ELECTRIC CYCLE BUILD WITH IOT

BASED FEATURES

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

P.BRINDHA (730719105005)
S.JOICELINE (730719105009)
S.MANIKANDAN (730719105012)
S.ARIVALAKAN (730719105301)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EXCEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PALLAKAPALAYAM 637303

ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2023

I
 ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ELECTRIC CYCLE BUILT WITH IOT
BASED FEATURES” is the bonafide work of “P.BRINDHA
(730719105005), S.JOICELINE (730719105009), S.MANIKANDAN
(730719105012), S.ARIVALAKAN (730719105301) ” who carried out
the project under my supervision.

SIGNATURE
Dr.M.R.MOHANRAJ,M.E,Ph.D.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Excel College of Engineering and
Technology,
Pallakapalayam-637303
SIGNATURE
Mr. M.K.ANANDKUMAR,M.E,
SUPERVISOR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Excel College of Engineering and
Technology,
Pallakapalayam-637303

Submitted for the Project Viva-Voce Examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINAR EXTERNAL EXAMINAR

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction we get on completion a project cannot be fully enjoyed

without mentioning the people who made it possible.
We express our sincere thanks and our acknowledgement to our
Chairman Dr.A.K.NATESAN, M.Com., M.B.A, (NIT), M.Phil,
Ph.D, FTA, PHF. Excel College of Engineering and Technology,
Pallakapalayam for providing sample facilities in the college for
undertaking our project. In the same token we extend our gratefulness to
our Vice Chairman Dr.N.MATHAN KARTHICK, M.B.B.S.,
M.H.Sc(Diabetics).
We extend our gratitude to our Principal
Mr.S.SANKARANANTH,M.E,(Ph.D)., for his valuable suggestion and
encouragement throughout the project.
We have immense pleasure in expressing sincere gratitude to the head
of the department Dr.R.MOHANRAJ,M.E., Ph.D and our respectful
project Supervisor Mr.M.K.ANANDKUMAR,M.E., for his meticulous
guidance which was an inspiration to us.
We express our thanks to our project coordinator
Mrs.K.DHANAMALATHI,M.E., for providing all the necessary
facilities for my project. We would like to extend our warmest thanks to
all our lab technicians for helping us in this venture.
We also express our gratefulness to our Parent for their affectionate and
loving co-operation at all stages of this academic venture.

III
 ABSTRACT

Electric vehicles (EVs) have generated a lot of interest in recent years

due to the advances in battery life and low pollution. Similarly, the
expansion of the Internet of Things(IoT) allowed more and more devices
to be interconnected. One major problem EVs face the frequent stop-and
-go operations require high and fast burst driving power, which
accelerates the electric vehicle batteries degradation. Hybrid electric
storage system (HESS)is a promising solution, which supplements the
batter with supercapacitor for rapid the present world of vehicle
technology is inclined to develop Electric Vehicles need frequent
charging which takes a longer time to charge up. Therefore, scheduling of
vehicles in charging stations is required this paper presents an
implementation of a wireless Internet of Things (IoT) system applied to
the traction motor drive condition monitoring in electric vehicles (EVs).
The design and testing of the prototype using an microcontroller modules
to acquire motor several technological solutions are being researched to
establish efficient, reliable, and robust wireless vehicular electric
charging on a wide scale. Electric Vehicles (EV)and automated driving,
equipped with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs), are expected to
dominate. Therefore, a trainer can monitor online through a web
application some of the important parameters for training, more
specifically the speed, cadence and power generated by the cyclist. Also,
the trainer can see at every moment where the rider is with the aid of a
GPS module. The system is built out of both hardware and software.The
system is built out of both hardware and software components.

IV
 LIST OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO
ABSTRACT IV
LIST OF FIGURES VII
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS VIII
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4
2.1PURPOSE OF THE LITRATURE
4
SURVEY
2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE
4
LITRATURE SURVEY
2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 5
2.4 METHODOLOGY 5
2.5 ARRANGEMENT OF ENTRIES 6
3 OVER VIEW OF THE BICYCLE 7
4 EXISTING SYSTEM 9
4.1 INTRODUCTION 9
4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 10
5 PROPSED SYSTEM 11
5.1 INTRODUCTION 11
5.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 12
5.3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF
13
PROPOSED SYSTEM
5.3.2 CHARGING CONTROLLER
13
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5.3.3 CHARGER CIRCUIT
14
DIAGRAM

V
 5.4 POWER SUPPLY 14
5.4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 16
5.4.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE 16
5.4.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 20
6 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 26
6.1 24V/7AH BATTERY 26
6.2 (24V,250W) MOTOR 29
6.3 CHAIN DRIVE 30
6.4 CONTROLLER 31
6.5 RELAY 32
6.6 HOME SUPPLY CHARGER 33
6.7 SOLAR PANEL 34
6.8 OBJECT SENSOR 35
6.9 GPS 36
6.10 DPST&DPDT SWITCH 37
6.11 DIODE 37
6.12 RESISTOR 38
6.13 CAPACITOR 39
6.14 DYNAMO 40
7 CONSTRUCTION 41
8 WORKING 52
9 RESULT 55
10 HARDWARE PHOTOCOPY 56
11 CONCLUSION 57
12 REFERENCES 58
13 CERTIFICATIONS 62

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO. TITLE PAGENO.

Block diagram Of Existing 10
4.2
System
Block diagram Of Proposed 12
5.2
System
5.3.1 Proposed system Circuit diagram 13
Charging controller circuit 13
5.3.2
diagram
5.3.3 Charger circuit diagram 14
6.1 24V/7AH Battery 27
6.2 24V/250W Motor 30
6.3 Chain drive 31
6.4 Controller 32
6.5 Relay 33
6.6 Home supply charger 34
6.7 Solar panel 35
6.8 Object Sensor 36
6.9 GPS 37
6.11 Diode 38
6.12 Resistor 39
6.13 Capacitor 40
6.14 Dynamo 41
10.1 Hardware photocopy 57

VII
 LIST OF ABBREVATION

ACRONYMS ABBREVATION
LISA Library and Information Science Abstracts
Library Information Science and Technology
LISTA
Abstracts
EBSCO Elton B. Stephens Company
JCCC Joint Communications Control Center
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GPS Global Positioning System
IC Integrated Circuit
DC Direct Current
RMS Root- Mean- Square
RC Remote Control
GND Ground
RPM Revolutions Per Minute
BLDC Brushless DC Motor
DPDT Double Pole Double Throw
DPST Double Pole Double Throw
LED Light Emitting Diode

VIII
 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

An electric bicycle, also known as an e-bike or booster bike, is a bicycle with

an integrated electric motor which can be used for propulsion. There are a great
variety of e-bikes available worldwide, from e-bikes that only have a small motor
to assist the rider's pedal-power (i.e., pedelecs) to somewhat more powerful e-bikes
which tend closer to moped-style functionality: all, however, retain the ability to be
pedalled by the rider and are therefore not electric motorcycles. E- bikes use
rechargeable batteries and the lighter varieties can travel up to 25 to 32 km/h (16 to
20 mph), depending on the laws of the country in which they are sold, while the
more high-powered varieties can often do in excess of 45 km/h (28 mph). In some
markets, such as Germany, they are gaining in popularity and taking some market
share away from conventional bicycles, while in others, such as China, they are
replacing fossil fuel-powered mopeds and small motorcycles. A key advantage of
hybrid or plug-in electric vehicles is regenerative braking due to their capability to
recover energy normally lost during braking as electricity is stored in the on- board
battery. The energy crisis is one of the biggest problems in today's globe, due to the
rapidly dwindling resources of fuel, diesel, and natural gas. Furthermore,
environmental degradation is a factor in resource depletion, which is a worrying
warning. Our study offers a remedy to the aforementioned dangerous issues. The
system that we invented is the Electric Bike. This project has a number of
advantages for team members as well as the broader public, and it raises awareness
of the necessity of using alternative forms of transportation. For a short trip, the
electric bike, which is powered by a battery, is the most frequent means of
transportation..

1
 Fuel cells and petrol-electric hybrids, both of which are under development,
might be added to increase the variety of e-bikes available and increase
manufacturing, hence increasing the efficiency of the electric drive system.
Electric bikes have proven to be a viable means of reducing pollution to a greater
extent. The electric bike will be powered by a battery, and the power will be
supplied by the motor, which will drive the other gear components. The main
reason for using this E-bike is that it is user-friendly, economical, and relatively
inexpensive.
A bicycle with an electric motor integrated into it for propulsion is referred to
as an electric bicycle, generally known as just an e-bike or booster bike. All e-
bikes, however, maintain the capacity to be pedaled by the rider and are not
electric motorbikes. They range from pedelecs (e-bikes with a modest motor to aid
the user's pedal-power) to somewhat more powerful e-bikes with moped-style
capabilities.

The dangerous problems listed above have a remedy as a result of our research.
The system we developed is the electric bike. This project creates awareness of the
value of adopting alternate modes of transportation and offers a number of
advantages to both team members and the broader public. For short journeys, the
most popular means of transportation is the battery-powered electric bike.

Seat pressure sensor is a kind of membrane type contact sensor. The contacts of
sensor evenly distribute on the stress-bearing surface of seat, will generate a trigger
signal when the external force presses on the seat. It can be applied to the seat
occupant perception system. For example, with this device, pressure sensor can
detect if anybody sits or not, and the airbag won’t open if nobody.

2
 It can also design the dimension of sensors and sensitivity of contacts as the
shape and hardness of seats. this paper, a design methodology is given for high
efficiency wireless power transfer without using impedance matching networks.
By analyzing the circuit model of the coupling

The growing demand for mobility in modern society occasionally results in an

increase in the number of moving vehicles. Local Electric bikes are a brand-new
and promising mode of urban mobility, as are a number of environmental issues.
The use of electric bicycles can promote development that is both greener and less
reliant on fossil fuels. In contrast to traditional vehicles, the electric bike does not
require any fuel or coolant to operate. The electric bikes offer cost-free,
comfortable, and safe mobility. Electric bikes are environmentally benign since
they don't release any gaseous pollutants into the atmosphere, which has an impact
on modern technical decisions relating to all types of vehicles. Creating an useful
model for the electric bicycle started with selecting an engine. The electric motor,
alternator, and battery system of an electrical bicycle need the user to pedal the
vehicle while the electricity produced by the generator is stored in a storage
battery.

The bicycle can be propelled using the energy reserves. There are numerous
uses for electric bicycles. DC miniature scale motors set up to turn a sprocket were
first intended to power the work. The use of the sprocket is to transfer rotating
motion between two shafts. In this situation, new internal combustion engine
substitutes are required. Electric-powered automobiles therefore appear like a
fascinating alternative.

3
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE SURVEY
The literature review plays a very important role in the research process. It is
a source from where research ideas are drawn and developed into concepts and
finally theories. It also provides the researcher a bird’s eye view about the research
done in that area so far. Depending on what is observed in the literature review, a
researcher will understand where his/her research stands. Here in this literature
survey, all primary, secondary and tertiary sources of information were searched.
The study of literature on Electric Bicycle in general and in the field of library and
information science particular revealed several efforts made by the scholars in
different discipline. The purpose of the literature survey is to collect a lot of
number of journal’s article about a particular topic like as I have collected 25
articles of Electric Bicycle” with abstract. The main aim of this collection is to
provide a guideline and brief information of researcher, user and other person who
want information about this topic.

2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE LITERATURE SURVEY

The main objective of the Literature survey is to:

(i) know who writes, what and where Electric Bicycle;
(ii) identify the tools and sources Electric Bicycle, and
(iii) prepare the relevant bibliographic entries with abstract of the related
topic.

4
2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The literature survey is conducted for the period 2021 2022 . It includes the
articles of journals, which are subscribed by the Central Library, University of
Delhi, Delhi. A search has been conducted on the terms “A Bicycle was converted
into electric Bicycle”, in LISA, Emerald, LISTA, Science direct, EBSCO and other
database to complete review of literature for the proposed study, including search
on e-journals websites. In addition to above searches, bibliography of journal
article are also reviewed for more sources as well as websites and consulted various
eminent experts.

2.4 METHODOLOGY
For preparing of this literature survey I have taken a lot of steps for collecting
the articles about the Electric Bicycle. First Sir/madam, told us about the what is
literature survey and what are the steps involved for preparing it. He had given me
the topic – “Electric Bicycle” for the survey. I went to the department library and
central library for collecting articles fro m journals on my assigned topic. I also
consulted electronic resources for collecting articles such as emerald, JCCC@UGC
Infonet, Open-Jgate, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), etc. After the
verification of the entries of the articles by the supervisor my last was the
preparation of the report.

5
2.5 ARRANGEMENT OF ENTRIES

All the entries of the literature survey are arranged alphabetically by surname
of the author according to Modern Language Association of America (MLA)
th
handbook for writers of research papers, 7 edition. The prescribed style is used
through out the literature survey report including within the text. All the
bibliographical entities including review with abstract and without abstract are
presented in the report.

6
 CHAPTER 3
OVER VIEW OF THE BICYCLE

Electric bicycles began almost at the same time as traditional bicycles. In the
1890s, several patents were granted for electric bicycle engines. In 1895, Ogden
Bolton was granted in the United States the patent (US Patent 552,271, 1895) for a
bicycle battery with six brush poles, a DC collector and a hub motor mounted on
the rear wheel . In 1897, Hosea W. Libbey in Boston invented an electric bicycle
(US Patent 547,441, 1895) that was powered by a double electric motor. That same
design was later used by the Giant Lafree e-bikes (electric-assist bicycles) brand in
the 1990s. In 1920, Heinzmann, a German company, started to mass produce
electric motors for bikes. Their first motor was mounted on a tandem.
Later, it continued to develop engines that incorporated German mail
distribution bicycles. In the 1930s, Minneapolis-based Lejay Manufacturing
registers patents that are the germ of the Go Bike, an electric bicycle with a
generator of a Ford T coupled to the rear wheel. Later, Moulton Consultants Ltd.
manufactured a double chain transmission, one from the bottom bracket and
another from the electric motor. In the 1940s, electric bicycles registered an
increase due to a shortage in large motorized vehicles, as a result of the war efforts
of the Second World War. Several patents were granted for prototypes that were
eclipsed by the development and investment in the motorcycle industry, which
played a more important role during that war.
In post-war Europe and Asia, due to the prohibitions to countries like Italy and
Japan to build and rearm their aeronautical industry, many engineers who were
dedicated to the development of engines for airplanes saw a niche and dedicated
themselves to the motorcycle industry, and in the shadows of this development
were electric bicycles, which went a bit ignored but nonetheless benefited from the

7
new technologies and innovations in that industry. However, it was not until the
first oil crisis in 1973, that the use of electric bicycles began to be promoted,
although they did not have much popularity. It was in the United States where
electric bicycles played a preponderant role in urban transport as a clean option for
the oil problem.
This first mass-marketed model was a bit rough and heavy compared to the
current models, as it had a solid steel frame and was cumbersome to transport.
However, it proved to be very versatile and economical compared to the large and
powerful engines of the cars of the seventies. This bicycle, like its predecessors,
did not harm the environment nor depend on the fluctuations of the oil market. In
1982, the inventor Egon Gelhard developed a subtype of electric bicycles that
worked with the electric cycle pedal principle, where the driver is aided by the
electric traction of the engine when pedaling.

8
 CHAPTER 4

EXISTING SYSTEM

4.1 INTRODUCTION

An electric bicycle, also known as an e-bike or booster bike, is a bicycle with

an integrated electric motor which can be used for propulsion. There are a great
variety of e-bikes available worldwide, from e-bikes that only have a small motor
to assist the rider's pedal-power (i.e.,pedelless) to somewhat more powerful e-bikes
which tend closer to moped-style functionality: all, however, retain the ability to be
pedaled by the rider and are therefore not electric motorcycles. E-bikes use
rechargeable batteries and the lighter varieties can travel up to 25 to 32 km/h (16 to
20 mph), depending on the laws of the country in which they are sold, while the
more high-powered varieties can often do in excess of 45 km/h (28 mph). In some
markets, such as Germany, they are gaining in popularity and taking some market
share away from conventional bicycles, while in others, such as China, they are
replacing fossil fuel-powered mopeds and small motorcycles. A key advantage of
hybrid or plug-in electric vehicles is regenerative braking due to their capability to
recover energy normally lost during braking as electricity is stored in the on-board
battery.

The energy crisis is one of the biggest problems in today's globe, due to the
rapidly dwindling resources of fuel, diesel, and natural gas. Furthermore,
environmental degradation is a factor in resource depletion, which is a worrying
warning. Our study offers a remedy to the aforementioned dangerous issues. The
system that we invented is the Electric Bike. This project has a number of
advantages for team members as well as the broader public, and it raises awareness
of the necessity of using alternative forms of transportation. For a short trip, the

9
electric bike, which is powered by a battery, is the most frequent means of
transportation. Fuel cells and petrol-electric hybrids, both of which are under
development, might be added to increase the variety of e-bikes available and
increase manufacturing, hence increasing the efficiency of the electric drive
system.

4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

4.2 Block diagram of Existing system

10
 CHAPTER 5

PROPOSED SYSTEM

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The major objective of this project is to build up a device for to avoid accidents
by mistakes of giving throttle. Our device has a special sensor to identify the
person on the seat. It will sence the human and then activate the throttle’s key line.
This full process will work with in the second. For this process a special relay
circuit was used by us. And also the GSM based tracking system was used to track
the bicycle’s location continuously, which is directly connected with the batteries .
Dynamo based charging system was installed to charge the batteries while running.
Biometric lock was specially used for electric motor with the relay circuit. And
also calorie monitoring system was additionally added for the purpose to monitor
the calorie burning and gaining which is fully connected with the application.
A micro GPS chip added to the bicycle will help in detecting the location in
case of an accident or theft. The chip can also help transmit data about the route of
the bicycle and corresponding calorie statistics to a server.

11
5.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

5.2 Block diagram of Proposed system

12
5.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5.3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

5.3.1 Proposed system Circuit Diagram

5.3.2 CHARGING CONTROLLER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5.3.2 Charging Controller Circuit Diagram

13
5.3.3 CHARGER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5.3.3 Charger Circuit Diagram

5.4 POWER SUPPLY

INTRODUCTION

Power supply is an integral parts a vital role in every electronic system and
hence their design constitutes a major part in every application. In order to
overcome abnormal-operation which results due to fluctuations in the load and
discontinuity in the supply proper choice of power supply is indeed a great
need in this hour.

14
 The present chapter introduces the operation of power supply circuits built
using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. Starting with an ac voltage, a
steady dc voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc
level,and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. The regulation is
usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and
provides a somewhat lower dc voltage, which remains the same even if the input dc
voltage varies, or the output load connected to the dc voltage changes.

A block diagram containing the parts of a typical power supply and the voltage
at various points in the unit. The ac voltage, typically 120 V rms, is connected to a
transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the level for the desired dc output.
A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered
by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage
usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A regulator circuit can use this dc
input to provide a dc voltage that not only has much less ripple voltage but also
remains the same dc value even if the input dc voltage varies somewhat, or the
load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage regulation is usually
obtained using one of a number of popular voltage regulator IC units.

Power supply components employed in this section includes

 TRANSFORMER
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
 FILTER CIRCUIT

15
5.4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps

that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then
provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor
filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or
ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if
the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes.
This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage
regulator IC units.

5.4.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

TRANSFORMER

Transformer is a static device, which transfers electrical energy from one

alternating current circuit to another without change in frequency. The working
principle behind its operation is faraday laws of electromagnetic induction, which
states that, "whenever current carrying conductor is moved in a magnetic field, flux
linked with the conductor changes and emf is induced in the conductor".

16
 Transformer is used in step down mode of operation in the sense it provides an
output, which is reduced in form compared to input. It depends upon number of
turns in the winding i.e., turns ratio.

Primary winding is fed with a supply of 230v, 50Hz a.c, which appears as an
voltage approximately 15v across secondary winding. This voltage is fed into the
rectifier circuit for the purpose of rectification i.e., converting a.c.
input to D.C. output.

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V)
to (0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected
to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op–amp. The
advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC,
rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

Mains transformers are used at ac mains frequency (50Hz Britain), their

primary coil being connected to the 240V ac supply. Their secondary windings
may be step up or step down or they may have on or more of each. Thy have
laminated iron cores and are used in power supply units. Sometimes the secondary
has a center tap sec units 20.2.

Step down tropical types are becoming popular. They have virtually no external
magnetic field and a screen between primary and secondary windings gives
safety and electrostatic screening. Their pin connections are brought out to a 0.1
inch grid, which makes them ideal for printed circuit board (PCB) mounting.

17
Isolating transformers have a one-to-one turns ratio (ins/np=1/1) and are safety
devics for separating a piece of equipment from the mains supply. They do not
change the voltage

Audio Frequency
Audio frequency transformers, as illustrated in also have laminated iron cores
and are used as output matching transformers to ensure the maximum transfer of
power from the audio frequency output stage to the loudspeaker in, for a radio
set or amplifier

Radio Frequency

Radio frequency transformers usually have adjustable iron-dust cores and

form part of the tuning circuits in a radio. They are enclosed in a small aluminium
screening can to stop them radiating energy to other parts of the circuit.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as
bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite
corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners

Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive
potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at
point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.

18
 The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this
time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through
them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL,
throughD3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is
indicated by the solid arrows. Wave forms (1) and (2) can be observed
across D1 and D3.

One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse,
forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now
be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the secondary of
T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows. Wave-forms
(3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is
always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage
corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since current flows through the load
(RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-
wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is

that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is
nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit.

This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in

views A and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak
voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the
conventional full-wave circuit shown—in view A, the peak voltage from the center
tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant,
the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.

19
 The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never
exceeds-500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the
bridge rectifier shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the
full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage
across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the same
transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the
conventional fullwave rectifier circuit.

5.4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Voltage regulator is a device, which provides a stable and a constant D.C.

voltage irrespective of the change in the load current. Stable and constant D.C,
output voltage necessities the usage of voltage regulator in this power section.

They are of many types namely:

 Fixed voltage Regulator

 Adjustable voltage Regulator
 Switch Regulator

IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparative amplifier, control device,
and overload protection all in a single IC. Although the internal construction of the
IC is somewhat different from that described for discrete voltage regulator circuits,
the external operation is much the same. IC units provide regulation of either a
fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjust-ably set voltage.

20
 A power supply can be built using a transformer connected to the ac supply line
to step the ac voltage to desired amplitude, then rectifying that ac voltage, filtering
with a capacitor and RC filter, if desired, and finally regulating the dc voltage
using an IC regulator. The regulators can be selected for operation with load
currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to
power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts.

THREE-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Fig shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to a

load. The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied
to one input terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, Vo, from a second terminal,
with the third terminal connected to ground.
For a selected regulator, IC device specifications list a voltage range over
which the input voltage can vary to maintain a regulated output voltage over a
range of load current. The specifications also list the amount of output voltage
change resulting from a change in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage
(line regulation).

21
Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators:

The series 78 regulators provide fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 V.

Figure shows how one such IC, a 7812, is connected to provide voltage regulation
with output from this unit of +12V dc. An unregulated input voltage Vi is filtered
by capacitor C1 and connected to the IC’s IN terminal. The IC’s OUT terminal
provides a regulated + 12V which is filtered by capacitor C2 (mostly for any high-
frequency noise). The third IC terminal is connected to ground (GND). While the
input voltage may vary over some permissible voltage range, and the output load
may vary over some acceptable range, the output voltage remains constant within
specified voltage variation limits. These limitations are spelled out in the
manufacturer’s specification sheets.

22
The working principle of fixed positive voltage regulators is based on the use of a
voltage reference and a feedback circuit. The voltage reference produces a stable
voltage, which is compared to the output voltage of the regulator. If the output voltage
deviates from the reference voltage, the feedback circuit adjusts the output voltage to
maintain a constant voltage level.
A table of positive voltage regulated ICs is provided in table.

LM 78XX SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATORS

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The LM 78xx series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed
output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is
local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with
single point regulation. The voltages available allow these regulators to be used in
logic systems, instrumentations, HiFi, and other solid state electronic equipment.
Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices can be used
with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents..

23
 Safe area protection for the output transistor is provided to limit internal power
dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking
provided, the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from
overheating. Considerable effort was expanded to make the LM78xx series of
regulators easy to used and minimize the number of external components. It is not
necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response.
Input by passing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter
capacitor of the power supply. For output voltage other than 5V, 12V, 15V, the
LM117 series provides an output voltage range from 1.2V to 57V.

FEATURES

 Output current in excess of 1A

 Internal thermal overload protection

 No external components required

 Output transistor safe area protection

 Internal short circuit current limits

 Available in the aluminium T0-3 package.

Voltage Range

 LM 7805 C – 5V

 LM 7812 C – 12V

 LM 7815 C – 15 V

24
 In many low current application, compensation capacitors are not required.
However, it is recommended that the regulated input be byepassed with the
capacitor if the regulator is connected to the power supply filter with long wire
lengths are if the output load capacitance is large. An input bypass capacitor made
of ceramic is chosen to provide good frequency characteristics to ensure stable
operation under all load condition. The bypass capacitor mounted with the shortest
possible leads directly across the regulators input terminals.

FILTER CIRCUIT

The output of the voltage regulator is given to this filter unit. Filters are
frequency selective electronic circuitry, which allows certain specified band of
frequency and attenuate frequencies other than the specified frequencies. Here
capacitor is used to short the ripple with frequency of 120 Hz to ground. It is also
called bypassing capacitor or decoupling capacitor, which acts as surge arrestors.

25
 CHAPTER 6

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
6.1 24V/7 AH Battery

6.1 24V/7AH Battery

A lead-acid storage battery is an electrochemical device that produces

voltage and delivers electrical current. The battery is the primary "source" of
electrical It's important to remember that a battery does not store electricity, but
rather it stores a series of chemicals, and through a chemical process electricity is
produced. Basically, two different types of lead in an acid mixture react to
produce an electrical pressure called voltage. This electrochemical reaction
changes chemical energy to electrical energy and is the basis for all automotive
batteries.

26
BATTERIES - PRIMARY OR SECONDARY

Batteries can either be a primary cell, such as a flashlight battery once used,
throw it away, or a secondary cell, such as a car battery (when the charge is
gone, it can be recharged).
PRIMARY CELL

Because the chemical reaction totally destroys one of the metals after a period of
time, primary cells cannot be recharged. Small batteries such as flashlight and
radio batteries are primary cells.
SECONDARY CELL

The metal plates and acid mixture change as the battery supplies voltage. As
the battery drains the metal plates become similar and the acid strength weakens.
This process is called discharging. By applying current to the battery in the reverse
direction, the battery materials can be restored, thus recharging the battery. This
process is called charging. Automotive lead-acid batteries are secondary cells and
can be recharged.
BATTERIES - WET OR DRY CHARGED

Batteries can be produced as Wet-Charged, such as current automotive batteries

are today, or they can be Dry-Charged, such as a motorcycle battery where an
electrolyte solution is added when put into service.

WET-CHARGED
The lead-acid battery is filled with electrolyte and charged when it is built. During
storage, a slow chemical reaction will cause self-discharge. Periodic charging is
required. Most batteries sold today are wet charged.

27
DRY-CHARGED

The battery is built, charged, washed and dried, sealed, and shipped without
electrolyte. It can be stored for up to 18 months. When put into use,
electrolyte and charging are required. Batteries of this type have a long shelf life.
Motorcycle batteries are typically dry charged batteries. An automobile battery
contains a diluted sulfuric acid electrolyte and positive and negative electrodes, in
the form of several plates. Since the plates are made of lead or lead-derived
materials, this type of battery is often called a lead acid battery. A battery is
separated into several cells (usually six in the case of automobile batteries), and in
each cell there are several battery elements, all bathed in the electrolyte solution.

Advantage

 Inexpensive and simple to manufacture

 Mature, reliable and well-understood technology

 The self-discharge is among the lowest of rechargeable battery systems.

 Capable of high discharge rates.

Applications

 Lead-acid batteries are used to power automobile accessories like

headlights and other lamps since they produce a larger voltage (12V).
 They are largely used in UPSs as the backup power supply.
 Lead acid batteries are commonly used in emergency lighting systems to
provide power during power outages.

28
6.2 (24V, 250W) Motor

6.2 (24V,250W) Motor

The motor is 800watt having capacity with maximum 3100rpm. Its

specifications are as follows

Specifications:

Rated Voltage: 24 Volt DC.

Rated Power: 800W.

Base motor RPM: 3100RPM.

No Load Speed: 600 RPM.

Rated Torque: 90Kg-cm.

No load current: 2.8A

Rated Current: 13.5A.

Motor Weight: 7.80 kg.

Gear Ratio: 1:6.

29
6.3 CHAIN DRIVE

6.3 Chain drive

A chain is a collection of interconnected links held together by steel pins. This

configuration makes a chain more durable, long-lasting, and effective at
transmitting rotary motion from one gear to the next. The main advantage of
chain drive over traditional gear is that it can transmit rotary motion over a long
distance using only two gears and a chain, whereas traditional gear requires many
gears to be arranged in a mesh to transmit motion. Two sprockets are connected
by a chain.

The driver sprocket is one of the sprockets. The driven sprocket is the other
type of sprocket. The chain can carry motion and force from one sprocket to the
next, and so from one shaft to the next. Power transmission chains are chains that
are used to convey motion and force from one sprocket to another.

30
6.4 CONTROLLER

6.4 Controller

The controller, which comes in a number of forms, allows you to regulate the
electric assistance on your electric bike and is a crucial aspect of how they work.
For convenience, the controller is mounted on the handlebar. Throttle-based
controllers use a basic throttle mechanism to operate. The throttle will be either a
thumb-press or a twist-grip style. To gain electric help with a throttle, simply pull
back or press the throttle. Some electric bikes only require you to activate the
throttle, allowing you to ride without pedaling. Electric bikes are, for the most
part, simple to operate, ride, and maintain. In general, they require less
maintenance than a regular bicycle.

31
6.5 RELAY

6.5 Relay
An electrical relay is a type of heavy-duty, remote-control switch able to handle
high-current accessories, yet capable of being actuated by substantially less
current. Relays install between the power source and the electrical accessory
requiring on/off power When the relay is energized, the high current to operate the
accessory flows from the power source, through the relay, and directly to the part.

Features of Relay 12V:

 Max Current: 5A AC/DC (max).

 Max Voltage: 250V AC/30V DC.
 Nominal Voltage: 12V.
 Coil resistance: 270Ω.
 Coil Current: 44.4Ma.
 Operating Voltage: 8.6 to 28.6V.

32
6.6 HOME SUPPLY CHARGER

6.6 Home supply charger

The home charger is a device that is used to charge the battery of the electric
bicycle conversion kit. It can be a simple plug-in charger that is connected to a
standard household outlet or a more advanced charging system that is installed
directly into your home's electrical system. The Charger was made by using
transformer and bridge rectifier circuit to charge the lead acid battery.

When considering an electric bicycle conversion kit and home charger, it is

important to choose components that are compatible with your existing bicycle
and meet your specific needs. Factors to consider include the size and power of
the motor, the capacity and range of the battery, and the type of
charger that is needed.

Input Voltage: 240 Volt AC.

Rated Power: 120W.

Transformer Current: 5A

Output Voltage: 24V DC

33
6.7 SOLAR PANEL

6.7 Solar panel

A solar panel, also known as a photovoltaic (PV) panel, is a device that

converts sunlight into electricity. It is made up of multiple photovoltaic cells that
are connected together to form a panel. When sunlight hits these cells, it creates an
electric field that causes electrons to flow, generating electricity.

Photovoltaic cells are the individual units that convert sunlight into electricity.
They are made up of silicon or other semiconducting materials. Encapsulations
are typically encapsulated between a top layer of glass and a bottom layer of a
protective material like plastic. This helps protect the cells from damage and
weathering

The cells are connected together with wiring that runs through the panel and
out to an inverter, which converts the DC electricity generated by the cells into
AC electricity that can be used in homes and buildings. The panel is usually
mounted in a sturdy aluminum frame that helps protect the cells and allows the
panel to be easily installed on rooftops or other surfaces.

34
6.8 OBJECT SENSOR

6.6 Object Sensor

An IR (infrared) proximity sensor is a type of object sensor that uses infrared

radiation to detect the presence of objects in its proximity. These sensors emit
infrared radiation and measure the amount of radiation that is reflected back to
them. Based on the reflected radiation, the sensor can determine the distance to
the object and trigger an action or response

The proximity sensor emits an infrared light that bounces off objects in its field
of view. The sensor then measures the amount of reflected infrared radiation and
calculates the distance to the object based on this measurement.

The detection range of an IR proximity sensor depends on the power of the

emitter and the sensitivity of the receiver. Typically, these sensors have a range of
a few centimeters to a few meters.

The sensitivity of an IR proximity sensor can be adjusted by changing the

threshold value of the sensor. This determines the minimum amount of reflected
radiation needed to trigger a response.

35
6.9 GPS

A GPS tracking unit, geo tracking unit, satellite tracking unit, or simply
tracker is a navigation device normally on a vehicle, asset, person or animal that
uses satellite navigation to determine its movement and determine its WGS84
UTM geographic position (geotracking) to determine its location.[1] Satellite
tracking devices send special satellite signals that are processed by a receiver.

Locations are stored in the tracking unit or transmitted to an Internet-

connected device using the cellular network (GSM/GPRS/CDMA/LTE or SMS),
radio, or satellite modem embedded in the unit or WiFi work worldwide.

GPS antenna size limits tracker size, often smaller than a half-dollar (diameter
30.61 mm). In 2020 tracking is a $2 billion business plus military-in the gulf war
10% or more targets used trackers. Virtually every cell phone tracks its
movements. Tracks can be map displayed in real time, using GPS tracking
software and devices with GPS capability

6.9 Gps

36
 6.10 DPDT&DPST SWITCH

DPDT SWITCH means Double Pole Double Through Switch which has 4
inputs and 2 outputs. DPST SWITCH means Double Pole Single Through Switch
which has 2 inputs and 1 outputs. It was capable for 5A 240V Power Supply.

6.11 DIODE

6.11 Diode

This is 6A4 through hole type Diode; its forward continuous current rating is
6Amp and forward voltage drop is 0.9V. Reverse breakdown voltage is 400V. It
comes in Reel and its operating temperature range is -65 to 150 degree centigrade.

Non-rep Pk Forward Current-Max 250.0A

Operating Temperature-Max 150.0 Cel
Operating Temperature-Min -65.0 Cel
Output Current-Max 6.0

37
6.12 RESISTOR

6.12 Resistor

The term "resistor" refers to a device that acts as a two-terminal passive

electrical component that is used to limit or regulate the flow of electric current in
electrical circuits. And it also allows us to introduce a controlled amount of
resistance into an electrical circuit. The most important and commonly used
components in an electronic circuit are resistors.

A resistor's main job is to reduce current flow and lower voltage in a specific
section of the circuit.

It's made up of copper wires that are wrapped around a ceramic rod and
coated with insulating paint.The basic idea is known to all about how electricity
flows through an electronic circuit. Here, two categories can be identified which
are conductors and insulators. Insulators do not allow the flow of electrons, but
the conductor does. However, the resistor determines the amount of electricity that
is allowed to pass through them. The total voltage passes through when it is
passed through a conductor like the metal; by introducing the resistors, the amount
of voltage and current can be controlled.

38
6.13 CAPACITOR

6.13 Capacitor

The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store

energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static
Voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery.

There are many different kinds of capacitors available from very small
capacitor beads used in resonance circuits to large power factor correction
capacitors, but they all do the same thing, they store charge.

In its basic form, a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive

(metal) plates which are not connected or touching each other, but are electrically
separated either by air or by some form of a good insulating material. This
insulating material could be waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a
liquid gel as used in electrolytic capacitors.

39
6.14 DYNAMO

6.14 Dynamo

Inside the dynamo a permanent magnet is rotated in the middle of some coils
of wire. Rotating the magnet instead of the coils has the advantage that slip rings
are not needed. The rotating magnet produces a and thi electricity in the coils of
wire. The top of the dynamo is touched against the rim of the type which rotates
when the bicycle is moving

Simple generator

A simple generator is similar to an electric motor . With a motor, we put

electrical energy in and get rotational energy out. With a generator we put
rotational energy in and get electrical energy out.

40
 CHAPTER 7
CONSTRUCTION

Construction of Brushless DC motor

In this motor, the permanent magnets attach to the rotor. The current-carrying
conductors or armature windings are located on the stator. They use electrical
commutation to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.

The main design difference between a brushed and brushless motors is the
replacement of mechanical commutator with an electric switch circuit. A BLDC
Motor is a type of synchronous motor in the sense that the magnetic field generated
by the stator and the rotor revolve at the same frequency.

41
 Brushless motor does not have any current carrying commutators. The field
inside a brushless motor is switched through an amplifier which is triggered by the
commutating device like an optical encoder.

The layout of a DC brushless motor can vary depending on whether it is in

“Out runner” style or “In runner” style.

 Out runner – The field magnet is a drum rotor which rotates around the
stator. This style is preferred for applications that require high torque and
where high rpm isn’t a requirement.
 In runner – The stator is a fixed drum in which the field magnet rotates. This
motor is known for producing less torque than the out runner style, but is
capable of spinning at very high rpm.

MUST READ BLOG POSTS ON DC MOTORS

 Different Types of DC Motor

 What is Brushed DC motor
 Difference between Brushed and Brushless DC motor
 Working Principle of DC Motor
 Difference Between AC and DC Motor
 Applications of Dc motor
 Speed control of DC motor

42
RELAY

Electricity and Magnetism

An electric current through a conductor will produce magnetic field lines that
encircle the conductor. If that conductor is wrapped into a coil shape, the magnetic
field produced will be oriented along the length of the coil. The greater the current,
the greater the strength of the magnetic field, all other factors being equal:

Inductors and Magnetic Fields

Inductors react against changes in current because of the energy stored in this
magnetic field. When we construct a transformer from two inductor coils around a
common iron core, we use this field to transfer energy from one coil to the other.
However, there are simpler and more direct uses for electromagnetic fields than the
applications we’ve seen with inductors and transformers. The magnetic field
produced by a coil of current-carrying wire can be used to exert a mechanical force
on any magnetic object, just as we can use a permanent magnet to attract magnetic
objects, except that this magnet (formed by the coil) can be turned on or off by
switching the current on or off through the coil.

43
Solenoids

If we place a magnetic object near such a coil for the purpose of making that
object move when we energize the coil with electric current, we have what is
called a solenoid. The movable magnetic object is called an armature, and most
armatures can be moved with either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC)
energizing the coil.

The polarity of the magnetic field is irrelevant for the purpose of attracting an
iron armature. Solenoids can be used to electrically open door latches, open or shut
valves, move robotic limbs, and even actuate electric switch mechanisms.
However, if a solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch contacts, we have a device
so useful it deserves its own name: the relay.

Relays

Relays are extremely useful when we have a need to control a large amount of
current and/or voltage with a small electrical signal. The relay coil which produces
the magnetic field may only consume fractions of a watt of power, while the
contacts closed or opened by that magnetic field may be able to conduct hundreds
of times that amount of power to a load. In effect, a relay acts as a binary (on or
off) amplifier.

Just as with transistors, the relay’s ability to control one electrical signal with
another finds application in the construction of logic functions. This topic will be
covered in greater detail in another lesson. For now, the relay’s “amplifying”
ability will be explored.

44
 Relay Circuit Diagram

In the above schematic, the relay’s coil is energized by the low-voltage (12
VDC) source, while the single-pole, single-throw (SPST) contact interrupts the
high-voltage (480 VAC) circuit. It is quite likely that the current required to energize
the relay coil will be hundreds of times less than the current rating of the contact.
Typical relay coil currents are well below 1 amp, while typical contact ratings for
industrial relays are at least 10 amps.

Relay Assembly

One relay coil/armature assembly may be used to actuate more than one set of
contacts. Those contacts may be normally-open, normally-closed, or any
combination of the two.As with switches, the “normal” state of a relay’s contacts is
that state when the coil is de-energized, just as you would find the relay sitting on a
shelf, not connected to any circuit.
Relay contacts may be open-air pads of metal alloy, mercury tubes, or even
magnetic reeds, just as with other types of switches. The choice of contacts in a

45
relay depends on the same factors which dictate contact choice in other types of
switches.Open-air contacts are the best for high-current applications, but their
tendency to corrode and spark may cause problems in some industrial
environments. Mercury and reed contacts are sparkless and won’t corrode, but they
tend to be limited in current-carrying capacity.

Other Benefits of Relays

Aside from the ability to allow a relatively small electrical signal to switch a
relatively large electric signal, relays also offer electrical isolation between coil
and contact circuits. This means that the coil circuit and contact circuit(s) are
electrically insulated from one another. One circuit may be DC and the other AC
(such as in the example circuit shown earlier), and/or they may be at completely
different voltage levels, across the connections or from connections to ground.

Pull-in Current and Drop-out Current

While relays are essentially binary devices, either being completely on or

completely off, there are operating conditions where their state may be
indeterminate, just as with semiconductor logic gates. In order for a relay to
positively “pull in” the armature to actuate the contact(s), there must be a certain
minimum amount of current through the coil. This minimum amount is called the
pull-in current, and it is analogous to the minimum input voltage that a logic gate
requires guaranteeing a “high” state (typically 2 Volts for TTL, 3.5 Volts for
CMOS).

Once the armature is pulled closer to the coil’s center, however, it takes less
magnetic field flux (less coil current) to hold it there. Therefore, the coil current
must drop below a value significantly lower than the pull-in current before the

46
armature “drops out” to its spring-loaded position and the contacts resume their
normal state.

This current level is called the drop-out current, and it is analogous to the
maximum input voltage that a logic gate input will allow guaranteeing a “low”
state (typically 0.8 Volts for TTL, 1.5 Volts for CMOS). The hysteresis, or
difference between pull-in and drop-out currents, results in operation that is similar
to a Schmitt trigger logic gate. Pull-in and drop-out currents (and voltages) vary
widely from relay to relay, and are specified by the manufacturer.

CONSTRUCTION OF DYNAMO

A DC motor is an electromechanical energy conversion device, which

converts electrical energy input into the mechanical energy output. The operation
of the DC motor is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor
is placed in a magnetic field, a mechanical force acts on the conductor. The
magnitude of the force is given by,
F=BIlNewtonsF=BIlNewtons

The direction of this is given by the Fleming’s left hand rule.

47
Construction of a DC Motor

Here is the schematic diagram of a DC Motor

A DC motor consists of six main parts, which are as follows

Yoke
The outer frame of a DC motor is a hollow cylinder made up of cast steel or rolled
steel is known as yoke. The yoke serves following two purposes

 It supports the field pole core and acts as a protecting cover to the
machine.
 It provides a path for the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.
Magnetic Field System
The magnetic field system of a DC motor is the stationary part of the
machine. It produces the main magnetic flux in the motor. It consists of an even
number of pole cores bolted to the yoke and field winding wound around the pole
core. The field system of DC motor has salient poles i.e. the poles project inwards

48
and each pole core has a pole shoe having a curved surface. The pole shoe serves
two purposes

 It provides support to the field coils.

 It reduces the reluctance of magnetic circuit by increasing the cross-
sectional area of it.
The pole cores are made of thin laminations of sheet steel which are insulated
from each other to reduce the eddy current loss. The field coils are connected in
series with one another such that when the current flows through the coils,
alternate north and south poles are produced.

Armature Core
The armature core of DC motor is mounted on the shaft and rotates between
the field poles. It has slots on its outer surface and the armature conductors are put
in these slots. The armature core is a made up of soft steel laminations which are
insulated from each other and tightly clamped together. In small machines, the
laminations are keyed directly to the shaft, whereas in large machines, they are
mounted on a spider. The laminated armature core is used to reduce the eddy
current loss.

Armature Winding
The insulated conductors are put into the slots of the armature core. The
conductors are suitably connected. This connected arrangement of conductors is
known as armature winding. There are two types of armature windings are used –
wave winding and lap winding.

49
Commutator
A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the direct current
input to the motor from the DC source into alternating current in the armature
winding. The commutator is made of wedge-shaped copper segments insulated
from each other and from the shaft by mica sheets. Each segment of commutator is
connected to the ends of the armature coils.

Brushes
The brushes are mounted on the commutator and are used to inject the current
from the DC source into the armature windings. The brushes are made of carbon
and is supported by a metal box called brush holder. The pressure exerted by the
brushes on the commutator is adjusted and maintained at constant value by means
of springs. The current flows from the external DC source to the armature winding
through the carbon brushes and commutator.

Working of DC Motor

Consider a two pole DC motor as shown in the figure. When the DC motor is
connected to an external source of DC supply, the field coils are excited
developing alternate N and S poles and a current flows through the armature
windings.

50
 All the armature conductors under N pole carry current in one direction (say
into the plane of the paper), whereas all the conductors under S pole carry current
in the opposite direction (say out of the plane of the paper). As each conductor
carrying a current and is placed in a magnetic field, hence a mechanical force acts
on it. By applying Fleming’s left hand rule, it can be seen that the force on each
conductor is tending to move the armature in anticlockwise direction. The force on
all the conductors add together to exert a torque which make the armature rotating.
When the conductor moves from one side of a brush to the other, the current in the
conductor is reversed and at the same time it comes under the influence of next
pole of opposite polarity. As a result of this, the direction of force on the
conductor remains the same. Therefore, the motor being rotating in the same
direction.

51
 CHAPTER 8

WORKING

The present study comprised of two separate procedures; firstly, the data for
the operating conditions of the electric two-wheelers were collected by conducting
primary surveys among the vehicle owners with formatted questionnaires. The
daily travel data have been recorded from the available odometers, over a month.
The energy consumption data were also provided by the owners and were also
estimated from the battery capacity. A daily pattern of utilization of electric two-
wheelers was thus obtained.

Secondly, the real time performance of an electric two-wheeler was studied as a

part of the experiment, for obtaining the energy consumption data and the
performance characteristics with the present traffic conditions. The experiment has
been conducted based on a low speed electric two-wheeler available in the market.
The data from the electric two-wheeler study has been analyzed to obtain its
pattern of energy consumption at different loading conditions, its performance in
present day traffic and to check the suitability with different traffic conditions.
Working of E-bike is like having a power starter which starts the Controller.

LED of Green gives signal as bike it been started. Yellow LED also starts to
blink as our speed is less then 25KMPH .Then we throttle the accelerator the
controller unit starts the motor and thus bike moves. LED of Blue color starts to
blink as our will be more than 25 KMP.

The AC voltage, typically 220 volt, is connected to a transformer, which steps

that ac voltage down to the level of the desired DC output. A diode rectifier then
provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor
filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or

52
ac voltage variation. A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the
same dc value even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the
output dc voltage changes.

Working Principle of Brushless DC motor

BLDC motor works on the principle similar to that of a Brushed DC motor.

The Lorentz force law which states that whenever a current carrying conductor
placed in a magnetic field it experiences a force. As a consequence of reaction force,
the magnet will experience an equal and opposite force. In the BLDC motor, the
current carrying conductor is stationary and the permanent magnet is moving.

53
 When the stator coils get a supply from source, it becomes electromagnet and
starts producing the uniform field in the air gap. Though the source of supply is
DC, switching makes to generate an AC voltage waveform with trapezoidal shape.
Due to the force of interaction between electromagnet stator and permanent magnet
rotor, the rotor continues to rotate.

With the switching of windings as High and Low signals, corresponding

winding energized as North and South poles. The permanent magnet rotor with
North and South poles align with stator poles which causes the motor to rotate.

54
 CHAPTER 9

RESULT

IoT-based electric cycles offer numerous benefits over traditional bicycles,

including improved efficiency, better control, and increased safety. These
bicycles are equipped with sensors that can monitor various parameters, such as
speed, distance, location, and battery level. This data can be transmitted to a
central server or a smart phone app, allowing the user to track their progress and
receive alerts when necessary.

One of the primary advantages of IoT-based electric cycles is their improved

efficiency. These bicycles can optimize their power consumption by adjusting
their motor output based on the rider's pedaling speed and power. This means
that the motor will only kick in when needed, reducing battery drain and
extending the range of the bicycle. IoT-based electric cycles also offer better
control over the bicycle's operation. The rider can use the smart phone app to
adjust the motor output, set speed limits, and even lock or unlock the bicycle
remotely. This level of control not only makes the bicycle more convenient to
use but also increases its security.

In terms of safety, IoT-based electric cycles can provide several features that
traditional bicycles lack. For example, the bicycle can be equipped with
proximity sensors that can detect nearby vehicles or obstacles and alert the rider
accordingly. Additionally, the app can provide real-time traffic information,
allowing the rider to plan their route more effectively and avoid potentially
dangerous areas. Overall, IoT-based electric cycles represent a significant step
forward in the world of cycling. These bicycles offer improved efficiency, better
control, and increased safety, making them an attractive optionfor commuters,
fitness enthusiasts, and anyone else looking to get around on two wheels.

55
 CHAPTER 10

10.1 HARDWARE PHOTOCOPY

10.1 Hardware Photocopy

56
 CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION

An IoT-based electric cycle can offer several advantages such as higher

efficiency, increased safety, real-time monitoring, and a better user experience.
The use of IOT technology enables data collecting and analysis. It may be
utilized to enhance the performance of the electric cycle and give significant
information. Moreover, IoT-based devices may give customers with real-time
data such as battery level, speed, and distance travelled, among other things.
Overall, the application of IoT in electric cycles has the potential to transform
how people commute and contribute to a more sustainable feature. Self-
charging Electric bike is adjustment of existing electric bike. It is appropriate
for both city and nation streets, that are made of bond, black-top, or mud. This
bike is less expensive, less difficult in development and can be generally
utilized for short separation voyaging particularly by school youngsters,
undergrads, office goers, villagers, postmen and so forth. It is particularly
reasonable for youthful, matured people groups. It very well may be worked
free of expense. This bike is that it doesn't expend significant non- renewable
energy sources along these lines sparing cores of outside monetary standards. It
is eco accommodating, conservative and contamination free, as it doesn't have
any discharges. Additionally it is silent and can be revived with the AC
connector in the event of crisis or overcast climate. It very well may be driven
by manual paddling in the event of any issue with the electric driving
framework.

57
 CHAPTER 12
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CERTIFICATE

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