A

TECHNICAL SEMINAR

on

“UNDERGROUND FAULT DETECTION USING ARDUINO “

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
By
R. VIVEK -216F5A0235

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

PALLAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to TS SBTET, Hyderabad Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Kuntloor (V), Abdhullapurmet (M), Hyderabad, R.R.Dist. – 502 505.
2019-2023
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

PALLAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to TS SBTET, Hyderabad Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Kuntloor (V), Abdhullapurmet (M), Hyderabad, R.R.Dist, - 502 505.

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I R. VIVEK here by declare that the dissertation work entitled “UNDERGROUND

FAULT DETECTION USING ARDUINO” is prepared by us, submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirments for the award of B.TECH in ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING for the Academic Year 2020-2024.This dissertation
work was originally designed and was not a duplication of work done by someone else.I
hold the responsibility of the originality of the work incorporated into this work.

Date: R. VIVEK
216F5A0235
Place: HYDERABAD
 PALLAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KUNTLOOR (V), HAYATHNAGAR (M), R.R. DISTRICT 501 505.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report “UNDERGROUND FAULT

DETECTION USING ARDUINO that is being submitted by R. VIVEK in partial
fulfillment for the award of the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING to the Jawarlal Nehru
Technological University Hyderabad, Telangana, IS a record of bonafide work carried by him
under our guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this project have not been
submitted to any other University or institute for the award of any other degree.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr.VISHWAPRAKASH BABU, M.Tech, PhD

Associate Professor

Viva voice held on …………………………………………

PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible and whose encouragement and
guidance have crowned our efforts with success

Also we would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr.VISHWAPRAKASH BABU Assoc. Prof.,
Head of Department in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING during the progress of the
Technical Seminar, for his timely suggestions and help in spite of his busy schedule.

My acknowledgements extended to Dr. M. BALARAJU Sir Principal of PALLAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

HYDERABAD for his consistent help and encouragement to complete the research work.

R. VIVEK

216F5A0235
 ABSTRACT

In urban areas, electrical cables run underground instead of running over, because it does not
affected by any adverse effect of weather such as heavy rainfall, snow, thunder storm. Whenever a
fault occurs within the underground cable, it is difficult to detect the exact location of the fault for the
repair process of particular cable. The proposed system found the point of the exact location of fault.
The paper uses the standard concept of Ohm’s law i.e. when a low dc voltage is applied at the end of
feeder through series resister (cable lines) then the current will vary depending on the location of the
fault. Short in the cable.

The main objective of this project is to detect the faults and abnormalities occurring in
underground cables using an Arduino. The basic idea behind the working of this project is ohm’s law.
At the feeder end, when a DC voltage is applied, based on the location of fault in the cable, the value of
current also changes So in case of a short circuit fault like L-G or L-L fault the change in voltage value
measured across the resistor is then fed to the in-built ADC of the Arduino. This value is processed by
the Arduino and the fault is calculated in terms of distance from the base station. This value is sent to
the LCD interfaced to the Arduino board and it displays exact location of the fault from the base station
in kilometers for all the three phases. This project is arranged with a set of resistors which represent
the length of the cable.A every known kilometer fault switches are placed to induce faults manually.
Finally the fault distance can be determined.
Key Words — Arduino microcontroller, Ohm’s law, LCD, ADC, cable fault.
CONTENTS

Chapter No TITLE Page No

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 CONSTRUCTION OF CABLE 2
2 TYPES OF CABLE FAULT 6
3 FAULT LOCATION METHODS 7
4 BLOCK DIAGRAM 10
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 10
4.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 10
5 CIRCUI T COMPONENTS 12
5.1 MICROCONTROLLER 12
5.1.1 PIN DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 12

5.2 TRANSFORMER 14 5.3 POWER SUPPLY 15 5.4 RECTIFIER 16 5.5

FILTER 17 5.6 REGULATOR 18 5.7 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
(LCD) 19
5.7.1 LCD SCREEN 20
5.8 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER ADC0804 24 5.9 RESISTORS 25
5.10 RELAY 26
6 WORKING OF UNDERGROUND CABLE 27 7 ADVANTAGES AND
APPLICATIONS 28

7.1 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 28

7.1.1 ADVANTAGES 28 7.1.2 APPLICATIONS 28 CONCLUSION 29
REFERENCES 30
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO FIG NAME PAGE NO

1 CONSTRUCTION OF CABLE 2 2 TRACER 83 BLAVIER TEST 9 4

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF UNDERGROUNG CABLE 10 5 PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051 MC
12 6 TRNSFORMER 14 7 FUNCIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY 15 8
BRIDGE RECTIFIER 16 9 THREE TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR 18 10 LCD
SCREEN 21 11 ADC0804 24 12 RESISTOR 25

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

In this project we proposed a fault localization model for the underground cable lines with
Arduino. The purpose of this paper is to determine the distance from the base station's underground
cable fault in kilometres. In this project we used a simple concept of ohms low. When a fault occurs in
the system the distance located on liquid crystal display (LCD). Until the last decade, cables were
designed to be placed above the head and, at present, there is no underground cable that is higher
than the previous method.. Now the world has become digitized so, the project is to detect exact
location of the fault in digital form. Underground cabling system is a more common practice in many
urban areas. Although the fault occurs for some reason, at that time, the repair process for this
particular cable is difficult because of not knowing the exact location of the cable breakdown. Fault in
cable can be classified in two groups: Open circuit fault:-In open circuit fault there is no current
because there no conducting complete loop for current flowing that is I=0.in this fault supply voltage
is equal to the output voltage. Open circuit fault is better than short circuit fault.. Short circuit fault:-
In this fault output voltage is zero but current is same Further short circuit fault can be categorized in
two types: Symmetrical fault:- In this fault :equal lead current and equal phase shift. Unsymmetrical
fault: – In this fault magnitude of current is not equal & phase shifting is not equal by 120 degree.
Terminal method:- in this method used to detect the fault location in underground lines without any
effort This method used to locate the type of circuit occurs; the voltage drop varies with the default
length on the cable, as the current varies. A plurality of resistors is used to represent the cable and a
DC voltage is supplied at one end and the defect detected by detecting the voltage variation the
defect area to accelerate the tracking of the buried cable.

1.1 CONSTRUCTION OF CABLE:

Fig1: Construction of cable

Definition: A cable used for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy is called electrical
power cable. Power cable consists two or more electrical conductors join with an over sheath. It is
used for the transmission of extra high voltages in a place where overhead lines are impracticable to
use like, the sea, airfield crossing, etc. But underground cable is more costly as compared to aerial
cable for the same voltage which is one of the main draws back of electrical power cable.

The power cable mainly consists of three main components, namely, conductor, dielectric, and
sheath. The conductor in the cable provides the conducting path for the current.. The sheath does
not allow the moistures to enter and protects the cables from all external influences like chemical or
electrochemicalattack, fire, etc. The main components of electrical power cables are explained above
in details.

1. Conductor:

Coppers and aluminium wires are used as a conductor material in cables because of their high
electrical conductivity. Solid or number of bare wires made of either copper or aluminium are used to
make a power cable.For a conductor having more than three wires, the wire is arranged around a
center wire such that there are six in the first layer, twelve in the second, eighteen in the third, and so
on. The number of wires in the conductors are 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, etc., The size of the conductor is
represented by 7/A, 19/B, 37/C, etc., in which first figures represent the number of strands and the
second figure A, B, C, etc., represents the diameters in cm or mm of the individual wire of the
conductors.
2. Insulation:
The most commonly used dielectric in power cables is impregnated paper, butyl rubber, polyvinyl
chloride cable, polyethylene, cross-linked polyethylene. Paper insulated cables are mostly preferred
because their current carrying capacity is high, generally reliable and having a long life. The dielectric
compound used for the cable should have following properties.

• The insulator must have high insulation resistance.

• It should have high dielectric strength so that it does not allow the leakage current to pass
through it.

• The material must have good mechanical strength.

• The dielectric material should be capable of operating at high temperature.

• It should have low thermal resistance.

• It should have a low power factor.

The cables used for submarine and damp soil should use synthetic dielectrics like polyvinyl
chloride, polyethylene, etc. These materials are comparatively lighter and have nonmigratory
dielectric. Also, such type of dielectric material has good dielectric strength, low power loss, and low
thermal resistance.

3. Inner Sheath: It is used for protecting the cable from moistures which would affect the
insulation. Cable sheath is made up of lead alloy, and these strengths withstand the internal pressures
of the pressurized cables. The material used for inner sheath should be nonmagnetic material.

The aluminium sheath is also used in a power cable because it is cheaper, smaller in weight and
high mechanical strength than the lead sheath. In oil-filled cables and telephone, cables corrugated
seamless aluminium sheath is used because it has better-bending properties, reduced thickness, and
lesser weight.

4. Bedding:

It gives the mechanical strength to the cables. It protects the cable from overall damage like moisture,
corrosion, dirt, dust, etc. The thermosetting or thermoplastic material is used for making over the
sheath.

5. Armouring:
Armouring is the process in which layers of galvanized steel wires or two layers of metal tape are
applied over sheath for protecting it from mechanical damage.The steel wires are normally used for
armouring because it has high longitudinal strength. Armouring is also used for earthing the cable.
When the fault occurs in the cable (due to insulation failure) the fault current flows through the
armour and get earthed.

6. Protective Covering:

Lead sheath cables when directly laid down on the ground are damaged by corrosion and electrolyte.
For protecting the cables against corrosion layers of fibrous material like paper, hessian, etc., or
polyvinyl chloride is used. Layers of fibrous material spread with the waterproof compound to the
outside of the electrical cable are called serving.
 CHAPTER 2

TYPES OF CABLE FAULTS

These are the types of Cable Faults Commonly Found in the underground Cables.

A. Open-Circuit Faults:
Open circuit fault is a kind of fault that occurs as a result of the conductor
breaking or the conductor being pulled out of its joint. In such instances, current will not flow there at
all, as the conductor is broken (conveyor of electric current).

B. Short-Circuit or cross Faults:

This kind of fault occurs when the insulation between two cables or between two multi-
core cables gets damaged. In such instances, through the main core the current will not flow which is
connected to load but will flow directly from one cable to another or from one core or multi-core cable
to the other instead. The load will be short circuited.

C. Ground or earth Faults:

This kind of faults occurs when the insulation of the cable is damaged. The
current will flow through the faulty cable starts flowing from core of the cable to earth or the sheath
of the cable. Current will not flow through the load.

CHAPTER 3
FAULT LOCATION METHODS

Fault location methods can be classified as follows:

1) Online method:
To determine the fault points this method utilizes & processes the sampled voltages & current. Online
method for underground cable is less than overhead lines.

2) Offline method:
This method uses special instrument to test out Service of cable in the field. The offline Methods are
as follows, a) Tracer method

In this method fault point in the cable lines is detected by walking on ground. The fault point is
indicated from audible signal or electromagnetic signal. It is used to point out fault location very
accurately.

Example:
 1) Tracing current method 2)
Sheath coil method b)
Terminal method
This technique is used to detect fault location of cable from one or both ends without tracing. The
general area of fault is located by the use of this method, to expedite tracing on buried cable.

Example:

1) Murray loop method

2) Impulse current method
Offline method
A) tracer method:

Fig2: tracer

• Cable locating test sets, often referred to as cable tracers, may be grouped as follows:

1. Low frequency: Usually less than 20khz sometimes referred to as audio frequency (AF).
2. High frequency: Usually higher than 20khz and in the radio frequency (RF)range to about
80khz.
3.60khz: Most tracers provide this mode to allow tracing of energized cable.

B) Terminal method:

1. Blavier Test (For a single cable fault):

 • When a ground fault occurs in a single cable and there is no other cable, then blavier test can
be performed to locate the fault in a single cable.

• Suppose-

Fig3: Blavier Test

• Fault to ground resistance =r

• Resistance from Far end to the cable fault=r2

• Resistance from the testing end of the cable To the fault=r1

• First of all, we will insulate the far end of cable to Determine the resistance b/w line to ground
Which is R1=r1+r

• Now, we will ground or earth the far end of the cable to find the resistance between line to
ground again
R2= ra+r*r2/r+r2

• But the total resistance (before occurring the fault) was R=R1+r2

• Solving the above equation for r2(fault location or distance), we get x=R2-^(R1-R2)(R-R2)

CHAPTER 4
BLOCK DIAGRAM

4.1 Block Diagram:

 Fig4: Block Diagram of Underground Cable

4.1.1 Block Diagram Description:

1. Power Supply: This section is meant for supplying Power to all the sections mentioned

above. It basically consists of a Transformer to step down the 230V ac to 9V ac followed by diodes.
Here diodes are used to rectify the ac to dc. After rectification the obtained rippled dc is filtered
using a capacitor Filter. A positive voltage regulator is used to regulate the obtained dc voltage.

2. Microcontroller: This section forms the control unit of the whole project. This section

basically consists of a Microcontroller with its associated circuitry like Crystal with capacitors, Reset
circuitry, Pull up resistors (if needed) and so on. The Microcontroller forms the heart of the project
because it controls the devices being interfaced and communicates with the devices according to
the program being written.

3. LCD Display: This section is basically meant to show up the status of the project. This

project makes use of Liquid Crystal Display to display / prompt for necessary information.

4. Analog to Digital converter ADC0804:

An analog to digital converter is any device that convert analog signal (continuous quantity) into
digital signals(discrete time digital representation).
 CHAPTER 5

CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
5.1 Microcontroller

Fig5: Pin diagram of 8051 MC

5.1.1 Pin Diagram Description

1. Port 0: It is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight
TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0
can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external
program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes
during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups
are required during program verification.
2. Port 1: It is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the
timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX),
respectively, as shown in the following table.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during
Flash programming and verification.
3. Port 2: It is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches
from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses
(MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull- ups when emitting 1s. During
accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of
the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control
signals during Flash programming and verification.
4. Port 3: It is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the
AT89S52, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification.

5.2 Transformer

Fig6: Transformer

A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one electrical
circuit to another without change in frequency.

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up
transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output voltage. Most
power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer
low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is
no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic
field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol
represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the
power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of
turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down
transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high
voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output
voltage.

5.3 Power Supply:

The power supply is designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low
voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a
series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A D.C. power supply which maintains
the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as
“Regulated D.C Power Supply”

Fig7: Functional Block Diagram of Power supply

5.4 Rectifier
Full-wave Rectifier:
From the above comparisons we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier as more advantages
than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full wave bridge rectifier circuit.

Bridge Rectifier:
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full- wave rectification.
This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single
component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown in fig(a) to
achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired
as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.
 Fig8: Bridge rectifier
5.5 Filter `
A Filter is a device, which removes the AC component of rectifier output but allows the DC
component to reach the load.

Capacitor Filter:
We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121% or
that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages of ripples is not
acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of
filtering:

1. A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by –pass for the ripples voltage though it
due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to appears the load.

2. An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high
impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low resistance to d.c)

3. various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter section filter, multiple
section filter etc. which make use of both the properties mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of
capacitor filter, one applied on half wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier.

5.6 Regulator:

Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are
available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from
excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed
voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator
shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your
unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative
lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the
output pin.
 Fig9: Three Terminal Voltage Regulator 78XX:

The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The
LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications. When
used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective
output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is
available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages,

18
Features:

• Output Current of 1.5A

• Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%
• Internal thermal overload protection
• Internal Short-Circuit Limited
• No External Component
• Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V
• Offer in plastic TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263
• Direct Replacement for LM78XX 5.7 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs (seven
segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which are
limited to numbers and a few characters.

3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of
refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the
data.

4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which means that
they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing different messages on a
miniature LCD.
 A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in practice.
It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two lines with 16
characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical symbols
etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its own.

5.7.1 LCD Screen

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7 dot matrix.
Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are displayed in one
or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as Vcc. Trimmer
potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have built in backlight (blue
or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current limitation should be used (like
with any LE diode).

Fig10: LCD Screen

LCD Basic Commands

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as data, which
depends on logic state on pin RS:

RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor addresses
built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying position is determined by
DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the address of previously transferred
character is automatically incremented.
LCD Connection

Depending on how many lines are used for connection to the microcontroller, there are 8-bit and 4-
bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is determined at the beginning of the process in a phase called
“initialization”. In the first case, the data are transferred through outputs D0-D7 as it has been already
explained. In case of 4-bit LED mode, for the sake of saving valuable I/O pins of the microcontroller,
there are only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) used for communication, while other may be left unconnected.

Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps: four higher bits are sent first (that normally
would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower bits are sent afterwards. With the help of
initialization, LCD will correctly connect and interpret each data received. Besides, with regards to the
fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are transferred from microcontroller to LCD) one
more I/O pin may be saved by simple connecting R/W pin to the Ground. Such saving has its price.

Even though message displaying will be normally performed, it will not be possible to read from busy
flag since it is not possible to read from display Contrast control:

To have a clear view of the characters on the LCD, contrast should be adjusted. To adjust the contrast,
the voltage should be varied. For this, a preset is used which can behave like a variable voltage
device. As the voltage of this preset is varied, the contrast of the LCD can be adjusted.

Potentiometer
Variable resistors used as potentiometers have all three terminals connected. This arrangement is
normally used to vary voltage, for example to set the switching point of a circuit with a sensor, or
control the volume (loudness) in an amplifier circuit. If the terminals at the ends of the track are
connected across the power supply, then the wiper terminal will provide a voltage which can be
varied from zero up to the maximum of the supply.
Presets
These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor. They are designed to be mounted
directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. For example, to set the
frequency of an alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light- sensitive circuit, a small screwdriver or similar
tool is required to adjust presets. Presets are much cheaper than standard variable resistors so they
are sometimes used in projects where a standard variable resistor would normally be used.

Multiturn presets are used where very precise adjustments must be made. The screw must be
turned many times (10+) to move the slider from one end of the track to the other, giving very fine
control.

5.8 Analog to Digital converter ADC0804:

An Analog to digital converter is any device that convert Analog signal (continuous quantity) into
digital signals discrete time digital representation). The Analog signal is a continuous sinusoidal
waveform that cannot be read by Arduino so here ADC0804 is Used

Fig11: ADC0804
5.9 : RESISTORS:
In this project we are used 10k ohm resistors for indicating the cable. According to ohms law if any
faults occur the resistance is going to be changed.

R = ρ l/A
If the length increases then resistance also increases. If the area decreases then resistance also
increases.
As we have discussed, the resistance of a material is a variable quantity that depends on the length &
width of the conducting material. We can derive equation of resistance. As we know, the resistance R
is directly proportional to the length l of conductor & inversely proportional to the area A of the
conductor;
Where ρ (Rho) is a constant, known as the resistivity of the material & it depends on the natural
properties of the material.

Using Ohm’s law

According to Ohm’s law, the voltage is directly proportional to the current in a closed loop as long as
the resistance remains constant. We can equation of Ohm’s law to calculate the resistance.

V = IR
R = V/I

Fig12: resistor
5.10 Relays:
A Relay is an electromechanical device that can be used to make or break an electrical
connection. It consists of a flexible moving mechanical part which can be controlled electronically
through an electromagnet, basically, a relay is just like a mechanical switch but you can control it with
an electronic signal instead of manually turning it on or off. Again this working principle of relay fits
only for the electromechanical relay.

There are many types of relay and each relay has its own application, a standard, and generally used
relay is made up of electromagnets which in general used as a switch. Dictionary says that relay
means the act of passing something from one thing to another, the same meaning can be applied to
this device because the signal received from one side of the device controls the switching operation
on the other side.So relay is a switch which controls (open and close) circuits electromechanically. The
 main operation of this device is to make or break contact with the help of a signal without any human
involvement in order to switch it ON or OFF. It is mainly used to control a high powered circuit using a
low power signal. Generally, a DC signal is used to control the circuit which is driven by high voltage
like controlling AC home appliances with DC signals from microcontrollers.

CHAPTER 6
WORKING OF UNDERGROUND CABLE

Working of this project is divided into four parts – DC power supply Part, cable part, controlling
part, display part. DC power supply part consist supply of 230v AC then it is step down using
transformer, bridge rectifier converts ac signal to dc & voltage regulator 7805 is used to produce
constant dc voltage.

The set of resistors denote the cable part along with switches. The set of resistors & switches
are used as fault creators to indicate the fault at each location this shown by the current sensing part
of cable. The change in current is sensed by this part by sensing the voltage drop.

Controlling part uses the analog to digital (ADC) to converter the input current sensing signal
from the current generating circuit to the voltage drop into digital signal and supply the
Microcontroller. The microcontroller makes necessary calculations regarding the distance of the fault.
The driver is ran by the microcontroller and controls the switching of the relays for proper connection
of the cable at each phase.

Display part consists of the LCD display interfaced to the microcontroller and it shows the status
of the cable of each phase and the fault distance of the cable at the particular phase, in case of any
fault and GSM used to send message to the base station. Buzzer is used to alerts the field workers.

CHAPTER 7
7.1ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
7.1.1 Advantages:
1. Provides precise accuracy in determining the location of fault.
2. Consumes low power in Nano watts.
3. Compact size, Easy to handle. 4. Serial on board programming.
5. No external programming voltage needed.

6. Less maintenance cost.

7. It has higher efficiency.

8. Lower tree trimming cost.

9. Safe and secure to use.

10. It is fast, effective & flawless service.
11. Highly reliable and efficient to use.
12. Useful for all type of underground cable.
13. Public safety is improved.
7.1.2 Applications:
The applications of Underground Cables include:

• Electrical power is transmitted and distributed through these cables.

• They are used in places where laying overhead cables becomes impossible

CONCLUSION

It’s a difficult task to find the faults in underground cables. This paper is intended to study how
to detect the exact location of circuit fault in the underground cables from the feeder end in km by
using an Arduino microcontroller. The Arduino microcontroller work is based on the output of the
cable resistance. As soon as fault occurs in the cable, the display unit displays the exact fault location
and also displays which phase is affected in the cable and how long it’s affected and buzzer system is
used to create an alerting signal which is helpful to humans. Also using GSM the message of fault
detection send to the base station.
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