lower than for a square wave.
The ratio of on to off time can be adjusted to vary the RMS voltage while
maintaining a constant frequency with a technique called pulse-width
modulation (PWM). The generated gate pulses are given to each switch in
accordance with the developed pattern to obtain the desired output. The
harmonic spectrum in the output depends on the width of the pulses and the
modulation frequency. It can be shown that the minimum distortion of a three-
level waveform is reached when the pulses extend over 130 degrees of the
waveform, but the resulting voltage will still have about 30% THD, higher than
commercial standards for grid-connected power sources. When operating
induction motors, voltage harmonics are usually not of concern; however,
harmonic distortion in the current waveform introduces additional heating and
can produce pulsating torques.
Numerous items of electric equipment will operate quite well on modified
sine wave power inverter devices, especially loads that are resistive in nature
such as traditional incandescent light bulbs. Items with a switched-mode power
supply operate almost entirely without problems, but if the item has a mains
transformer, this can overheat depending on how marginally it is rated.
However, the load may operate less efficiently owing to the harmonics
associated with a modified sine wave and produce a humming noise during
operation. This also affects the efficiency of the system as a whole, since the
manufacturer's nominal conversion efficiency does not account for harmonics.
Therefore, pure sine wave inverters may provide significantly higher efficiency
than modified sine wave inverters.
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Most AC motors will run on MSW inverters with an efficiency reduction
of about 20% owing to the harmonic content. However, they may be quite
noisy. A series LC filter tuned to the fundamental frequency may help.
A common modified sine wave inverter topology found in consumer
power inverters is as follows: An onboard microcontroller rapidly switches on
and off power MOSFETs at high frequency like ~50 kHz. The MOSFETs
directly pull from a low voltage DC source (such as a battery). This signal then
goes through step-up transformers (generally many smaller transformers are
placed in parallel to reduce the overall size of the inverter) to produce a higher
voltage signal. The output of the step-up transformers then gets filtered by
capacitors to produce a high voltage DC supply. Finally, this DC supply is
pulsed with additional power MOSFETs by the microcontroller to produce the
final modified sine wave signal. More complex inverters use more than two
voltages to form a multiple-stepped approximation to a sine wave. These can
further reduce voltage and current harmonics and THD compared to an inverter
using only alternating positive and negative pulses; but such inverters require
additional switching components, increasing cost.
4.5.6 NEAR SINE WAVE PWM
Figure No 4.5.6 AN EXAMPLE OF PWM VOLTAGE MODULATED
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Some inverters use PWM to create a waveform that can be low pass
filtered to re-create the sine wave. These only require one DC supply, in the
manner of the MSN designs, but the switching takes place at a far faster rate,
typically many kHz, so that the varying width of the pulses can be smoothed to
create the sine wave. If a microprocessor is used to generate the switching
timing, the harmonic content and efficiency can be closely controlled.
Output frequency : The AC output frequency of a power inverter device is
usually the same as standard power line frequency, 50 or 60 hertz. The
exception is in designs for motor driving, where a variable frequency results in a
variable speed control. Also, if the output of the device or circuit is to be further
conditioned (for example stepped up) then the frequency may be much higher
for good transformer efficiency.
Output voltage : The AC output voltage of a power inverter is often regulated
to be the same as the grid line voltage, typically 120 or 240 VAC at the
distribution level, even when there are changes in the load that the inverter is
driving. This allows the inverter to power numerous devices designed for
standard line power. Some inverters also allow selectable or continuously
variable output voltages.
Output power : A power inverter will often have an overall power rating
expressed in watts or kilowatts. This describes the power that will be available
to the device the inverter is driving and, indirectly, the power that will be
needed from the DC source. Smaller popular consumer and commercial devices
designed to mimic line power typically range from 150 to 3000 watts. Not all
inverter applications are solely or primarily concerned with power delivery; in
some cases the frequency and or waveform properties are used by the follow-on
circuit or device.
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4.6 INDUCTIVE COUPLING
In electrical engineering, two conductors are said to be inductively
coupled or magnetically coupled when they are configured in a way such that
change in current through one wire induces a voltage across the ends of the
other wire through electromagnetic induction. A changing current through the
first wire creates a changing magnetic field around it by Ampere's circuital law.
The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) voltage in
the second wire by Faraday's law of induction. The amount of inductive
coupling between two conductors is measured by their mutual inductance.
The coupling between two wires can be increased by winding them
into coils and placing them close together on a common axis, so the magnetic
field of one coil passes through the other coil. Coupling can also be increased
by a magnetic core of a ferromagnetic material like iron or ferrite in the coils,
which increases the magnetic flux. The two coils may be physically contained
in a single unit, as in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer, or
may be separated. Coupling may be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional
inductive coupling can cause signals from one circuit to be induced into a
nearby circuit, this is called cross-talk, and is a form of electromagnetic
interference.
Figure No 4.6 INDUCTIVE COUPLING

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k is the coupling coefficient, Le1 and Le2 is the leakage inductance, M1 (M2) is
the mutual inductance Example of inductive coupling, 1910. The bottom coil is
connected to AC power. The alternating magnetic field through the top coil
induces current in it which lights the lamp.
An inductively coupled transponder consists of a solid
state transceiver chip connected to a large coil that functions as an antenna.
When brought within the oscillating magnetic field of a reader unit, the
transceiver is powered up by energy inductively coupled into its antenna and
transfers data back to the reader unit inductively.
Inductive coupling is widely used throughout electrical technology;
examples include:
 Electric motors and generators
 Inductive charging products
 Induction cookers and induction heating systems
 Induction loop communication systems
 Metal detectors
 Transformers
 Wireless power transfer
 Testing:
 Radio-frequency identification
 Presence of voltage
4.6.1 LOW-FREQUENCY INDUCTION

Low-frequency induction can be a dangerous form of inductive coupling
when it happens inadvertently. For example, if a long-distance metal pipeline is
installed along a right of way in parallel with a high-voltage power line, the
power line can induce current on the pipe. Since the pipe is a conductor,
insulated by its protective coating from the earth, it acts as a secondary winding
24
for a long, drawn out transformer whose primary winding is the power line.
Voltages induced on the pipe are then a hazard to people operating valves or
otherwise touching metal parts of the metal pipeline.
Reducing low-frequency magnetic fields may be necessary when dealing
with electronics, as sensitive circuits in close proximity to an instrument with a
power transformer could begin to display 60Hz pickup. Twisted wires are an
effective way of reducing the interference as signals induced in the successive
twists cancel. Using magnetic shielding is also an effective way of reducing
unwanted inductive coupling, though moving the source of the magnetic field
away from sensitive electronics is the simplest solution if possible.
Although induced currents can be harmful, they can also be helpful.
Electrical distribution line engineers use inductive coupling to tap power for
cameras on towers and at substations that allow remote monitoring of the
facilities. Using this they can watch from anywhere and not need to worry about
changing camera batteries or solar panel maintenance.
4.7 WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER (WPT）

Wireless power transfer (WPT), also known as no contact power
transmission, is a new type of power transmission way, which can realize from
the power to the load without electrical contact through the electromagnetic
field effect. Compared with traditional wire transmission has the problems of
transmission loss, the aging and point discharge, WPT can improve the
reliability and safety of power supply equipment and achieve low power to high
power, long distance to short distance and different power demand applications.
The main realization of WPT and its classification Among them, the near-field
coupling type comprises a magnetic inductive coupling, magnetic coupling
resonant electric field coupled. And far-field radiation type including
microwave radiation type and laser type, other ways including changing the
25
material of the coil, a circuit topology or transport structure improve energy
transmission efficiency.
In the above several transmission modes, the electric field coupling and
the magnetic field coupling wireless power transmission uses the near field
transmission, and the electric field to the human body is more serious harm than
the magnetic field, therefore the present research is relatively few. Now more
research is on the magnetic field coupling wireless power transmission. The
magnetically coupled resonant wireless power transfer (MCR-WPT) uses the
resonant principle to achieve high transmission efficiency and large power at
medium distances (transmission distances typically several times than the
transmission coil diameter), and the power transmission is not affected by the
space non-magnetic obstacles.
4.8 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It
is a pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated.]When a suitable
voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron
holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence, and the color of the light is determined by the
energy band gap of the semiconductor.
Figure No 4.8 LED Diagram
26
4.9 DC MOTOR
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts
direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types
rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors
have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic; to
periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.
Figure No 4.9 DC Motor

DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered
from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's
speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply
voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC
motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate
on direct current but is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power
tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric
vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of
power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible
in many applications.
4.9.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC MOTORS

A coil of wire with a current running through it generates
an electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the coil. The direction and
27
magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the coil can be changed with the
direction and magnitude of the current flowing through it.
A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and
an armature with one or more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft
iron core that concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually have
multiple turns around the core, and in large motors there can be several parallel
current paths. The ends of the wire winding are connected to a commutator. The
commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects the
rotating coils with the external power supply through brushes. (Brushless DC
motors have electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off and
have no brushes.) The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and
what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field
created. The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what
direction the effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off
coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating
magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent
or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a torque
on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator
fields use electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow greater
control over the motor. At high power levels, DC motors are almost always
cooled using forced air.
Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are
connected provides different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics.
The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to
the armature. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or
field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled
by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC
current into on and off cycles which have an effective lower voltage.
28
Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low
speed, it is often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and
trams. The DC motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on both
electric and diesel-electric locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric
drilling rigs for many years. The introduction of DC motors and an electrical
grid system to run machinery starting in the 1870s started a new second
Industrial Revolution. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable
batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles and
today's hybrid cars and electric cars as well as driving a host of cordless tools.
Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives,
or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines. Large DC
motors with separately excited fields were generally used with winder drives
for mine hoists, for high torque as well as smooth speed control using thyristor
drives. These are now replaced with large AC motors with variable frequency
drives. If external mechanical power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC
generator, a dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries
on hybrid car and electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid
used on a street car or electric powered train line when they slow down. This
process is called regenerative braking on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel
electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators to slow down
but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are adding large
battery packs to recapture some of this energy.
4.9.2 PERMANENT MAGNET STATORS

A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead
relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field
interacts to produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature
may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. Because this
29
field is fixed, it cannot be adjusted for speed control. PM Fields (stators) are
convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the field
winding. Most larger DC motors are of the "dynamo" type, which have stator
windings. Historically, PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were
disassembled; field windings were more practical to obtain the needed amount
of flux. However, large PMs are costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to
assemble; this favors wound fields for large machines.
To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high
energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such
are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric
machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally
designed singly fed synchronous and induction electric machines. Miniature
motors resemble the structure in the illustration, except that they have at least
three rotor poles (to ensure starting, regardless of rotor position) and their outer
housing is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field
magnets.
4.9.3 SERIES CONNECTION

A series DC motor connects the armature and field
windings in series with a common D.C. power source. The motor speed varies
as a non-linear function of load torque and armature current; current is common
to both the stator and rotor yielding current squared (I^2) behavior. A series
motor has very high starting torque and is commonly used for starting high
inertia loads, such as trains, elevators or hoists. This speed/torque characteristic
is useful in applications such as dragline excavators, where the digging tool
moves rapidly when unloaded but slowly when carrying a heavy load.
30
4.9.4 SHUNT CONNECTION
A shunt DC motor connects the armature and field windings in parallel or
shunt with a common D.C. power source. This type of motor has good speed
regulation even as the load varies, but does not have the starting torque of a
series DC motor. It is typically used for industrial, adjustable speed
applications, such as machine tools, winding/unwinding machines and
tensioners.
4.9.5 COMPOUND CONNECTION

A compound DC motor connects the armature and fields windings in a
shunt and a series combination to give it characteristics of both a shunt and a
series DC motor. This motor is used when both a high starting torque and good
speed regulation is needed. The motor can be connected in two arrangements:
cumulatively or differentially. Cumulative compound motors connect the series
field to aid the shunt field, which provides higher starting torque but less speed
regulation. Differential compound DC motors have good speed regulation and
are typically operated at constant speed.
4.9.6 MOTOR DRIVER

A motor driver is an integrated circuit chip which is usually used to
control motors in autonomous robots. Motor driver act as an interface between
Arduino and the motor. The most commonly used motor driver IC’s are from
the L293 series such as L293D L293NE, etc. These ICs are designed to control
2 DC motors simultaneously. L293 consist of two H-bridge. H-bridge is the
simplest circuit for controlling a low current rated motor. We will be referring
the motor driver IC as L293D only. L293D has 16 pins.
31
Figure No 4.9.6 (A) Motor Driver IC
1) L293D IC
2) 4 1 microfarad capacitor
3) 6 Header Male pins
Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download
5) Wires or female sockets
6) 2 Motors
7) Arduino (Any) to test the Driver
8) Computer with arduino IDE
9) Misc itmes like soldering iron, soldering Wire etc.
The L293D is a 16 pin IC, with eight pins, on each side, dedicated to the
controlling a motor. There are 2 INPUT pins, 2 OUTPUT pins and 1 ENABLE
pin for each motor L293D consist of two H-bridge. H-bridge is the simplest
circuit for controlling a low current rated motor.
Pin No. - Pin Characteristics
1 - Enable 1-2, when this is HIGH the left part of the IC will work and when it
is low the left part won’t work.
2 INPUT 1 HIGH 1
3 - OUTPUT 1, this pin should be connected to one of the terminals of motor
32
4, 5 - GND, ground pins
7 - INPUT 2, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output 2
8 - VCC2, this is the voltage which will be supplied to the motor.
16 - VCC1, this is the power source to the IC. So, this pin should be supplied
with V
13, 12 - GND, ground pins
11 - OUTPUT 3, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of motor
9 - Enable 3-4, when this is HIGH the right part of the IC will work and when it
is l the right part won’t work.
The motor driver IC deals with heavy currents. Due to so much current
flows the IC gets heated. So, we need a heat sink to reduce the heating.
Therefore, there are 4 ground pins. When we solder the pins on PCB, we get a
huge metallic area between the grounds where the heat can be released.
The DC motor is an inductive load. So, it develops a back EMF when
supplied by a voltage. There can be fluctuations of voltage while using the
motor say when sudden we take a reverse while the motor was moving in some
direction. At this point the fluctuation in voltage is quite high and this can
damage the IC. Thus, we use four capacitors that help to dampen the extreme
variation in current. Now depending upon the values of the Input and Enable the
motors will rotate in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction with full speed
(when Enable is HIGH) or with less speed (when Enable is provided with
PWM).Let us assume for Left Motor when Enable is HIGH and Input 1 and
Input 2 are HIGH and LOW respectively then the motor will move in clockwise
direction.
33
CHAPTER – 5
SOFTWARE
34
5.1 PCB DESIGN
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic components or electrical components using conductive
tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper
laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate.
Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect
and mechanically fasten them to it. Printed circuit boards are used in all but the
simplest electronic products. They are also used in some electrical products,
such as passive switch boxes. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and
point-to-point construction, both once popular but now rarely used. PCBs
require additional design effort to layout the circuit, but manufacturing and
assembly can be automated. Specialized CAD software is available to do much
of the work of layout. Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster
than with other wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in one
operation. Large numbers of PCBs can be fabricated at the same time, and the
layout only has to be done once. PCBs can also be made manually in small
quantities, with reduced benefits. PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer),
double-sided (two copper layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-
layer (outer and inner layers of copper, alternating with layers of substrate).
Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density, because circuit
traces on the inner layers would otherwise take up surface space between
components. The rise in popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and
especially with more than four, copper planes was concurrent with the adoption
of surface mount technology. However, multilayer PCBs make repair, analysis,
and field modification of circuits much more difficult and usually impractical.
A basic PCB consists of a flat sheet of insulating material and a layer of
copper foil, laminated to the substrate. Chemical etching divides the copper into
separate conducting lines called tracks or circuit traces, pads for connections,
35
visa to pass connections betwenn layers of copper, and features such as solid
conductive areas for EM shielding or other purposes. The tracks function as
wires fixed in place, and are insulated from each other by air and the board
substrate material. The surface of a PCB may have a coating that protects the
copper from corrosion and reduces the chances of solder shorts between traces
or undesired electrical contact with stray bare wires. For its function in helping
to prevent solder shorts, the coating is called solder resist. A printed circuit
board can have multiple copper layers. A two-layer board has copper on both
sides; boards sandwich additional copper layers between layers of insulating
material. Conductors on different layers are connected with visas, which are
copper-plated holes that function as electrical tunnels through the insulating
substrate. Through-hole component leads sometimes also effectively function as
After two-layer PCBs, the next step up is usually four-layer. Often two layers
are dedicated as power supply and ground planes, and the other two are used for
signal wiring between components.
"Through hole" components are mounted by their wire leads passing through
the board and soldered to traces on the other side. "Surface mount" components
are attached by their leads to copper on the same side of the board. A board may
use both methods for mounting components. PCBs with only through-hole
mounted components are now uncommon. Surface mounting is used for
transistors, diodes, IC chips, resistors and capacitors. Through-hole mounting
may be used for some large components such as electrolytic capacitors and
connectors. The pattern to be etched into each copper layer of a PCB is called
the "artwork". The etching is usually done using is coated onto the PCB, then
exposed to light projected in the pattern of the artwork. The resist material
protects the copper from dissolution into the etching solution. The etched board
is then cleaned.
36
A PCB design can be mass-reproduced in a way similar to the way
photographs can be mass-duplicated from film negatives using a photographic
printer. In multi-layer boards, the layers of material are laminated together in an
alternating sandwich: copper, substrate, copper, substrate, copper, etc.; each
plane of copper is etched, and any internal (that will not extend to both outer
surfaces of the finished multilayer board) are plated-through, before the layers
are laminated together. Only the outer layers need be coated; the inner copper
layers are protected by the adjacent substrate layers. FR-4 glass epoxy is the
most common insulating substrate. Another substrate material is cotton paper
impregnated with phenolic resin, often tan or brown.
When a PCB has no components installed, it is less ambiguously called a
printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term "printed
Wiring board" has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic
components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board
assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). In informal usage, the term "printed circuit
board" most commonly means "printed circuit assembly" (with components).
The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA),
and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. "Card" is another
widely used informal term for a "printed circuit assembly". A PCB may be
"silkscreen" printed with a legend identifying the components, test points, or
identifying text. Originally, an actual silkscreen Printing process was used for
this purpose, but today other, finer quality printing methods are usually used
instead. Normally the screen printing is not significant to the function of the
PCBA. A minimal PCB for a single component, used for prototyping, is called a
breakout board.
37
Figure No 5.1.1 PCB Board Diagram
5.2 PCB Board Design

Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photo mask on a
clear Mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the
schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the Mylar and then
traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of common
component footprints increased efficiency. Traces were made with self-adhesive
Tape. Pre-printed non-reproducing grids on the assisted in layout. The finished
was onto a photoresist coating on the blank copper-clad boards. Modern PCBs
are designed with dedicated layout software, generally in the following steps:
1. Schematic capture through an electronic design automation (EDA) tool.
2. Card dimensions and template are decided based on required circuitry and
case of the PCB.
3. The positions of the components and heat sinks are determined.
4. Layer stack of the PCB is decided, with one to tens of layers depending on
complexity. Ground and power planes are decided. A power plane is the
5. Counterpart to a ground plane and behaves as an AC signal ground while
providing DC power to the circuits mounted on the PCB. Signal
interconnections are traced on signal planes. Signal planes can be on the outer
as well as inner layers. For optimal EMI performance high frequency signals are
routed in internal layers between power or ground planes.
38
6. Line impedance is determined using dielectric layer thickness, routing copper
thickness and trace-width. Trace separation is also taken into account in case of
differential signals. Micro strip, strapline or dual strip line can be used to route
signals.
7. Components are placed. Thermal considerations and geometry are taken into
account. Visa and lands are marked.
8. Signal traces are routed. Electronic design automation tools usually create
clearances and connections in power and ground planes automatically.
9. Gerber files are generated for manufacturing.
PCB Design
The PCB Layout module is automatically given connectivity information
in the form of a net list from the schematic capture module. It applies this
information, together with the user specified design rules and various design
automation tools, to assist with error free board design. PCB's of up to 16
copper layers can be produced with design size limited by product
configuration.
3D Verification
The 3D Viewer module allows the board under development to be viewed
in 3D together with a semi-transparent height plane that represents the boards
enclosure. STEP output can then be used to transfer to mechanical CAD
software such as Solid works or Autodesk for accurate mounting and
positioning of the board.
39
CHAPTER – 6
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
40
6.1 ADVANTAGE
 It gives the human comfort as there is no chording or wiring problem, so
mobility is easier.
 There is no problem of power failure and extensive heating.
 Cost of overall system decreases due to no uses of wires.
 Overall efficiency increases due to decrease in the power loss.
 It offers no corrosion as there is no exposure to the atmosphere which is
Ecofriendly.
 It offers ranges of power levels and separation distance between coils.
 It offers convenient, reliability, high efficiency, low cost at the same time.
6.2 DISADVANTAGE
 WPT methods uses the electromagnetic radiation for power transfer and
the main effect of electromagnetic wave is its biological impact which
harms human beings and animal.
 Biological impact of inductive coupling and resonance coupling is far less
than compared to microwave power transmission technique
 There is also a limitation of separation distance and power capacity.
 Interference of microwave with other communication system.
 Initial cost is very high for implementing WPT system.
41
CHAPTER – 7
APPLICATION OF WPT
42
7.1 MEDICAL DEVICES
The most important application of WPT is in medical science. As we
know medical device uses very small amount of power. Some medical device
are LAVAD heart assist pumps, pacemaker and infusion pumps. These device
one implemented in human body. Now for replacement of battery there is a
need of surgery after a particular period. With using the WPT technology, the
power can sufficiency supplied to medical device without harming human body.
7.2 ELECTRICAL VEHICLES

Electrical vehicles are the new technology which uses electrical energy
for their operation. The main concern about the electrical vehicles is that their
mobility i.e. they are not directly connected to the source of power by wires.
With using this technology, it enables the reliable and efficient power
transmission to electrical vehicles without using of wires. WPT also marketed
the electrical vehicles which attract the consumers to buy it and decrease the
load on diesel and petrol vehicles.
7.3 SOLAR POWER SATELLITE (SPS)

The most important application of WPT system is solar power satellite
that uses the microwave for energy transferring. Satellites are generally
equipped with solar power transmitter and receiver antenna. Solar panel
converted the generated electricity into high power microwave beams and
directed towards the ground station receiver antenna. The major problem with
this system is it biological effect of microwave radiation on human and animals,
if they are distracted from their path. The receiving zone of SPS is much larger
for getting a small amount of power. For achieving 750MW power with power
intensity of 1mw/cm2, we have to take a area with 10KM diameter so that
radiation level is in safe zone.
43
CHAPTER – 8
CONCLUSION
44
8.1 CONCLUSION
wireless power transmission system and we can conclude that it is an
important research area for electrical engineers that has large scope in future in
domain of power generation and transmission. Based on this project, we also
conclude that from all method magnetic resonance coupling is the most efficient
compare to other in all aspects. Microwave WPT gives us to increase the range
up to KM and power transferring capacity upto MW, but it cannot safe for
humans and animals due to its biological impact. Researchers have to find a safe
solution for microwave WPT so that it cannot harm humans. WPT gives the
comfort, convenience, safety, reliability, low cost, high efficiency
simultaneously which make it one of the best research areas in electrical
engineering .
45
CHAPTER – 9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
46
9.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]Yu Weiguo,Xiong Youjing,Zhou Xinfeng,et al. Analysis on technical line
losses of power grids and countermeasures to reduce line losses[J].Power
System Technology,(2006).
[2]Wang Tao, Zhang Jianmin, Li Xiaoping. Calculate of scheduled loss ratio
and its assessment[J].Power System Technology, (2003).
[3]Zhao Zhengming,Zhang Yiming,Chen Kainan.New progress of
magnetically-coupled resonant wireless power transfer
technology[J].Proceedings of the CSEE，(2013).
[4]Li yanhong, Zhang chao,Liu guoqiang, et al. Design of Resonant Wireless
Power Transmission Control Based on Class-E[J].Advanced Technology of
Electrical Engineering and Energy(2015).
[5]WenHuiqing,ZhangChi.Investigation on transmission efficiency for magnetic
materials in a wireless power transfer system[C].2015 IEEE 11th International
Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems.
47
CHAPTER – 10
PHOTO GRAPHY
48
10.1 PHOTO GRAPHY
10.1 PHOTO GRAPHY

49
CHAPTER – 11
PROJECT ESTIMATION
50
11.1 PROJECT ESTIMATION
S.NO COST IN
DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION UNIT
. RS.
Resistors 1Kohm, Connecting
Wires (Single Lead)
As
1 Raw material Capacitors 100microfarad, Rs.200
Required
22microfarad
LED (Red)
Transformer 01 Rs.450
High Frequency
01 Rs.850
Transformer
2 Standard Items
As
Coil Rs.2500
Required
DC Motor 01 Rs.220
3 Machining Cost PCB Board 04 Rs.450
Design / Typing
4 -- -- Rs.800
Work
5 Transport Cost -- -- Rs.500
TOTAL COST Rs. 5,970
51
ii
iii
Directorate of Technical Education, Chennai - 600025

Government of Tami Nadu
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this Report titled “ADVANCED WIRELESS POWER

TRANSFER SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of S.KALIMUTHU. Reg.No.(22300073),
I.KARUPUSAMY Reg.No.(22300075), R.KESAVAN. Reg.No.(22300076),
E.KISHORE Reg.No.(22300077), S.KOUSHIKEAN Reg.No.(22300078), M.MADHAN
KUMAR Reg.No.(22300080) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified
further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any
other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an
earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.
Signature of the Guide with date Signature of the HOD with date
Dr. V.MURUGAVEL Dr.G.SIVAGURUNATHAN, Ph.D,
iv
ii
iii


TRANSFER SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of S.KOUSHIKEAN Reg.No.(22300078)
who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my
knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on
the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any
other candidate.
iv
ii
iii


TRANSFER SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of S.KALIMUTHU. Reg.No.(22300073)
other candidate.
iv
ii
iii


TRANSFER SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of I.KARUPUSAMY Reg.No.(22300075)
other candidate.
iv
ii
iii


TRANSFER SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of R.KESAVAN. Reg.No.(22300076)
other candidate.
iv
ii
iii


TRANSFER SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of E.KISHORE Reg.No.(22300077) who
carried out the work under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my
other candidate.
iv
ii
iii


TRANSFER SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of M.MADHAN KUMAR
Reg.No.(22300080) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified further that
to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis
or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion
on this or any other candidate.
iv

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ADVANCED WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

“ADVANCED WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

During the year 2023-2024

Project guide Head of the Department

Internal Examiner External Examiner

In present era, every human needs a systems that transfer power in a

At this pleasing moment of having successfully completed our project, We wish to

provided all the facilities to us.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department Dr.G.SIVAGURUNATHAN, Ph.D, for

completion of our project.

& encouragement during this project.

members of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,

CHAPTER TITTLE PAGE

LIST OF FIGURES viii

4.1 POWER SUPPLY 8

4.2 TYPES OF BRIDGE RECTIFIERS 10

4.3 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS 13

4.6 INDUCTIVE COUPLING 23

4.7 WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER (WPT) 25

5.1 PCB DESIGN 35

5.2 PCB BOARD DESIGN 38

6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 40

7.1 MEDICAL DEVICES 43

7.2 ELECTRICAL VECHICLES 43

7.3 SOLAR POWER SATELLITE (SPS) 43

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 Block Diagram 6

4.1.1 Power Supply Diagram 8

4.1.2 Bridge Rectifier Diagram 9

4.2.1 Single Phase & Three Phase Rectifier Diagram 10

4.2.2 Uncontrolled Bridge Rectifier Diagram 10

4.2.3 Controlled Bridge Rectifier Diagram 11

4.2.4 Bridge Rectifier Diagram 12

4.3.2 (A) Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators Diagram 14

4.4.1 Transformer Diagram 15

4.5.3 Square Wave 17

4.5.4 Sine Wave 18

4.5.5 Waveform Produced 12 Volt Dc To 120 V Ac 60 Hz 19

4.6 Inductive Coupling 23

4.8 LED Diagram 26

4.9.6 (A) Motor Driver IC 32

5.1.1 PCB Board Diagram 38

SCR - SILICON CONTROLLER RECTIFIER

MOSFET - METAL–OXIDE–SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD-EFFECT

PIV - PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE

PIC - PERIPHERAL INTERFACE CONTROLLER

CPU - CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

RISC - REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER

MHZ - MEGA HERTZ

RAM - RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

PWM - PULSE WITH MODULATION

CCP - CAPTURE, COMPARE, PULSE WITH MODULATION

SSP - SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL PORT

BOR - BROWN-OUT RESET

POR - POWER-ON RESET

PWRT - POWER-UP TIMER

OST - OSCILLATOR START-UP TIMER

WDT - WATCHDOG TIMER