Project Report Group 2

A
Project Report
on
“Emergency Alert System of vehicles”
Submitted for partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering
Session: 2022-23
Supervised by:- Submitted by:-

Mr. Abhishek Gupta Ashok Meena (19ESKEE036)
Associate Professor Ashutosh soni (19ESKEE038)
Dept. of Electrical Engineering Deependra Singh
(19ESKEE053)
Dhruv Nirwan (19ESKEE055)
VI Sem, Electrical Engg.
Department of Electrical Engineering

Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology Management & Gramothan,
Ramnagariya, Jagatpura, Jaipur (RAJ.)
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology
Management and Gramothan, Jaipur
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ashok Meena, Ashutosh Soni, Deependra Singh, Dhruv Nirwan
of VI semester, B.Tech. (Electrical Engineering) have worked on their project
entitled as " Emergency Alert System of vehicles " under my guidance being
submitted for the partial fulfilment of award of degree of B.Tech. from Rajasthan
Technical University, Kota during the session 2022-23.
Date: 21-11-22 Supervisor

Place: Jaipur Mr. Abhishek Gupta
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any work
will be incomplete unless we mention the names of the people who made it possible,
whose valuable guidance and encouragement served as a beacon light and crowned
the efforts with success.
We express our sincere gratitude to our project supervisor Mr. Ajay Bhardwaj,
Assistant Professor and our project in-charge Mr. Ankit Vijayvargiya, Associate
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of
Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur, who spared their valuable time
from their busy schedules and extended their valuable guidance, expertise and vision
to guide us through the preparation of this project. We sincerely acknowledge them
for their technical insights, support for literature, critical review and constructive
criticism and above all, the moral support they provided us at all stages of this
endeavor, without which it would not have been possible to prepare this project.
Much appreciation is due to Dr. Dhanraj Chitara, Head, Department of Electrical
Engineering and Dr. Ramesh Kumar Pachar, Principal, Swami Keshvanand
Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur for providing us moral
support and infrastructure to go ahead with our project work.
We wish to thank the other faculty members of Electrical engineering who gave
precious guidelines for our project. Their advice, suggestions and questions will
continue to enhance our knowledge and understanding. We thank our friends who
have directly or indirectly contributed by giving their valuable suggestions.
Anuj Nama (17ESKEE016)

Atul Jain (17ESKEE019)
Harshwardhan Singh Jadon (17ESKEE036)
Lavesh Tiwari (17ESKEE047)
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE i
CERTIFICATE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES vi
TABLE OF CONSTANTS vii
ABSTRACT viii
Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 1-14
1.1 History of Wireless Power Transmission 1
1.2 Types of Wireless Power Transmission
1.2.1 Inductive Coupling 5
1.2.2 Capacitive Coupling 6
1.2.3 Microwave Power Transfer 8
1.2.4 Laser 10
1.3 Resonance Inductive Coupling 13
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 15-22
3. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 23-36

3.1 Problem Formulation 25
3.2 Description of the Proposed Wireless Transmission
25
System
3.3 Modes of Operation of the Proposed Wireless Power
26
Transmission System
3.4 Design of the Proposed Wireless Power Transmission 30
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page iv

System
3.5 Implementation of this Project on MATLAB 33
4. SIMULATION AND RESULT 37-41

4.1 Results 37
4.2 Comparison 39
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 42
6. APPENDIX A 43-51
7. REFERENCES 52-53
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page v

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Figure Description Page No.

1.1 WPT lab experiment in 1975 by W brown 2
1.2 Generic block diagram of WPT 4
1.3 Types of wireless power transmission 5
1.4 Block diagram of inductive coupling 6
1.5 Block diagram of capacitive coupling 7
Block diagram of resonance inductive
1.6 14
coupling
Block diagram of the proposed wireless
3.1 24
power transmission system.
Circuit configuration of the proposed
3.2 25
wireless power transmission system
Mode I operation of high step-up dc-dc
3.3 28
converter
Mode II operation of high step-up dc-dc
3.4 29
converter
Mode III operation of high step-up dc-dc
3.5 29
converter
Mode IV operation of high step-up dc dc
3.6 29
converter
Mode V operation of high step-up dc dc
3.7 30
converter
3.8 Operation of Class E Power Amplifier 30
Circuit arrangement of the proposed

3.9 wireless power transmission system using 34
MATLAB/SIMULINK package.
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page vi

4.1 Boost converter output 37
4.2 Output Voltage 38
4.3 Output Current 38
4.4 Output Power 39
4.5 Output voltage of the the base model 40
4.6 Output current of the base model 40
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Description Page No.

Comparison of different type of wireless
1.1 11
technique
3.1
Specifications of various components used in
35
the proposed model are tabulated below
Comparison of our model with base model 41
3.2
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page vii

ABSTRACT
Solar Power Satellite (SPS) is an energy system which collects energy from sun in space
& transmits it to the ground. It has been believed as promising way to reduce the
problem of future power needs. In future, wireless power transmission will be used due
to less maintenance requirement and other numerous benefits. Energy from sun is used
for wireless transmission of power. The concept of wireless transmission was realized
by Nikola Tesla. Wireless transmission can make a remarkable change in the field of
electrical engineering which eliminates the use of conventional copper wire. In this
project, renewable energy has been used as a source of wireless power transmission.
The DC output voltage from the solar cell is boosted using a high step-up converter and
it is converted to oscillating signals. These oscillating signals are amplified by using an
amplifier and then fed to transmission coil. By operating at resonant frequency and by
achieving good coupling between transmitter & receiver coil set up, the electrical
energy is transferred due to magnetic resonance between transmitter & receiver.
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page viii

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
It is known that electromagnetic energy also associated with the propagation of the
electromagnetic waves. We can use theoretically all electromagnetic waves for a
wireless power transmission (WPT). The difference between the WPT and
communication systems is only efficiency. The Maxwell’s Equations indicate that the
electromagnetic field and its power diffuse to all directions. Although we transmit the
energy in the communication system, the transmitted energy is diffused to all directions.
Although the received power is enough for a transmission of information, the efficiency
from the transmitter to receiver is quiet low. Therefore, we do not call it the WPT
system.
Typical WPT is a point-to-point power transmission. For the WPT, we had better
concentrate power to receiver. It was proved that the power transmission efficiency can
approach close to 100%. We can more concentrate the transmitted microwave power to
the receiver aperture areas with taper method of the transmitting antenna power
distribution. Famous power tapers of the transmitting antenna are Gaussian taper,
Taylor distribution, and Chebychev distribution. These taper of the transmitting antenna
is commonly used for suppression of side lobes. It corresponds to increase the power
transmission efficiency. Concerning the power transmission efficiency of the WPT,
there are some good optical approaches in Russia.
1.1 HISTORY OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

In 1864, James C. Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of
mathematical model. In 1884, John H. Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector
would play an important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy. In 1888,
bolstered by Maxwell's theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing
experimental evidence of radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The
prediction and Evidence of the radio wave in the end of 19th century was start of the
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 1
wireless power transmission.
At the same period of Marchese G. Marconi and Reginald Fessenden who are pioneers
of communication via radio waves, Nicola Tesla suggested an idea of the wireless
power transmission and carried out the first WPT experiment in 1899. He said “This
energy will be collected all over the globe preferably in small amounts, ranging from a
fraction of one to a few horse-power. One of its chief uses will be the illumination of
isolated homes”. He actually built a gigantic coil which was connected to a high mast
of 200-ft with a 3 ft-diameter ball at its top. He fed 300 kW power to the Tesla coil
resonated at 150 kHz. The RF potential at the top sphere reached 100 MV.
Unfortunately, he failed because the transmitted power was diffused to all directions
with 150 kHz radio waves whose wave length was 21 km.
To concentrate the transmitted power and to increase transmission efficiency, we have

to use higher frequency than that used by Tesla. In 1930s, much progress in generating
high-power microwaves, 1-10 GHz radio waves, was achieved by invention of the
magnetron and the klystron. After World War II, high power and high efficiency
microwave tubes were advanced by development of radar technology. We can
concentrate a power to receiver with microwaves. We call the wireless power
transmission with microwaves as microwave power transmission (MPT).
Figure 1.1 : WPT lab experiment in 1975 by W brown

In 1890, inventor Nikola Tesla experimented with transmitting power by inductive and
capacitive coupling using spark-excited radio frequency resonant transformers, now
called Tesla coils, which generated high AC voltages. Early on he attempted to develop
a wireless lighting system based on near-field inductive and capacitive coupling and
conducted a series of public demonstrations where he lit Geissler tubes and even
incandescent light bulbs from across a stage. He found he could increase the distance at
which he could light a lamp by using a receiving LC circuit tuned to resonance with the
transmitter's LC circuit. using resonant inductive coupling. Tesla failed to make a
commercial product out of his findings but his resonant inductive coupling method is
now widely used in electronics and is currently being applied to short-range wireless
power systems. Based on the development of the microwave tubes during the World
War II, W. C. Brown started the first MPT research and development in 1960s. First of
all, he developed a rectenna, rectifying antenna which he named, for receiving and
rectifying microwaves. The efficiency of the first rectenna developed in 1963 was 50 %
at output 4WDC and 40% at output 7WDC, respectively. With the rectenna, he
succeeded in MPT experiments to wired helicopter in 1964 and to free-flied helicopter
in 1968.
Tesla went on to develop a wireless power distribution system that he hoped would be
capable of transmitting power long distance directly into homes and factories. Early on
he seemed to borrow from the ideas of Mahlon Loomis, proposing a system composed
of balloons to suspend transmitting and receiving electrodes in the air above 30,000 feet
(9,100 m) in altitude, where he thought the pressure would allow him to send high
voltages (millions of volts) long distances. To further study the conductive nature of low
pressure air he set up a test facility at high altitude in Colorado Springs during
1899. Experiments he conducted there with a large coil operating in the megavolts
range, as well as observations he made of the electronic noise of lightning strikes, led
him to conclude incorrectly that he could use the entire globe of the Earth to conduct
electrical energy. The theory included driving alternating current pulses into the Earth at
its resonant frequency from a grounded Tesla coil working against an elevated
capacitance to make the potential of the Earth oscillate. Tesla thought this would allow
alternating current to be received with a similar capacitive antenna tuned to resonance
with it at any point on Earth with very little power loss. His observations also led him to
believe a high voltage used in a coil at an elevation of a few hundred feet would "break
the air stratum down", eliminating the need for miles of cable hanging on balloons to
create his atmospheric return circuit. Tesla would go on the next year to propose a
"World Wireless System" that was to broadcast both information and power
worldwide. In 1901, at Shoreham, New York he attempted to construct a large high-
voltage wireless power station, now called Wardenclyffe Tower, but by 1904
investment dried up and the facility was never completed.
1.2 TYPES OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Wireless power transfer is a generic term for a number of different technologies for
transmitting energy by means of electromagnetic fields. The technologies, listed in the
table below, differ in the distance over which they can transfer power efficiently,
whether the transmitter must be aimed (directed) at the receiver, and in the type of
electromagnetic energy they use: time varying electric fields, magnetic fields, radio
waves, microwaves, infrared or visible light waves.
Figure 1.2 : Generic block diagram of WPT
In general a wireless power system consists of a "transmitter" device connected to a

source of power such as a mains power line, which converts the power to a time-varying

electromagnetic field, and one or more "receiver" devices which receive the power and
convert it back to DC or AC electric current which is used by an electrical load. At the
transmitter the input power is converted to an oscillating electromagnetic field by some
type of "antenna" device. The word "antenna" is used loosely here; it may be a coil of
wire which generates a magnetic field, a metal plate which generates an electric field,
an antenna which radiates radio waves, or a laser which generates light. A similar
antenna or coupling device at the receiver converts the oscillating fields to an electric
current. An important parameter that determines the type of waves is the frequency,
which determines the wavelength. Wireless power uses the same fields and waves
as wireless communication devices like radio, another familiar technology that involves
electrical energy transmitted without wires by electromagnetic fields, used
in cellphones, radio and television broadcasting, and Wi-Fi. In radio communication the
goal is the transmission of information, so the amount of power reaching the receiver is
not so important, as long as it is sufficient that the information can be intelligibly.
Figure 1.3: Types of wireless power transmission
1.2.1 Inductive coupling

In inductive coupling (electromagnetic induction or inductive power transfer, IPT),
power is transferred between coils of wire by a magnetic field. The transmitter and
receiver coils together form a transformer (see diagram). An alternating current (AC)
through the transmitter coil (L1) creates an oscillating magnetic field (B) by Ampere's

law. The magnetic field passes through the receiving coil (L2), where it induces an
alternating EMF (voltage) by Faraday's law of induction, which creates an alternating
current in the receiver. The induced alternating current may either drive the load
directly, or be rectified to direct current (DC) by a rectifier in the receiver, which drives
the load. A few systems, such as electric toothbrush charging stands, work at 50/60 Hz
so AC mains current is applied directly to the transmitter coil, but in most systems
an electronic oscillator generates a higher frequency AC current which drives the coil,
because transmission efficiency improves with frequency.
Inductive coupling is the oldest and most widely used wireless power technology, and
virtually the only one so far which is used in commercial products. It is used
in inductive charging stands for cordless appliances used in wet environments such
as electric toothbrushes and shavers, to reduce the risk of electric shock. Another
application area is "transcutaneous" recharging of biomedical prosthetic
devices implanted in the human body, such as cardiac pacemakers and insulin pumps, to
avoid having wires passing through the skin. It is also used to charge electric
vehicles such as cars and to either charge or power transit vehicles like buses and trains.
Figure 1.4 : Block diagram of inductive coupling
1.2.2 Capacitive coupling

Capacitive coupling also referred to as electric coupling, makes use of electric fields for
the transmission of power between two electrodes (an anode and cathode) forming

a capacitance for the transfer of power. In capacitive coupling (electrostatic induction),
the conjugate of inductive coupling, energy is transmitted by electric
fields between electrodes such as metal plates. The transmitter and receiver electrodes
form a capacitor, with the intervening space as the dielectric. An alternating voltage
generated by the transmitter is applied to the transmitting plate, and the
oscillating electric field induces an alternating potential on the receiver plate
by electrostatic induction, which causes an alternating current to flow in the load circuit.
The amount of power transferred increases with the frequency the square of the voltage,
and the capacitance between the plates, which is proportional to the area of the smaller
plate and (for short distances) inversely proportional to the separation.
Capacitive coupling has only been used practically in a few low power applications,
because the very high voltages on the electrodes required to transmit significant power
can be hazardous, and can cause unpleasant side effects such as
noxious ozone production. In addition, in contrast to magnetic fields, electric fields
interact strongly with most materials, including the human body, due to dielectric
polarization. Intervening materials between or near the electrodes can absorb the
energy, in the case of humans possibly causing excessive electromagnetic field
exposure.
Figure 1.5: Block diagram of capacitive coupling

However capacitive coupling has a few advantages over inductive coupling. The field is
largely confined between the capacitor plates, reducing interference, which in inductive
coupling requires heavy ferrite "flux confinement" cores. Also, alignment requirements
between the transmitter and receiver are less critical. Capacitive coupling has recently
been applied to charging battery powered portable devices as well as charging or
continuous wireless power transfer in biomedical implants, and is being considered as a
means of transferring power between substrate layers in integrated circuits.
1.2.3 Microwave power transfer

Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional, allowing longer-
distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation,
typically in the microwave range. A rectenna may be used to convert the microwave
energy back into electricity. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been
realized. Power beaming using microwaves has been proposed for the transmission of
energy from orbiting solar power satellites to Earth and the beaming of power to
spacecraft leaving orbit has been considered.
Power beaming by microwaves has the difficulty that, for most space applications, the
required aperture sizes are very large due to diffraction limiting antenna directionality.
For example, the 1978 NASA study of solar power satellites required a 1-kilometre-
diameter (0.62 mi) transmitting antenna and a 10-kilometre-diameter (6.2 mi) receiving
rectenna for a microwave beam at 2.45 GHz. These sizes can be somewhat decreased by
using shorter wavelengths, although short wavelengths may have difficulties with
atmospheric absorption and beam blockage by rain or water droplets. Because of the
"thinned-array curse", it is not possible to make a narrower beam by combining the
beams of several smaller satellites.
For earthbound applications, a large-area 10 km diameter receiving array allows large

total power levels to be used while operating at the low power density suggested for
human electromagnetic exposure safety. A human safe power density of
1 mW/cm2 distributed across a 10 km diameter area corresponds to 750 megawatts total
power level. This is the power level found in many modern electric power plants. For
comparison, a solar PV farm of similar size might easily exceed 10,000 megawatts
(rounded) at best conditions during daytime.
Following World War II, which saw the development of high-power microwave
emitters known as cavity magnetrons, the idea of using microwaves to transfer power
was researched. By 1964, a miniature helicopter propelled by microwave power had
been demonstrated.
Japanese researcher Hidetsugu Yagi also investigated wireless energy transmission

using a directional array antenna that he designed. In February 1926, Yagi and his
colleague Shintaro Uda published their first paper on the tuned high-gain directional
array now known as the Yagi antenna. While it did not prove to be particularly useful
for power transmission, this beam antenna has been widely adopted throughout the
broadcasting and wireless telecommunications industries due to its excellent
performance characteristics.
Wireless high power transmission using microwaves is well proven. Experiments in the
tens of kilowatts have been performed at Goldstone in California in 1975 and more
recently (1997) at Grand Bassin on Reunion Island. These methods achieve distances on
the order of a kilometer. Under experimental conditions, microwave conversion
efficiency was measured to be around 54% across one meter. A change to 24 GHz has
been suggested as microwave emitters similar to LEDs have been made with very high
quantum efficiencies using negative resistance, i.e., Gunn or IMPATT diodes, and this
would be viable for short range links.
In 2013, inventor Hatem Zeine demonstrated how wireless power transmission using
phased array antennas can deliver electrical power up to 30 feet. It uses the same radio
frequencies as WiFi.
In 2015, researchers at the University of Washington introduced power over Wi-Fi,

which trickle-charges batteries and powered battery-free cameras and temperature
sensors using transmissions from Wi-Fi routers. Wi-Fi signals were shown to power
battery-free temperature and camera sensors at ranges of up to 20 feet. It was also
shown that Wi-Fi can be used to wirelessly trickle-charge nickel–metal hydride and
lithium-ion coin-cell batteries at distances of up to 28 feet.
1.2.4 Laser
In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to the visible region of the spectrum (.2
to 2 micrometers), power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a laser beam
that is received and concentrated onto photovoltaic cells (solar cells). This mechanism is
generally known as 'power beaming' because the power is beamed at a receiver that can
convert it to electrical energy. At the receiver, special photovoltaic laser power
converters which are optimized for monochromatic light conversion are applied.
Advantages compared to other wireless methods are:
 Collimated monochromatic wavefront propagation allows narrow beam cross-section

area for transmission over large distances. As a result, there is little or no reduction in
power when increasing the distance from the transmitter to the receiver.
 Compact size: solid state lasers fit into small products.
 No radio-frequency interference to existing radio communication such as Wi-Fi and cell

phones.
 Access control: only receivers hit by the laser receive power.

Drawbacks include:
 Laser radiation is hazardous. Without a proper safety mechanism, low power levels can
blind humans and other animals. High power levels can kill through localized spot
heating.
 Conversion between electricity and light is limited. Photovoltaic cells achieve a

maximum of 40%–50% efficiency.
 Atmospheric absorption, and absorption and scattering by clouds, fog, rain, etc., causes
up to 100% losses.

 Requires a direct line of sight with the target. (Instead of being beamed directly onto the
receiver, the laser light can also be guided by an optical fiber. Then one speaks
of power-over-fiber technology.)
Laser ‘Powerbeaming’ technology was explored in military weaopons and aerospace

applications. Also, it is applied for the powering of various kinds of sensors in industrial
environments. Lately, it is developed for powering commercial and consumer
electronics. Wireless energy transfer systems using lasers for consumer space have to
satisfy laser safety requirements standardized under IEC 60825.
The first wireless power system using lasers for consumer applications was
demonstrated in 2018, capable of delivering power to stationary and moving devices
across a room. This wireless power system complies with safety regulations according
to IEC 60825 standard. It is also approved by the US Food and Drugs Administration
(FDA).
Other details include propagation, and the coherence and the range limitation problem.
Geoffrey Landis is one of the pioneers of solar power satellites and laser-based transfer
of energy, especially for space and lunar missions. The demand for safe and frequent
space missions has resulted in proposals for a laser-powered space elevator.
NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center has demonstrated a lightweight unmanned
model plane powered by a laser beam. This proof-of-concept demonstrates the
feasibility of periodic recharging using a laser beam system.

Table 1.1 : Comparison of different type of wireless technique
Current and/or
Antenna
Technology Range Directivity Frequency possible future
Devices
applications
Electric tooth
brush and razor
Inductive battery charging,
Short Low Hz-MHz Wire coils
Coupling Induction
stovetops and
industrial heaters.
Charging portable
devices(Qi),
Tuned wire Biomedical
Resonant coils, implants, Electric
Inductive Mid Low kHz-GHz Lumped vehicles,
Coupling element Powering buses,
resonators trains, MAGLEV,
RF, ID,
Smartcards.
Charging portable
devices, power
routing in large-
Capacitive Metalplate scale integrated
Short Low kHz-MHz
Coupling electrodes circuits,
Smartcards,
Biomedical
implants.
Charging electric
Magnetody
Rotating vehicles,
namic Short N.A. Hz
magnets Biomedical
Coupling
implants.
Parabolic Solar power
dishes, satellite,
Microwaves Long High GHz Phased Powering drone
arrays aircraft, Charging
,Rectenas wireless devices.
Charging portable
Lasers, devices, Powering
Light
Long High >=THz Photocells, drone aircraft,
Waves
Lenses Powering space
elevator climbers.

1.3 RESONANCE INDUCTIVE COUPLING
Resonant inductive coupling (electrodynamic coupling, strongly coupled magnetic
resonance) is a form of inductive coupling in which power is transferred by magnetic
fields (B, green) between two resonant circuits (tuned circuits), one in the transmitter
and one in the receiver . Each resonant circuit consists of a coil of wire connected to
a capacitor, or a self-resonant coil or other resonator with internal capacitance. The two
are tuned to resonate at the same resonant frequency. The resonance between the coils
can greatly increase coupling and power transfer, analogously to the way a
vibrating tuning fork can induce sympathetic vibration in a distant fork tuned to the
same pitch.
Nikola Tesla first discovered resonant coupling during his pioneering experiments in
wireless power transfer around the turn of the 20th century, but the possibilities of using
resonant coupling to increase transmission range has only recently been explored. [56] In
2007 a team led by Marin Soljačić at MIT used two coupled tuned circuits each made of
a 25 cm self-resonant coil of wire at 10 MHz to achieve the transmission of 60 W of
power over a distance of 2 meters (6.6 ft) (8 times the coil diameter) at around 40%
efficiency.
The concept behind resonant inductive coupling systems is that high Q

factor resonators exchange energy at a much higher rate than they lose energy due to
internal damping. Therefore, by using resonance, the same amount of power can be
transferred at greater distances, using the much weaker magnetic fields out in the
peripheral regions ("tails") of the near fields. Resonant inductive coupling can achieve
high efficiency at ranges of 4 to 10 times the coil diameter (D ant). This is called "mid-
range" transfer, in contrast to the "short range" of non-resonant inductive transfer, which
can achieve similar efficiencies only when the coils are adjacent. Another advantage is
that resonant circuits interact with each other so much more strongly than they do with
non-resonant objects that power losses due to absorption in stray nearby objects are
negligible.
A drawback of resonant coupling theory is that at close ranges when the two resonant

circuits are tightly coupled, the resonant frequency of the system is no longer constant
but "splits" into two resonant peaks, so the maximum power transfer no longer occurs at
the original resonant frequency and the oscillator frequency must be tuned to the new
resonance peak.
Resonant technology is currently being widely incorporated in modern inductive

wireless power systems. One of the possibilities envisioned for this technology is area
wireless power coverage. A coil in the wall or ceiling of a room might be able to
wirelessly power lights and mobile devices anywhere in the room, with reasonable
efficiency. An environmental and economic benefit of wirelessly powering small
devices such as clocks, radios, music players and remote controls is that it could
drastically reduce the 6 billion batteries disposed of each year, a large source of toxic
waste and groundwater contamination.
Figure 1.6: Block diagram of resonance inductive coupling

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This section includes a review on wireless power transmission and different

techniques or methods for wireless transmission of power.
Wireless Power Transmission

In the near future due to extensive use of energy, limited supply of resources and the
pollution in environment from present resources e.g. (coal, fossil fuel, wood) etc,
alternative sources of energy and new ways to generate energy which are efficient,
cost effective and produce minimum losses are of great concern. Wireless Power
transmission (WPT) has become a focal point as research point of view and
nowadays lies in the list of top technologies that are under research these days. The
transmission of electrical energy from source to load for a distance without any
conducting wire or cables is called Wireless Power Transmission. Wireless transfer
of electrical energy eliminates the use of copper cables and conducting wires. The
concept of wireless power transfer was first realized by Nikola Tesla, Earlier wireless
power transmission was only achieved by AC sources or through charged Batteries.
As for this project we have used output from the solar panel as the output. Since the
output from the solar panel is very small it has been stepped up to appropriate values
using the DC-DC step up converter.
Saurabh, Dhruv Kapur, Raju J in [1] investigated methods for wireless energy
transfer, the previous wireless energy transfer was only obtained from AC power
sources or via charged batteries. In the project they used the output of the solar panel
as a Production. Since the output of the solar module is very low, it was increased to
suitable values with the DC-DC boost converter. The increased direct current is then
converted into an oscillating signal. This signal is then transmitted wirelessly with a
transformer. The current is transmitted via the magnetic coupling between the
transformer configuration. The oscillating signal is passed through a rectifier circuit
and converted into direct current before it is fed into the load. The proposed wireless
transmission model is then tested and verified with simulation software such as
MATLAB / SIMULINK.
Izzul Fahmi Zambari, Chiah Yi Hui and Ramizi Mohamed developed a technique for
interacting with the solar energy in the environment [2]. The main idea of module
development is to distribute the electricity collected by a solar panel so that it can be
used wirelessly by the internal load devices. The solar panel they used in their
module was 240W, 30V, which is made from a polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic
solar panel and has a total of 60 cells. The design of the WET module is based on
magnetic resonance technology, in which two modules were developed for subunits.
Control circuit and two mutually induced coils for energy transmission at a suitable
resonance frequency. A Class D RF power amplifier was used as the driver circuit to
switch the transmitted coil, which has a theoretical advantage of almost 99%
efficiency. Three types of coils have been developed; There are circular coils, flat
spiral coils, and flat Rodin coils. The high quality Q factor (> 100) of each coil is
designed in such a way that the power loss in the coil is minimized. With the
maximum efficiency of the wireless energy transfer module, the energy collected by
the photovoltaic solar panel can be transferred with almost zero losses and greater
wireless transmission distance. The results showed that the flat spiral coils have
higher efficiency with a longer transmission distance that can be achieved compared
to the other models. The maximum transmission distance is 26 cm with an efficiency
of 80% with a quality factor of 272.62. Based on the results, it was shown that the
use of the coil with a high Q-factor and an appropriate resonance frequency coupling
coefficient results in higher energy transfer with greater distance. The experimental
results show that the optimal efficiency of the designed system with the circular
toroidal coil is 45.25% for the Q factor 413.62 and 36.5% for the Q factor 264.63.
Marek PIRI, Pavol SPANIK, Michal FRIVALDSKY and Anna KONDELOVA

develop a technology for PSS from Power Semiconductor Systems for the wireless
transmission of electricity with an output of 50 W in terms of distance and
transmission efficiency [3]. They decided to use electromagnetic resonance to
transmit electrical energy. For experimental verification, they wound two coils of the
same size. For a given power transmission,
The outputs receive the maximum efficiency _ = 70% at a distance of 5 cm, the t
transmission power being 48 W.
Mohammad Shidujaman, Hooman Samani, and Mohammad Arif describe Wireless

Power Transmission (WPT) in [4] which is attracting a wide range of topics in
different fields and becoming a very active research area due to its potential to add
high technology to our lives on a daily basis. They explained how wireless power
transmission will be mandatory in the near future as this technology enables the
transfer of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load through a
wireless connection air gap. In the paper, they conduct a pilot study to showcase
existing wireless power transmission technologies, their latest technologies, and their
future trends. In addition, they describe many applications in wireless transmission
and what they can possibly achieve in the future.
Mr. John C. Mankins reported that the vision of bringing solar energy to Earth from
platforms in space has long been known. However, the first architectures to achieve
this vision were technically complex and were unlikely to prove economical [5].
Some of the issues with these early solar-powered satellite (SPS) concepts,
particularly with regards to technical feasibility, were addressed through space solar
energy (SSP) studies and technology research by NASA in the mid to late '90.
Despite these advances, some fundamental technical and economic uncertainties
remained ten years ago. A new SPS concept has been proposed that solves many, if
not all of these uncertainties: “SPSALPHA” (Solar Power Satellite via Arbitrually
Large Phased Array). In the period 2011-2012, the NASA Innovative Advanced
Concepts (NIAC) program supported a Phase 1 project "SPS-ALPHA", the aim of
which was to test the technical and economic feasibility of the SPS-ALPHA concept
for a first TRL 3- Analysis test to determine -of-concept - and provide a framework
for further studies and technological development. The objectives of this project
were: (1) to carry out an initial analysis of the end-to-end systems of the SPS-

ALPHA concept in order to determine its technical feasibility; (2) Identify and assess
the key technological challenges inherent in the architecture (including the
performance figures for each critical technology area); (3) make an initial assessment
of the economic feasibility of the concept (depending on key performance
parameters); and (4) define a preliminary roadmap for the further development of the
SPS-ALPHA concept.
Yan Wang et al. in [6] explained how wireless energy transmission differs from
traditional transmission mode and how it can meet the demands of scientific and
technological development. It can be widely used in electronic devices, implantable
medical devices, industry, and other fields and has become a benchmark for research
at home and abroad. This article presents the development history and classification
of wireless power transmission and its scope. Some if the wireless power
transmission methods in this document have been compared. This paper focuses on
the current research and development trend of paired magnetic resonance based
wireless power transmission (MCR-WPT).
Cong Wang et al. they illustrate the growing number of applications that power
wireless sensor networks (WSN) using wireless charging technology [7]. While
previous studies have shown that wireless charging can deliver power reliably, there
are still regulatory challenges to provide high power density without health risks.
With cluster WSNs in particular, there is a discrepancy between the high power
requirements of the cluster heads and the relatively low power supplies that can be
provided by wireless charging. Fortunately, harvesting solar energy can offer high
power density that is also risk free. However, it is subject to weather dynamics. So in
this article they propose a hybrid framework that combines the two technologies: the
cluster heads are equipped with solar panels to eliminate solar energy, and the rest of
the nodes are powered by wireless charging. First they investigate a positioning
problem in the distribution of solar energy. Improved cluster heads that minimize
overall costs and can suggest a distributed approximation algorithm for positioning.
Second, they establish an energy balance in the grid and investigate how this can be
maintained when sunlight is not available. Third, they consider the combination of
wireless charging and mobile data collection in a joint tour of such networks and
propose a polynomial scheduling algorithm. Their extensive simulation shows that
the hybrid framework can reduce battery consumption by 20% and reduce system
costs by 25% compared to previous results.
M Maqsood and M Nauman Nasir expressed concern about the exhaustion of energy
sources and the efficiency of renewable energy sources [8]. In the near future due to
extensive energy consumption, limited supply of resources and Environmental
pollution from the available resources, e.g. (Wood, coal, fossil fuels) etc. alternative
energy sources and new ways to generate energy that are efficient and inexpensive
Effective and minimal losses are of great importance. Wireless electricity (power
supply) Broadcasting (WET) has become a research focus and can be found in top
technology that is in researched phase right new. In their research they introduces the
concept of wireless energy transfer to reduce transmission and distribution Losses.
Cable distribution losses are 70 to 75% efficient. We cannot imagine the world
without electricity, which is efficient, inexpensive and associated with minimal
losses great group. In the article, they talk about the benefits of using WET
technology, specifically using solar-based energy satellites (SBPS), and also focus
on how we can make the electrical system economical, optimized and well
organized. In addition, the future should be highlighted Problems to index some
emerging solutions.
Susumu Sasakia et al. demonstrated a tethered solar satellite (Tethered-SPS), which

consists of a large panel with power generation / transmission capacity and a bus
system that is connected by several wires as an innovative solar satellite (SPS) [9].
The power generation / transmission panel consists of a large number of perfectly
equivalent power modules. The electrical energy generated by the solar cells on the
surface of each module is converted into microwave power in the same module.
Since the modules are controlled from the bus system via WLAN, no wired signal /
power interfaces are required between the modules. The posture in which the
microwave transmitting antenna is directed towards the ground is maintained by the
force of the gravitational gradient. The anchored plate consists of individual sub-
plates that are loosely connected to one another. This configuration enables an
evolutionary design in which the function of the PLC grows as the design progresses.
A full-scale model of the connected subpanel can be used in the near future for the
first phase demonstration experiment of the PLC.
Andrew J. Capanella in [10] explained that a wireless power plant includes a solar
panel that generates a DC output voltage, power and control circuitry that receives
the DC output voltage and an electronic drive signal at a frequency f, z a source
magnetic resonator that oscillates in response to the electronic drive signal Near
magnetic field generated to power electronic devices in an area around the solar
panel.
M.R. Usikalu et al. describes Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), which enables
electrical energy to be transferred from the source to the electrical loads without a
physical connection [11]. This type of transmission is particularly beneficial when it
is not possible or appropriate to connect the wires to one another. In the WPT, the
most important parameter is the efficiency at which the energy transmitted by the
"facility" is drawn from the receiver, which defines the economic importance of this
system. Their study aims to show how electrical energy can be transmitted by
induction in the near field. To do this, the transmitter converts the DC power source
from an oscillator to the high frequency AC power connected to the wireless power
transmission coil. Their experiment showed how electricity can be transmitted over
certain distances from a resonance coil. The project showed that the mutual
inductance of two coupled coils that vibrate at a remarkably high frequency is
proportional to the output power of the system. In their experiment, it was observed
that inductors wound with 56 turns of copper wire around an iron core placed on the
same axis between them produced more efficient power transfer and higher output
than the inductors positioned on different axes. An immediate increase in voltage
was also measured as the power in the resonance coil gradually built up. Therefore,
its design can be applied in industry for power generation transmission without
conductor cables.

Aravind L et al. in [12] described the wireless transmission of energy. The transfer of
electrical energy from the source to the load over a distance without wires or
conductive cables is called wireless energy transfer. The concept of wireless energy
transmission was developed by Nikola Tesla. Wireless power transmission can
dramatically change electrical engineering, eliminating the need for traditional
copper cables and live wires. The wireless energy transfer was previously achieved
with alternating current or charged batteries. In this project, renewable energy was
used as a source for wireless energy transmission. Since the production from
renewable energy sources is low, a suitable boost converter was used. The DC output
voltage of the solar cell is increased with a step-up converter and converted into
oscillating signals. These oscillating signals are amplified with an amplifier and then
fed to the transmitter coil. By working with a resonant frequency and achieving a
good coupling between the transmitter and receiver coil configurations, electrical
energy is transmitted from the transmitter coil to the receiver coil due to the magnetic
resonance between them. The transmitted energy is converted back into direct
current with rectifiers and passed on to the direct current load. The proposed wireless
energy transmission system is validated and verified with MATLAB / SIMULINK.
Yuhuan Zhou and Tomoyuki Miyamoto have researched that terminals for the
Internet of Things, such as many types of sensors, tags or beacons, wiring, and use of
batteries, are less effective power methods due to excessive installation and
maintenance costs. . Wireless power transmission is a promising candidate,
particularly Optical Wireless Power Transmission (OWPT), with its interesting
advantages of long transmission distance, good directivity, and small size [13]. In
their article, they also included previous OWPT research, almost all of which
focused on the laser as a light source, which is currently difficult to use in ordinary
rooms for possible safety reasons. In this study, an LED-based OWPT system was
designed and demonstrated that realizes a large power supply. With a 1.7 × 1.7 cm2
GaAs solar cell as the receiver, an output power of 223.9 mW was achieved from a
distance of 100 cm. About 77% of the efficiency of the optical system was confirmed
with an irradiation size of 2.1 × 2.3 cm 2. The overall power efficiency was 6.3%.

Jianliang Li in [14] talked about the many benefits of Wireless Power Transmission
(WPT). WPT has been widely used in recent years, it has the advantages of high
transmission efficiency, long transmission distance and so on. First of all, the
progress of the application of the transmission technology at home and abroad is
presented in your contribution. Second, in connection with the development of
current technology, your paper introduces the fundamental problems of wireless
power transmission technology from four points of view. Finally, the document
summarizes and suggests the current hot and difficult issues.
Sagolsem Kripachariya Singh, T. S. Hasarmani and R. M. Holmukhe provided a

general overview of current research and developments in the field of wireless
energy transmission [15]. The methods used for wireless energy transmission such as
induction, electromagnetic transmission, evanescent wave coupling, electrodynamic
induction, radio and microwave and electrostatic induction are discussed. The study
also focuses on the latest technologies, benefits, and drawbacks in this area. The
economic aspects are briefly discussed in their research.

CHAPTER-3
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
The wireless transfer of power can be achieved by three ways which are magnetic
coupling mode, electric field coupling mode and electromagnetic radiation mode. The
magnetic coupling mode is classified into short range electromagnetic induction and
mid-range strongly coupled magnetic resonance. The power transferred and the transfer
efficiency in the case of electromagnetic induction is high but the distance to which the
power is transferred is less. In the case of strongly coupled magnetic resonance method,
the power can be transferred for a longer distance with reduced efficiency when
compared to short range electromagnetic induction type. The main principle in the case
of electric field coupling mode is the redistribution of the surface charge on any object.
The transmitter is excited with a high voltage and high frequency source to generate an
alternating electric field which couples with the resonant receiver. The power
transferred in this mode is less and the efficiency of the power transfer is largely
affected by the surrounding medium. Lastly in the case of electromagnetic radiation, the
electric energy is converted into electromagnetic energy such as laser beams or
microwaves, which can be radiated over a longer distance. Then received
electromagnetic energy is converted back into electric energy. With the increased
distance of power transmission in electromagnetic radiation mode, the transfer
efficiency is reduced.
The dc-dc converters are mainly used in switch mode regulated power supply and also
in dc motor drive applications. These converters have many practical applications, such
as solar-cell energy systems, fuel cell energy conversion system, uninterruptable power
supply system etc. The DC-DC converter requires large boost conversion from the
panel’s low voltage to the voltage level of the appliance. Some converters increase turns
ratio of the coupled inductor obtain higher voltage than conventional boost converter.
Some converters are effective combination fly back and boost converters. They are a
range of converters combination developed to accomplish high voltage gain by using

coupled inductor technique [2],[4]. Combinations of auxiliary resonant circuit, active
snubber synchronous rectifiers, or switched capacitor based resonant circuits and so on,
these circuits made active switch into Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) or Zero Current
Switching (ZCS) operation and improved converter efficiency.
The main criterion for achieving wireless power transmission is generation of

alternating signals in the transmitter. Often power amplifiers are used to generate these
alternating signals, but there is a large power loss associated with power amplifier for
wireless power transmission. Sokal et al. proposed a class E power amplifier which can
achieve efficiency up to 100% with higher output power and reduced heat sink
requirements.
Fig 3.1 shows the block diagram of the Wireless Power Transmission System model. It
consists of a solar panel which will be used as an input source, whose input voltage will
be boosted using a high step-up DC-DC converter. This high voltage is then converted
high frequency AC using class E power amplifiers. The oscillating signals are then fed
into the transmitter setup. By achieving proper resonance coupling between the
transmitter and the receiver setup power gets transferred wirelessly.
Figure 3.1. Block diagram of the proposed wireless power transmission system.

3.1 PROBLEM FORMULATION
It is the renewable energy project so it was the main motivation for us that it will take
over all the forms of transmission in near future. Recently New Zealand started using
this method of transmission at its South Island RUKIURA. So, we researched and
worked over this project and been successful in making it work efficiently, we used
MATLAB for that purpose. Basically, there are certain techniques which we can
according to our need of power transmission like for short range we can use Inductive
coupling, Capacitive coupling and magneto dynamic coupling and for mid-range
transmission we can use resonant inductive coupling, which we have used in our
project, and for long range transmission we use microwave and light waves. We started
making the project using a research paper as the base model for our project. Then we
made some change on the basis of our research. So, finally made the model using
MATLAB that has higher current and voltage efficiency.
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED WIRELESS POWER

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Figure 3. 2. Circuit configuration of the proposed wireless power transmission system
The fig 3.2 shows the two main stages of the proposed system. The first stage is the
high step-up dc-dc converter which converts the low input voltage from the PV Cell to a
higher value. The step-up converter has following advantages:
1. The converter has a high step-up conversion ratio because of the connection of the
coupled inductors, diodes and the capacitors.
2. It has very high efficiency and lower stress on the switches as the leakage inductor
energy can be recycled.
It consists of a coupled inductor T1 with the switch S1. The primary side winding N1 of
a coupled inductor T1 is identical to the input inductor of the traditional boost converter,
and diode D1, capacitor C1 receives leakage inductor energy from N1. The secondary
side winding N2 of coupled inductor T1 is connected with another pair of diodes D2
and capacitors C2, which are in series with N1 in order to increase the boost voltage.
The rectifier diode D3 is connected to output capacitor C3.
The second stage is the class E amplifier which receives the dc input from the high step-
up converter and converts to high frequency ac. The class E amplifier is a highly
efficient switch mode resonant converter. The high efficiency results from the reduced
power losses in the transistor. The higher efficiency of the switch can be achieved by:
1. Using the transistor as a switch to reduce the power
2. Reducing the switching losses which result from finite transition time between ON
and OFF states of the transistor.
The Class E amplifier consists of a RF choke L1 and a parallel-series resonator circuit
consisting of C4, C5 and L2.
The output of the class E power amplifier is connected to the tank circuit formed by C6
and the transmitting coil as shown in the fig 2.
The receiver consists of a tank circuit formed by capacitor C7 and the receiving coil and
a simple full bridge diode rectifier to convert the ac power transmitted from the
transmitter coil to dc and a filter C0 is used to reduce the harmonics and then given to
the load R0. The power gets transferred resonant frequency is achieved between
transmitter and receiver pair.
3.3 MODES OF THE OPERATION OF THE PROPOSED WIRELESS POWER

TRAMSMISSION SYSTEM
There are five modes of operation for high step-up dc-dc converter and class E amplifier
has only two modes which will be discussed separately.
1. Modes of Operation of High Step-Up DC-DC Converter:
I. Mode I (t0 – t1): Fig 3.3 shows the mode I operation of the step-up converter.

When the switch S1 is closed, the capacitor C2 gets completely charged by the
magnetizing inductor Lm. The magnetizing inductor current ILm decreases as
the input voltage Vin crosses the magnetizing inductor Lm and the leakage
inductor Lk1. Lm still continues to transfer energy to the capacitor C2 but this
energy is decreasing. The current through the diode D2 and the capacitor C2 are
also decreasing. The secondary leakage current iLk2 is also decreasing with a
slope of iLm/n. This mode ends when increasing iLk1 is equal to the decreasing
iLm at t=t1.
II. Mode II (t1 – t2): Fig 3.4 shows the mode II operation of the step-up converter.
During this mode, the input source voltage Vin gets series connected with N2,
C1 and C2 which charge the output capacitor C3. The currents iLm, iLk1 and
id3 increases as Vin crosses Lk1, Lm and N1. Lm and Lk1 stores energy from
Vin also C1 and C2 discharge their energy toC3. Hence id3 and the discharging
currents ic1 and ic2 also increase. The switch is turned off at t=t2 and this mode
ends.
III. Mode III (t2 – t3): Fig 3.5 shows the mode III operation of the step-up
converter. During this mode the secondary leakage inductor Lk2 keeps charging
the output capacitor C3 when the switch is turned off at t=t2. Diodes D1 and D3
will be conducting. The stored energy in Lk1 flows through D1 to charge the
capacitor C1. Also, the stored energy in the leakage inductor Lk2 is in series
with C2 to charge the output capacitor C3. Since the inductances of Lk1 and Lk2
are very small compared to Lm, iLk2 decreases rapidly but iLm increases as the
magnetizing inductor Lm receives energy from Lk1. This mode ends when iLk2
decreases and reaches zero at t = t3.
IV. Mode IV (t3 – t4): Fig 3.6 shows the mode IV operation of the step-up
converter. The magnetizing inductor Lm discharges its energy to C1 and C2.
Diodes D1 and D2 are conducting in this mode. The currents i0 and iD1 are
decreases continuously as the leakage energy charge the capacitor C1 through
the diode D1. The magnetizing inductor Lm discharges its energy to charge the
capacitor C2 through T1 and D2. The energy stored in C3 is continuously
discharged to the load R. These energy transfers decreases the currents iLk1 and
iLm but increases the current iLk2.This mode ends when iLk1 reaches zero at
t=t4.
V. Mode V (t4 – t5): Fig 3.7 shows the mode V operation of the step-up converter.
During this mode of operation, Lm continuously discharges its energy to C2 and
diode D2 will be conducting. The current iLm decreases as it charges the
capacitor C2 through T1 and D2. This mode ends when the switch S1 is turned
on at the beginning of the next switching period.
2. Modes of Operation of Class E Power Amplifier:
Fig 3.8 shows the two switching stages of the switch S1 which is ON for a half cycle
and off for another half cycle. The switch S1 is turned ON at zero drain voltage and zero
drain current to reduce the switching losses when the transistor is turned ON.
Optimum Operation Mode: When the switch is turned OFF, there will be a jump change
in the drain current but the drain voltage starts to increase slowly from zero thus
reducing the switching losses. This will be the optimum mode of operation of class E
amplifier as ZVS and ZCS has been achieved which provide the highest efficiency.
Sub-Optimum Operation Mode: Class E amplifier can be operated in a sub-optimum

operation mode, where the capacitor C1connected across the switch S1 is discharged
to zero before turning ON the switch S1 by proper gate signals. In this case the drain
voltage becomes negative and the anti- parallel diode of the switch S1 conducts only the
negative current and maintains the drain voltage close to zero before the switch S1 is
turned ON, thus reducing the switching losses.

Figure 3.3. Mode I operation of high step-up dc-dc converter
Figure 3.4. Mode II operation of high step-up dc-dc converter
Figure 3.5. Mode III operation of high step-up dc-dc converter

Figure 3.6. Mode IV operation of high step-up dc-dc converter
Figure 3.7. Mode V operation of high step-up dc dc converter
Figure 3.8. Operation of Class E Power Amplifier

3.4 DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
The design of the proposed WPT system requires the design of the high step-up dc-dc
converter and the design of the class E power amplifier. Hence, there are two design
stages which will be discussed in this section. During the design procedure, following
assumptions are made:
1. All the components are assumed to be ideal
2. The ON state resistance and the parasitic capacitance of the switches are neglected.
3. The voltage drops across the diodes are neglected.
4. The capacitors are assumed to have a very large value.
1. High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Design:
Input Voltage Vin = 12 V (3.1)
Output Voltage V0 = 70 V (3.2)
Switching frequency f = 100 KHz (3.3)
Transformer turns ratio n = 2 (3.4)
Output R = 100 Ω (3.5)
Now the duty cycle D is calculated as
D = 1 – 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (1+𝑛) /𝑉0 (3.6)
D = 1 – 12(1+2) /70
D = 0.485 or 48.5% (3.7)
The boundary normalized magnetizing time constant τLB is depicted as,
τLB = 𝐷(1−𝐷)2 /2(1+𝑛)2 (3.8)
At the boundary for converter’s operation at 50% of the full load, the load resistance
R=200Ω is selected. Substituting the value of D in the equation 3.8, we have

τLB = 0.485(1−0.485)2 /2(1+2)2
τLB = 7.1371 × 10−3 s (3.9)
Now the boundary magnetizing inductance is found as,
LmB = τ𝐿𝐵 R / 𝑓 = 7.1371 × 10-3 × 100/ 50×103
LmB = 14.275 µH (3.10)
Hence the magnetizing inductance Lm has to be greater than the boundary magnetizing
inductance LmB
i.e., Lm>14.275 µH (3.11)
B. Class E Transmitter Design:

To start with we have to first set the supply voltage of the class E power amplifier by
using the equation
VCC = 𝐵𝑉CEV/ 3.56 .SF (3.12)
Where BVCEV is the breakdown voltage of the MOSFET which is to be used and SF is
the safety factor whose value is not greater than 1. Assuming SF to be 0.8 and the
supply voltage of 70 V, we have
BVCEV=3.56×𝑉𝐶𝐶/𝑆𝐹 (3.13)
= 3.56×70/ 0.8 = 311.5
i.e.
we have to choose a MOSFET whose breakdown voltage has to be greater than 311.5V.
Based on the power specification and QL, the load resistance can be calculated based on
the following equation as shown in 3.14.
RL = (VCC )2/POUT × 0.576801 (1.001245 – 0.451759 /𝑄𝐿 - 0.402444/ 𝑄𝐿2) (3.14)
Where the value of QL is chosen by the designer, for a duty cycle of 50%, the minimum
value of QL is 1.7879. The value of QL is chosen to be 2.134 and POut as 60 W, we
have
RL = (70)2/ 60 × 0.576801 (1.001245 – 0.451759 /2.134 - 0.402444/ 2.1342 )

RL = 32.98 Ω
Hence the value of RL is chosen to be RL = 50 Ω
The next step is to calculate the value of the shunt capacitance C1 which is to be
connected across the switch by the following equation.
C1 = 1/( 2𝜋𝑓𝑜𝑅𝐿 (𝜋2/4 +1) 𝜋/2) × (0.99866 + 0.91424/ 𝑄𝐿 – 1.03175/𝑄𝐿2)
+ 0.6 /(2𝜋𝑓𝑜 )2𝐿1 (3.15)
C1 = (1/34.2219 𝑓𝑜 𝑅𝐿) × (0.99866 + 0.91424/𝑄𝐿 – 1.03175/𝑄𝐿2) + 0.6/(2𝜋𝑓𝑜 )2 𝐿1
(3.16)
We have chosen the operating frequency of 13.56 MHz, substituting the value of and
RL in the equation 3.16, we have the value of shunt capacitance C1 as
C1 = 51.74pF + 0.6/ (2𝜋𝑓𝑜 )2 𝐿1 (3.17)
Usually, the value of XL1 is chosen to be 30 or more than times the unadjusted value of
XC1
i.e. XL1 > 30×XC1
ωL1 > 30/ 𝜔𝐶1
L1 > 30/𝜔2 𝐶1 (3.18)
Substituting the value of C1 as 51.74pF and fo = 13.56MHz, we have
L1>79.87µH
The value of L1 is chosen to be 80µH. Substituting this value of L1 in equation 3.17,

the value of shunt capacitance C1 is found to be
C1 = 79.4 pF
The value of C2 is calculated by using the equation below
C2 = (1/2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑅𝐿) × (1/ 𝑄𝐿 – 0.104823 ) (1.00121+ (1.01468/ 𝑄𝐿− 1.7879 –

0.2/(2𝜋𝑓𝑜 )2 L1
(3.19)
Substituting the value of fo, RL and QL in the equation 3.19, we have
C2 = 689.9127Pf
The value of L2 is found from the equation below

L2 = QL × 𝑅𝐿 /2𝜋𝑓𝑜 (3.20)
Substituting the value of fo, RL and QL in the equation 3.20, we have
L2 = 0.8µH
3.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS PROJECT ON MATLAB

The simulation of the proposed wireless power transmission model has been carried out
using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The proposed model in fig. 3.9 has been verified for an
input voltage of 12V from the solar panel and the output is obtained to be 110V.

Figure 3.9 Circuit arrangement of the proposed wireless power transmission system using
MATLAB/SIMULINK package.
The specifications of various components used in the proposed model are tabulated below.
Table 3.1 shows Component values of the proposed Wireless Power Transmission model.
S.No. Parameter Value

1. Lm 15
2. C1 47F
3. C2 47F
4. C3 47F
5. Duty Ratio of S1 48.5%
6. Turns Ratio of T1 2
7. L1 
8. L2 
9. C4 690pF
10. C5 132pF
11. C6 150pF
12. C0 68mF
13. R0 40
14. Duty Ratio of S2 50%
Description of Components used in the project

1. Linear Transformer :- The transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.
It transfers an electric energy from one circuit to other when there is no electrical
connection between the two circuits.
The transformer is a static device in which electric power is transformed from one
alternating current circuit to another with desired change in voltage and current, without
any change in frequency.
The principle of mutual induction states that when two coils are inductively coupled and if
the current in one coil changed uniformly then an e.m.f gets induced in the other coil. This

e.m.f can drive a current, when a closed path is provided to it. The transformer works on
the same principle. In its elementary form, it consists of two inductive coils which are
electrically separated but linked through a common magnetic circuit. The two coils have
high mutual inductance.
2. Pulse Generator :- A pulse generator is either an electronic circuit or a piece

of electronic test equipment used to generate rectangular pulses. Pulse generators are used
primarily for working with digital circuits, related function generators are used primarily
for analog circuits.
The parameters we used in the pulse generator for the better output are : -
Time Period - 1/100000 sec
Pulse width – 50%
Phase delay – 0 sec
3. MOSFET :- MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor or Metal
Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor. This is also called as IGFET meaning
Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor. The FET is operated in both depletion and
enhancement modes of operation. The following figure shows how a practical MOSFET
looks like. The construction of a MOSFET is a bit similar to the FET. An oxide layer is
deposited on the substrate to which the gate terminal is connected. This oxide layer acts as
an insulator (sio2 insulates from the substrate), and hence the MOSFET has another name
as IGFET. In the construction of MOSFET, a lightly doped substrate, is diffused with a
heavily doped region. Depending upon the substrate used, they are called as P-type and N-
type MOSFETs.
4. Diode :- A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one way switch
for current . It allows current to flow easily in a direction , but severly restricts current from
flowing in the opposite direction .

CHAPTER-4
SIMULATION AND RESULTS
4.1 RESULTS
We have successfully achieved the wireless transmission of solar power . In this project
we use 12 volts dc solar input and here we have assumed that the solar input is
completely stable without any voltage regulations.
In this model first we step up the dc solar input with the help of dc-dc boost converter
and then that boosted voltage is send to a class E amplifier to increase the frequency of
the voltage waveform so that it can be transferred efficiently over the long distance . We
use high frequency for the transmission of power i.e. 10Khz.
After the transmission of the power with the help pf magnetically coupled coils the ac
voltage is rectified with the help of full bridge rectifier and then capacitor is used as
filter to rectify the output across the load that is purely resistive in this case.
Figure 4.1 : Boost converter output
As we can clearly see in the above figure that the boost converter voltage stabilize at
0.8 second which is acceptable in practical world and the boosted voltage is 290 volts.
In contrary with the boost converter output we have taken three other output across the
load that is output voltage , output current and output power. The waveforms of all the
three output are shown in below figures.
Figure 4.2 : Output Voltage
Figure 4.3 : Output Current
It is clearly seen in above waveforms that there is some time delay before the output
gets stable and that delay is same for both (voltage and current) that is 0.8 seconds .
After getting stabilize the output voltage attains the value of 290 volts which is same as
the boost converter voltage which shows the efficient transfer of the power over the
distance as there are no change in the stabilize value of transmitted voltage.
On the other hand the output current steady state value is 0.29 ampere which is much
better than our reference paper. In this some might worry about the low value of the
output current but it is self explanatory since we are increasing the value of the voltage
the current is bound to decrease . The value of the current can be further increase by
different kind of methods to our need.
Figure 4.4 : Output Power
Output power follows the same waveform and output voltage and current since it comes
with multiplication of both waveforms . The steady state value of transmitted output
power is 84 watts which is good for basic practical purposes . Next we will see
comparion and the improvement we have accomplished from our refrence paper.
4.2 COMPARISON
Let us first see the output waveforms of the base paper that we have considered . Instead
of three it took only two outputs that voltage and current.

Figure 4.5 : Output voltage of the the base mode
Figure 4.6 : Output current of the base model
On comparing the output voltage of both models you can clearly see that our model has

increases the voltage by approximately 10 times the base model output voltage that is 23
volts same goes for the value or current . The steady state value of the current in base
model is 0.043 ampere which is 6.7 times less than our steady state value of current.
We have also decrease the ripple in output voltage which we can clearly see in the base
model steady state output . The only problem we face is due to the duration of the
transient which is 0.8 sec in our case which is acceptable in the practical world.
Table 4.1 : Comparison of our model with base model
OUR MODEL BASE MODEL

Steady state output
290 volts 23 volts
voltage
Steady state output
0.29 ampere 0.043 ampere
current
Ripples in output No Ripples Have Ripples
Transient time 0.8 sec 0.05sec

CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
We have successfully completed the simulation of transmission of 84 watt of solar power

wirelessly on MATLAB. The base paper which we considered, used the technique of
resonance coupling to transfer the power but the transmission of power is very low so by
increasing the frequency of the transmitted voltage we increased the transmitted power by
8400% with increased transmitted voltage and current in comparison to base paper, but the
transient period of our output is high so in future we can further try to decrease this transient
time. In future we can also try to transmit more power wirelessly through different methods
like using microwave or LASER power transmission. We can also try to improve the steady
state output.
The wireless transmission of solar power will be mainly used in solar power satellite (SPS) .
Solar power satellites generate electrical energy in space and transmit it to earth station
receiver. The SPS satellites would be put in high earth orbit at geosynchronous location. This
would allow them to receive more light in space in comparison to solar panels on earth.

Appendix - A
Introduction to MATLAB
MATLAB is a programming language developed by MathWorks. It started out as a

matrix programming language where linear algebra programming was simple. It can be
run both under interactive sessions and as a batch job. This tutorial gives you
aggressively a gentle introduction of MATLAB programming language. It is designed
to give students fluency in MATLAB programming language. Problem-based
MATLAB examples have been given in simple and easy way to make your learning fast
and effective.
MATLAB is a software package for mathematical calculations. It is a very powerful

package, but is also very simple to use. One of the attractions of MATLAB is its
versatility. You can use it interactively or use it like a programming language. It can
handle every think from a simple expression to a set of complex mathematical
calculations on large sets of data. There is a massive number of predefine functions to
choose from. There is also a large selection of simple to use graphics functions to plot
and display data to the screen. The purpose of this document is to introduce the
fundamentals of MATLAB. After reading this document you should have a good idea of
the type of problems that MATLAB can cope with and how to solve those problems.
MATLAB - Overview
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a fourth-generation high-level programming language

and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization and programming.
It allows matrix manipulations; plotting of functions and data; implementation of

algorithms; creation of user interfaces; interfacing with programs written in other
languages, including C, C++, Java, and FORTRAN; analyze data; develop algorithms;
and create models and applications.
It has numerous built-in commands and math functions that help you in mathematical

calculations, generating plots, and performing numerical methods.
MATLAB's Power of Computational Mathematics
MATLAB is used in every facet of computational mathematics. Following are some

commonly used mathematical calculations where it is used most commonly −
 Dealing with Matrices and Arrays

 2-D and 3-D Plotting and graphics
 Linear Algebra
 Algebraic Equations
 Non-linear Functions
 Statistics
 Data Analysis
 Calculus and Differential Equations
 Numerical Calculations
 Integration
 Transforms
 Curve Fitting
 Various other special functions
Features of MATLAB
Following are the basic features of MATLAB −
 It is a high-level language for numerical computation, visualization and application

development.
 It also provides an interactive environment for iterative exploration, design and problem
solving.
 It provides vast library of mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier
analysis, filtering, optimization, numerical integration and solving ordinary differential
equations.
 It provides built-in graphics for visualizing data and tools for creating custom plots.
 MATLAB's programming interface gives development tools for improving code quality
maintainability and maximizing performance.
 It provides tools for building applications with custom graphical interfaces.
 It provides functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external

applications and languages such as C, Java, .NET and Microsoft Excel.
Uses of MATLAB
MATLAB is widely used as a computational tool in science and engineering

encompassing the fields of physics, chemistry, math and all engineering streams. It is
used in a range of applications including −
 Signal Processing and Communications

 Image and Video Processing
 Control Systems
 Test and Measurement
 Computational Finance
 Computational Biology
MATLAB – Simulink
Simulink is a simulation and model-based design environment for dynamic and

embedded systems, integrated with MATLAB. Simulink, also developed by
MathWorks, is a data flow graphical programming language tool for modelling,
simulating and analyzing multi-domain dynamic systems. It is basically a graphical
block diagramming tool with customizable set of block libraries.
It allows you to incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models as well as export the
simulation results into MATLAB for further analysis.

Simulink supports
 system-level design
 simulation
 automatic code generation
 testing and verification of embedded systems
There are several other add-on products provided by MathWorks and third-party
hardware and software products that are available for use with Simulink.
The following list gives brief description of some of them −
 Stateflow allows developing state machines and flow charts.
 Simulink Coder allows the generation of C source code for real-time implementation of
systems automatically.
 xPC Target together with x86-based real-time systems provide an environment to

simulate and test Simulink and Stateflow models in real-time on the physical system.
 Embedded Coder supports specific embedded targets.
 HDL Coder allows to automatically generate synthesizable VHDL and Verilog.
 SimEvents provides a library of graphical building blocks for modelling queuing

systems.
Simulink is capable of systematic verification and validation of models through

modelling style checking, requirements traceability and model coverage analysis.
Simulink Design Verifier allows you to identify design errors and to generate test case
scenarios for model checking.
Using Simulink
To open Simulink, type in the MATLAB work space − simulink
Simulink opens with the Library Browser. The Library Browser is used for building
simulation models.

Figure A.1: Simulink Library Browser
On the left side window pane, you will find several libraries categorized on the basis of
various systems, clicking on each one will display the design blocks on the right
window pane.
Building Models -
To create a new model, click the New button on the Library Browser's toolbar. This
opens a new untitled model window.

Figure A.2 : New Model File
A Simulink model is a block diagram.
Model elements are added by selecting the appropriate elements from the Library
Browser and dragging them into the Model window.
Alternately, you can copy the model elements and paste them into the model window.
Examples
Drag and drop items from the Simulink library to make your project.
For the purpose of this example, two blocks will be used for the simulation -
A Source (a signal) and a Sink (a scope). A signal generator (the source) generates an
analog signal, which will then be graphically visualized by the scope(the sink).

Figure A.3 : Searching the Simulink Library Browser
Begin by dragging the required blocks from the library to the project window. Then,
connect the blocks together which can be done by dragging connectors from connection
points on one block to those of another.
Let us drag a 'Sine Wave' block into the model.
Figure A.4 : Searching sine wave in browser

Select 'Sinks' from the library and drag a 'Scope' block into the model.
Figure A.5 : Sinks in Library Browser
Drag a signal line from the output of the Sine Wave block to the input of the Scope
block.
Figure A.6 : Dragging Sine Wave

Figure A.7 : Connecting sine wave to scope
Run the simulation by pressing the 'Run' button, keeping all parameters default (you
can change them from the Simulation menu)
You should get the below graph from the scope.
Figure A.8 : Scope Output

References
[1] Saurabh, Dhruv Kapur, Raju J. “Wireless Power Transmission for Solar Input”.
International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy Information and
Communication (ICCPEIC), 2016.
[2] Izzul Fahmi Zambari, Chiah Yi Hui, Ramizi Mohamed. "Development of Wireless
Energy Transfer Module for Solar Energy Harvesting." The 4th International
Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI 2013).
[3] Marek PIRI, Pavol SPANIK, Michal FRIVALDSKY, Anna KONDELOVA,

"Wireless (Power Transfer) Transmission of Electrical Energy (Electricity) Intended
for Consumer Purposes up to 50 W". Department of Mechatronics and Electronics,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 8215/1, 01026
Zilina, Slovak Republic. March 2016.
[4] Mohammad Shidujaman, Hooman Samani, Mohammad Arif, "Wireless Power

Transmission Trends". In 3rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
INFORMATICS, ELECTRONICS & VISION 2014.
[5] Mr. John C. Mankins, “SPS-ALPHA: The First Practical Solar Power Satellite via
Arbitrarily Large Phased Array”. NASA NIAC Phase 1 Project 2012
[6] Yan Wang, Jinwei Qiao1 , Jing Du, Fei Wang and Wenhao Zhang. "A view of
research on wireless power transmission." IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf.
Series 1074 (2018) 012140.
[7] Cong Wang, Ji Li, Yuanyuan Yang, and Fan Ye . “A Hybrid Framework Combining
Solar Energy Harvesting and Wireless Charging for Wireless Sensor Networks.” IEEE
INFOCOM 2016 - The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer
Communications
[8] M Maqsood1 and M Nauman Nasir. “Wireless electricity (Power) transmission

using solar based power satellite technology”, 6th Vacuum and Surface Sciences
Conference of Asia and Australia (VASSCAA-6), 2013.
[9] Susumu Sasakia,∗, Koji Tanakaa, Ken Higuchia, Nobukatsu Okuizumia, Shigeo
Kawasakib, Naoki Shinoharab, Kei Sendac , Kousei Ishimura. “A new concept of
solar power satellite: Tethered-SPS”. Acta Astronautica 60 (2006) 153 – 165, The
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-
1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan 2006.
[10] Andrew J. Capanella. “Wireless Transmission Of Solar Generated Power”. Patent

Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0086284 A1 Capanella et al. Apr. 12,
2012.
[11] M. R. Usikalu, S. A. Adewole, J. A. Achuka, T. A. Adagunodo, T. J. Abodunrin

and L. N. Obafemi. “Investigation into Wireless Power Transfer in near Field using
Induction Technique”. 3rd International Conference on Science and Sustainable
Development (ICSSD 2019).
[12] Aravind L and Dr. Usha P. “Wireless Power Transmission using Class E Power
Amplifier from Solar Input”. International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology (IJERT) 06, June-2015.
[13] Yuhuan Zhou and Tomoyuki Miyamoto. “200 mW-class LED-based optical
wireless power transmission for compact IoT”. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
58, SJJC04 (2019).
[14] Jianliang Li. “Research progress of Wireless Power Transmission technology

and the Related Problems”. AIP Conference Proceedings 1820, 090023 (2017).
[15] Sagolsem Kripachariya Singh, T. S. Hasarmani, and R. M. Holmukhe. “Wireless

Transmission of Electrical Power Overview of Recent Papers and Development.
International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 207-
211, 2012.

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A

Supervised by:- Submitted by:-

Department of Electrical Engineering

Date: 21-11-22 Supervisor

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page ii

Anuj Nama (17ESKEE016)

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page iii

Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 15-22

3. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 23-36

3.4 Design of the Proposed Wireless Power Transmission 30

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page iv

4. SIMULATION AND RESULT 37-41

5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 42

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page v

Figure No. Figure Description Page No.

Circuit arrangement of the proposed

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page vi

Table No. Table Description Page No.

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page vii

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page viii

1.1 HISTORY OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

To concentrate the transmitted power and to increase transmission efficiency, we have

Figure 1.1 : WPT lab experiment in 1975 by W brown

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 2

1.2 TYPES OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Figure 1.2 : Generic block diagram of WPT

In general a wireless power system consists of a "transmitter" device connected to a

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 4

Figure 1.3: Types of wireless power transmission

1.2.1 Inductive coupling

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 5

Figure 1.4 : Block diagram of inductive coupling

1.2.2 Capacitive coupling

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 6

Figure 1.5: Block diagram of capacitive coupling

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 7

1.2.3 Microwave power transfer

For earthbound applications, a large-area 10 km diameter receiving array allows large

Japanese researcher Hidetsugu Yagi also investigated wireless energy transmission

In 2015, researchers at the University of Washington introduced power over Wi-Fi,

 Collimated monochromatic wavefront propagation allows narrow beam cross-section

 Compact size: solid state lasers fit into small products.

 No radio-frequency interference to existing radio communication such as Wi-Fi and cell

 Access control: only receivers hit by the laser receive power.

 Conversion between electricity and light is limited. Photovoltaic cells achieve a

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 10

Laser ‘Powerbeaming’ technology was explored in military weaopons and aerospace

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 11

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 12

The concept behind resonant inductive coupling systems is that high Q

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 13

Resonant technology is currently being widely incorporated in modern inductive

Figure 1.6: Block diagram of resonance inductive coupling

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 14

This section includes a review on wireless power transmission and different

Wireless Power Transmission

Marek PIRI, Pavol SPANIK, Michal FRIVALDSKY and Anna KONDELOVA

Mohammad Shidujaman, Hooman Samani, and Mohammad Arif describe Wireless

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 17

Susumu Sasakia et al. demonstrated a tethered solar satellite (Tethered-SPS), which

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 20

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 21

Sagolsem Kripachariya Singh, T. S. Hasarmani and R. M. Holmukhe provided a