AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER

SYSTEM USING IOT

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

HARI BOOPATHY T (921319205035)

GURU SANDOSH A (921319205034)
HARI KISHORE B (921319205037)
DEEPAN A (921319205020)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the

degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

PSNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY DINDIGUL-624 622.

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025.

JUNE 2022
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

CONTROLLER SYSTEM USING IOT” is the Bonafide work of “HARI
BOOPATHY T (921319205035), GURU SANDOSH A (921319205034),
HARI KISHORE B (921319205037), DEEPAN A (921319205020)” who
carried out
The Project (IT8611) under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr..A.VINCENT ANTONY KUMAR, Dr. .M .ANANDARAJ, M.E., Ph.D.
M.E.,Ph.D.
SUPERVISIOR,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT,
Professor,
Professor,
Department of Information Technology,
Department of Information Technology,
PSNA College of Engineering and
.PSNA College of Engineering and
Technology,
Technology,
Dindigul-624622
Dindigul-624622

Submitted for the viva-voce examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep gratitude to Lord Almighty, our supreme guide for bestowing his
blessings upon our entire endeavor.

We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to the founder of our Institution (late)
Thiru.R.S.Kothandaraman, and our beloved Chairperson Tmt.K.Dhanalakshmiammal,
Pro-chairman Rtn.MPHF R.S.K.Raguraam, who are the guiding lights for all the activities
in our college.
Our heartfelt gratitude and respect goes to our Principal, Dr.D.Vasudevan M.E., Ph.D., for
his wholehearted support and help in the completion of our project.

We are extremely thankful to Dr.A.Vincent Antony Kumar M.E., Ph.D., Head of the
Department, Department of Information Technology, for providing all the necessary facilities
for the successful completion of our project.

We extend our profound gratitude to our project guide Dr.M.Ananadaraj M.E., Ph.D.,
Professor Department of Information Technology under their guidance this project has
attained every step of success.

We extend our heartfelt salutations to our beloved parents and faculty to establish this project
in successful manner.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background 2
1.3 Objective 3

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Functional Description 4
2.2 Block Diagram 5
2.3 Flow Chart 6

3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
3.1 Hardware Description 7
3.1.1 Solarpanel 8
3.1.2 IR Sensors 9
3.1.3 Arduino 10
3.1.4 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 12
3.1.5 Power Light Emitting Diode (LED ) 14
3.1.6 Voltage Regulator (LM317) 15
 3.1.7 ULN2003 Darlington Pair 16
3.1.8 Resistors 19
3.1.9 Capacitors 20
3.1.10 Op-Amp 741 21
3.2 Solar Battery Charging Circuit 23
3.3 Input Module Working 25
3.4 Output Module Working 26
3.5 Internet of Things(IOT) 27

4
APPLICATIONS
4.1 Area of applications 31
4.2 Disadvantages 32

5
GANTT CHART
5.1 Introduction 33
3.5 Project schedule 34
5.3 Cost estimation 35

6
RESULT AND DISSCUSSION
6.1 Results and Discussions 36
6.2 Challenges 38
6.3 Limitations 38
7
FUTURE SCOPE 39
CONCLUSION 40
REFERENCES 41
 List of Figures

PAGE NO
Fig 2.1: Block Diagram 6
Fig 2.2 : Flow chart 7
Fig 3.1: Solar Panel 8
Fig 3.2: IR Sensor Diagram 10
Fig 3.3: Infra-Red Sensor 10
Fig 3.4: IR Sensor 11
Fig 3.5: Arduino 12
Fig 3.6: Arduino UNO 13
Fig 3.7: Symbol of LDR 14
Fig 3.8: LDR 14
Fig 3.9: Power LED 15
Fig 3.10: Voltage Regulator Circuit diagram 16
Fig 3.11: Functional Diagram of LM317 17
Fig 3.12: Schematic for ULN2003 driver 18
Fig 3.14: ULN2003 Pin Diagram 19
Fig 3.16: Resistor 20
Fig 3.17: Capacitors 21
Fig 3.18: Op-Amp 22 22
Fig 3.19: Op-Amp 741 Pin Diagram 23
Fig 3.20: Battery Charging Circuit through Solar Panel 25
Fig 3.21: Input Module Diagram 26
Fig 3.22: Output Module Diagram 27
Fig 3.23: Internet of Things 28
Fig 3.24: Firebase website 29
Fig 3.25: Firebase application front view 31
Fig 3.26: Firebase application inside view 31
Fig 6.1: Solar Smart Street Light without any vehicle 37
Fig 6.2: Vehicle present at 1st Sensor 38
Fig 6.3: Vehicle present at 2nd Sensor 38
Fig 6.4: IoT display on web browser 39
 ABSTRACT

The main consideration in the present field technologies are Automation, Power
consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the
help of intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the source of
the power(Thermal, Hydro etc.) are getting diminished due to various reasons.

As we all know that energy consumption has increased a lot and sources of energy are
limited so in order to meet the increasing demand of energy use of renewable sources of
energy is a must. The project aims to describe a method for modifying street light
illumination by using sensors at minimum electrical energy consumption. When presence
is detected, all surrounding street lights glow at their brightest mode, else they stay in the
dim mode. LED bulbs shall be implemented as they are better than conventional
incandescent bulbs in every way.

This shall reduce heat emissions, power consumption, maintenance and replacement costs
and carbon dioxide emissions. Coupled with SSSLS (Solar Smart Street Light System),
massive energy-savings are envisioned. Also, a demonstration with a real-time proto type
model involving costs and implementation procedure has been developed using internet of
things (IoT) to visualize the real time updates of street processing and notifying the
changes occur.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, human has become too busy, and is unable to find time to switch
the lights wherever not necessary. The present system is like the lights will be
switched on in the evening before the sun sets and they are switched off the next
day morning after there is sufficient light on the outside. But the actual timing for
these lights to be switched on are when there is absolute darkness. With this, the
power will be wasted up to some extent.
This paper gives the best solution for electrical power wastage. Also the manual
operation of the lighting system is completely eliminated. The energy
consumption in entire world is increasing at the fastest rates due to population
growth and economic development and the availability of energy sources remains
woefully constrained. Resource augmentation and growth in energy supply has not
kept pace with increasing demand and, therefore, continues to face serious energy
shortages.
Streetlights are an integral part of any developing locality. They are present on
all major road- ways and in the suburbs too. Every day, streetlights are powered
from sunset to sunrise at full strength, even when there is no one around. On a
global scale, millions of dollars are spent each day on these street lights to provide
the required electrical energy. The maintenance and replacement costs of
conventional incandescent bulbs are immense. They consume a lot of electric
power to function and their heat emissions are also quite high. All of this
contributes to greater demand of electricity production and consequently, more
carbon dioxide emissions from powerhouses. So, along with unnecessary light
pollution, this practice causes damage to our planet too.

1
Smart street light system it is possible to systematically help the pedestrian to reach
the destination in the remote rural areas which are facing serious electric power
supply problem. The same system can also be used in metropolitan cities as well.
A simple and effective solution to this would be dimming the lights during off
peak hours.Whenever presence is detected, the lights around it will glow at the
normal (bright) mode. This would save a lot of energy and also reduce cost of
operation of the streetlights. We can check the status of street light on internet
using IOT (Internet of things) from anywhere in real time and solve the issues if
happen during the processing. Additionally, a table top prototype has been
constructed to display the concept’s functioning. The components used for the real-
life implementation are substituted appropriately to recreate the ambience.

1.2 Background

The key indicators of India’s energy problems include; Over 40 per cent of the
households (particularly rural areas) in India still do not have electricity, about a
third of our total primary energy supply to rural areas still comes from non-
commercial sources (biomass, dung) and currently India faces an enormous
demand supply gap of about 15-25% energy shortage. Due to shortage of the
energy supply till today several villages have not facilitated with electricity and
even if provided, the supply of the electricity is limited to few hours in a day and
are facing serious problems due to unlimited power cuts.
During the day time we get enormous amount of light energy from sun
and the problem for pedestals are common during the night time. Though most of
the streets are equipped with street lights in each and every village areas but due
to the uncontrolled power failures/power cut it is becoming a serious problem for
villagers to commute for irrigational field work during the night time due to
unlimited power cuts which indirectly affect the crop yield of the farmer.

2
3. Objective

The main objective of this project is to implement a IoT based Automatic

Street Lightning
System. As the traffic decreases slowly during late-night hours, the intensity gets
reduced
progressively till morning to save energy and thus, the street lights switch on at the
dusk and then switch off at the dawn, automatically. The process repeats every day.
White Light Emitting Diodes (LED) replaces conventional HID lamps in street
lighting system to include dimming feature. The intensity is not possible to be
controlled by the high intensity discharge (HID) lamp which is generally used in urban
street lights. LED lights are the future of lighting because of their low energy
consumption and long life. LED lights are fast replacing conventional lights because
intensity control is possible by the pulse width modulation.
This proposed system uses an Arduino board. Strings of LED are interfaced to
the Arduino board. A programmed Arduino board is engaged to provide different
intensities at different times of the night. This project is enhanced by integrating the
LDR to follow the switching operation precisely and IOT to display the status of street
on web browser and help in controlling it.
The main objectives are as follows:
 To avoid unnecessary Waste of light.
 Provide efficient, automatic and smart lightning system.
 Totally based on Renewable energy sources.
 Longer life expectancy.
 Energy Saving.

3
 CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Functional Description

The present system employs power delivery via a single phase line to
the streetlight. The
proposed system involves five more components to regulate the power delivery.
An Infra-Red
Proximity Sensor at the base of the street light detects presence in a small area
around the street light. The data from the sensor is sent to the Arduino which forms
brain of the circuit. The Arduino then commands to switch between dim and bright
modes depending upon the requirement and thus controls the brightness of the
street light. A battery eliminator, also powered by the single phase line, is used to
supply 5V inputs to the sensors and Arduino.
The design basically includes three working modes:-

 OFF mode : When there is enough natural light in the surrounding i.e.
during the daytime, the entire system is switched off and the batteries are
charging.
 Active mode : When the natural light drops below a certain level the
system automatically turns on and the motion sensors are powered.
 ON mode : On the presence of pedestrians, the sensors turns on which in
turn switches on the LED lights. These lights turns off after a period of
time.

4
2.2 Block Diagram

Solar Panel Switching Battery

Circuit

LDR Arduino IR Sensor

Power LED IOT (Internet

Circuit of Things)

Fig 2.1: Block Diagram

This block diagram describes the working of project ‘Solar smart Street light
System with IoT’.
1) Solar panel of 10Watt is used here with will converts the incoming sunlight
into electrical energy and used to charge the battery using switching circuit
which converts the varying voltage into stable voltage.

2) Now this charged battery is used as a supply source to rest of the system.
3) Through battery we will provide supply to Arduino which is controlling
the functioning of LDR and IR sensor as per the presence of vehicle.
4) Then according to the changed occur in IR sensor and LDR the Arduino
controls the power LED circuit.

5
 2.3 Flow Chart
START

Presence of
Vehicle

Yes Night Time No Day Time

Yes / No? Yes / No?

IR sensor Wait for vehicle and LED lamp will

will LED lamp will remain at be in OFF state.
respond. low intensity.

Respective LED Arduino will show Arduino will show ‘0‘

lamp will glow at ‘0‘ state of IR sensor state of IR sensor and
high intensity. at serial monitor. ‘Day’ at serial monitor.

Arduino checks the

status of IR sensor
and LDR.

Using IOT, serial monitor End

data will be updated on
website.

Fig 2.2: Flow chart

6
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK DONE

1. Hardware

Description Solar Panel

Solar panels are active solar devices that convert sunlight into electricity. They
come in a variety of rectangular shapes and are usually installed in combination to
produce electricity. A solar panel or module is a series of interconnected silicon cells
joined together to form a circuit. In greater numbers the amount of power produced by
these interconnected cells can be increased and used as an electricity production system.
At the present time about 80% of all solar panels are made from crystalline silicon (i.e.
monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous silicon or hybrids) solar cells. Typically the
solar cells are laid out in a grid pattern – with perhaps as many as 72 different solar cells.
The solar panels after being hermetically sealed to protect them, are covered in a non-
reflective glass to protect the solar cells from environmental damage and placed into a
rigid frame.

Fig 3.1: Solar Panel

Typically, the frame is designed to prevent it from deforming due to freezing

weather or strong winds The back of the panel is also sealed to prevent damage.
This is typically where the junction box is located. Despite the current uncertainty
in the industry caused

7
by oversupply of panels, the future still looks bright for solar panels. Demand for
renewable energy is growing, and potential applications of solar energy are
expanding. At the same time, improvements in cell efficiency, assembly techniques
and materials of construction are making solar power competitive.

Dropout Voltage:
The input voltage exceeds the input voltage by 1.25V when charging at the
maximum rate –the lower, the better. Low Dropout Voltage (LDO) is the catch
phrase for anything under approximately 2V. This could potentially be reduced
to below 1V by making D3 a schottky rectifier.

Current Limiting:
Current limiting is provided by the solar panel –it is not a commonly understood
fact that the solar panel tends to be a constant current device. For this reason, a
solar panel can withstand a short circuit. Therefore, the control does not need
current limiting.

Voltage Adjustment:
To set the voltage, disconnect the battery and connect a 1K dummy load resistor
to the output. The resistor is necessary to shunt potential MOSFET leakage
current as well as the green LED current.

3.1.2 IR Sensors

An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain

characteristics of it surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared
radiation. It is also capable of measuring heat of an object and detecting
motion. Infrared waves are not visible to the human eye. In the electromagnetic
spectrum, infrared radiation is the region having wavelengths longer than visible
light wavelengths, but shorter than microwaves. The infrared region is
approximately demarcated from 0.75 to 1000µm. Infrared technology is found in
many of our everyday products

8
IR (infrared) sensors detect infrared light. The IR light is transformed into an
electric current and this is detected by a voltage or amperage detector. A property
of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is that they produce a certain wavelength of light
when an electric current is applied but they also produce a current when they are
subjected to the same wavelength’s light.

Fig 3.2: IR Sensor Diagram

A pair of IR LEDs can be used as motion detectors. The first IR LED is wired to
emit IR waves and the second LED is wired to transmit a signal when it receives
an IR input. When an object comes within range of the emitting LED, it reflects
the IR back to the receiving LED and produces a signal.

Fig 3.3: Infra-Red Sensor

9
Other Key Application Areas:
 Climatology
 Meteorology
 Night vision
 Photo bio-modulation
 Gas detectors
 Water analysis
 Anesthesiology testing
 Petroleum exploration
 Rail safety

Fig 3.4: IR Sensor

3.1.3 Arduino

Arduino is a single-board microcontroller, intended to make the application of interactive

objects or environments more accessible. The hardware consists of an open-source hardware
board designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. Current
models feature a USB interface, 6 analog input pins, as well as 14 digital I/O pins which allows
the user to attach various extension boards. The Arduino board exposes most of the
microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current
Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse width modulated signals, and
six analog inputs.

10
Arduino Specifications:

Fig 3.5: Arduino Specification

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform

application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing
programming language and the wiring projects. It is designed to introduce
programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting,
brace matching and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and
uploading programs to the board with a single click. A program or code written for
Arduino is called a "sketch". Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The
Arduino IDE comes with a software library called "Wiring" from the original
wiring project, which makes many common input/output operations much easier.

11
It is an open-source project, software/hardware is extremely accessible and very
flexible to be customized and extended. It is flexible, offers a variety of digital and
analog inputs, SPI and serial interface and digital and PWM outputs. It is easy to
use, connects to computer via USB and communicates using standard serial
protocol, runs in standalone mode and as interface connected to PC/Macintosh
computers.

Fig 3.6: Arduino UNO

3.1.4 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

A LDR or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function

of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices.
They are also called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply
photocells. They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance.
There are many different symbols used to indicate a LDR, one of the most
commonly used symbol is shown in the figure below. The arrow indicates light
falling on it. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the electrons
in the valence band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction
band.

12
incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor
material to make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction
band. Hence when light having enough energy is incident on the device more &
more electrons are excited to the conduction band which results in large number of
charge carriers. The result of this process is more and more current starts flowing
and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has decreased.

Fig 3.7: Symbol of LDR

Fig 3.8:LDR

A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo

conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity (hence
resistivity) reduces when light is
absorbed by the material. LDR’s are light dependent devices whose resistance
decreases when light falls on them and increases in the dark. When a light
dependent resistor is kept in dark, its
resistance is very high. This resistance is called as dark resistance. LDR’s have
low cost and simple structure. They are often used as light sensors. They are used
when there is a need to detect absences or presences of light like in a camera light
meter.

13
street lamps, alarm clock, burglar alarm circuits, light intensity meters, for
counting the packages moving on a conveyor belt, etc.

3.1.5 Power Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A high-power LED light source is a single LED power higher than 0.5W. At
present, many manufacturers use low power LED, but it need use a lot of LED, and
also lower power LED with higher light decay. So its trend to use high power LED
source in commercial lighting. High power LED is a light emitting diode with high
rated current. Low LED power is generally 0.1W, operating current is 20mA but
high power LED can reach 1W, 2W, or even tens of watts, operating current can be
range from tens of mA to several hundred mA.

Fig 3.9: Power LED

High power LED advantages:

High-power LED as the light source with features of low power consumption, less
heating, long life, fast response, good direction and so on. Housing is available for
PC pipe, able to bear high temperature of 135 degrees, low temperature of -45
degrees.

High power LED disadvantages:

Current high-power LED light conversion efficiency is still low, and cost is
high.

14
Applications:
High-power LED mainly used in oilfield, petrochemical, railway, mining,
military and other special industries. And most important is high power LED is
more and more popular in general lighting.

3.1.6 Voltage Regulator (LM317)

The LM317 device is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage

regulator capable of supplying more than 1.5 Ampere over an output-voltage
range of 1.25 V to 37 V. It requires only two external resistors to set the output
voltage. The device features a typical line regulation of 0.01% and typical load
regulation of 0.1%. It includes current limiting, thermal overload protection, and
safe operating area protection.

Features:
 Output Voltage Range Adjustable From 1.25 V to 37 V
 Output Current Greater Than 1.5 A
 Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting
 Thermal Overload Protection

Fig 3.10: Voltage Regulator Circuit diagram

15
 Fig 3.11: Functional Diagram of LM317

The LM317 is versatile in its applications, including uses in programmable output

regulation and local on-card regulation. Or by connecting a fixed resistor between
the ADJUST and OUTPUT terminals, the LM317 can function as a precision
current regulator. An optional output capacitor can be added to improve transient
response. The ADJUST terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple-
rejection ratios, which are difficult to achieve with standard three-terminal
regulators.

3.1.7 ULN2003 Darlington Pair

We are using this IC as the switch circuit for the power LED. This IC has many
advantages and used in many application. ULN2003 is a high voltage and high
current Darlington array IC. It contains seven open collector Darlington pairs
with common emitters. A Darlington pair is an arrangement of two bipolar
transistors. ULN2003 belongs to the family of ULN200X series of ICs. Different
versions of this family interface to different logic families. ULN2003 is for 5V
TTL, CMOS logic devices. These ICs are used when driving a wide range of loads
and are used as relay drivers, display drivers, line drivers etc. ULN2003 is also
commonly used while driving Stepper Motors. Each channel or Darlington pair in
ULN2003 is rated at 500mA and can withstand peak current of 600mA. The inputs
and outputs are provided opposite to each other in the pin layout. Each driver also
contains a suppression diode to dissipate voltage spikes while driving inductive
loads. The schematic for driver is given below:

16
 Fig 3.12: Schematic for ULN2003 driver
Main specifications:
 500 mA rated collector current (single output).
 50 V output (there is a version that supports 100 V output).
 Includes output flyback diodes.
 Inputs compatible with TTL and 5-V CMOS logic

Fig 3.13: ULN2003 Darlington transistor array

17
 Fig 3.14: ULN2003 Pin Diagram

Fig 3.15: ULN2003 Pin functioning

18
3.1.8 Resistors

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical

current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for
an active device such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC)
circuit, the current through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and directly
proportional to the voltage across it. This is the well-known Ohm's Law.In alternating-
current (AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain
inductance or capacitance. Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most
common type in electronic devices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor.Fine
granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on
the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the resistance.Another type
of resistor is made from winding Nichrome or similar wire on an insulating form. This
component, called a wire wound resistor, is able to handle higher currents than a carbon-
composition resistor of the same physical size.This does not affect performance in DC
circuits, but can have an adverse effect in AC circuits because inductance renders the device
sensitive to changes in frequency.

Fig 3.16: Resistor

19
3.1.9 Capacitors

Capacitor is a passive component used to store charge. The charge (q) stored
in a capacitor is the product of its capacitance (C) value and the voltage (V)
applied to it. Capacitors offer infinite reactance to zero frequency so they are used
for blocking DC components or bypassing the AC signals. The capacitor
undergoes through a recursive cycle of charging and discharging in AC circuits
where the voltage and current across it depends on the RC time constant. For this
reason, capacitors are used for smoothing power supply variations. Other uses
include, coupling the various stages of audio system, tuning in radio circuits etc.
These are used to store energy like in a camera flash. Since capacitors store
charge, they must be carefully discharged before troubleshooting the circuits. The
maximum voltage rating of the capacitors used must always be greater than the
supply voltage.
Applications are:
 smoothing the output of power supply circuits
 coupling of two stages of a circuit (coupling of an audio stage with a
loud speaker)
 filter networks(tone control of an audio system)
 delay applications (as in 555 timer IC controlling the charging
and discharging)
 tuning radios to particular frequencies
 phase alteration.

Fig 3.17: Capacitors

20
3.1.10 Op-Amp 741

The Operational Amplifier is probably the most versatile Integrated Circuit

available. It is very cheap especially keeping in mind the fact that it contains
several hundred components. The most common Op-Amp is the 741 and it is used
in many circuits. The OP AMP is a ‘Linear Amplifier’ with an amazing variety of
uses. Its main purpose is to amplify (increase)a weak signal - a little like a
Darlington Pair. The OP-AMP has two inputs, inverting ( - ) and non-inverting (+)
and one output at pin 6. The chip can be used in a circuit in two ways. If the
voltage goes into pin two then it is known as an inverting amplifier. The 741
integrated circuit looks like any other ‘chip’. However, it is a general purpose OP-
AMP. You need only to know basic information about its operation and use. The
diagram opposite shows the pins of the 741 OP-AMP. The important pins are 2,3
and 6 because these represent inverting, non-inverting and voltage out.

F fig 3.18: Op-Amp 741

Inverting amplifier: Leg two is the input and the output is always reversed. In an inverting
amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg two and comes out of the 741 chip at leg
six. If the polarity is positive going into the chip, it negative by the time it comes out through leg
six. The polarity has been ‘inverted’.

21
Non-Inverting amplifier: Leg three is the input and the output is not reversed. In a
non- inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg three and
leaves the 741 chip through leg six. This time if it is positive going into the 741
then it is still positive coming out.

Features of 741 IC :

 Short circuit and overload protection provided.

 In theory, the dc output voltage will be zero if both the inputs of the 741 IC
are connected to the ground. But in practice, a small dc output may appear
due to minor internal unbalances. It is usually unnoticed in normal
applications. But for critical conditions, the output voltage can be set
precisely to zero by connecting a 10K potentiometer between terminals
marked “offset-null”.
 Low power consumption.
 Large common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and differential voltage ranges.
 No latch-up problem.

Fig 3.19: Op-Amp 741 Pin Diagram

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3.2 Solar Battery Charging Circuit

Solar concept is not new for us. We all know the importance of solar energy.
Solar gadgets are increasing day by day. As non-renewable energy sources are
decreasing, usage of solar energy is increased. This solar energy is not only used on
the Earth but also used in space stations where no electrical power is available. Here
is the simple circuit to charge rechargeable Lead-acid battery from the solar panel.
This solar charger has current and voltage regulation and also has over voltage cutoff
facilities.

Solar Battery Charger Circuit Principle:

Here the solar panel produces 12V DC. The charging current passes to LM317
voltage regulator through the diode D1. The output voltage and current are regulated
by adjusting the adjust pin of LM317 voltage regulator.

Solar Battery Charger Circuit Design:

The circuit uses a 12V solar panel and an adjustable voltage regulator
LM317. Solar panel consists of 1.2V rated solar cells. Pot RV1 is used to set the
output voltage to the battery. Diode D2 prevents the discharge of battery.

For 12V Application:

Output voltage: set for 14v Input voltage: Battery discharged (12v): 14.75V min
@ 1.5mA (available from solar panel Characterized for 12V operation).Battery
charged (14V): 16V min @ 10mA.

Power Dissipation:
In this, power is limited because of the thermal resistance of LM317 voltage
regulator and the heat sink. To keep the temperature below 125 degree Celsius, the
power must be limited to 10W. LM317 voltage regulator internally has temperature
limiting circuit so that if it gets too hot, it shuts down automatically.

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When battery is charging, heat sink becomes warm. When completing the charging at maximum
voltage, heat sink runs hot. This heat is because of excess power that not needed in the process of
charging a battery.

Current Limiting:
As the solar panel provides constant current, it acts as a current limiter. Therefore the circuit does
not need any current limiting.

Solar Charger Protection:

In this circuit, capacitor C1 protects from the static discharge. Diode D1 protects from the
reverse polarity.

Solar Charger Specifications:

Solarpanel rating: 20W(12V)or10W(6V)
Vout range: 5to14V
Maximum power dissipation: 10W (includes power dissipation of schottky
diode) Typical drop out value: 2 to 2.75V (depends on load current)
Max current: 1.5A (internally it limited to 2.2A)
Voltage regulation: +/- 100mV

Fig 3.20: Battery Charging Circuit through Solar Panel

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3.3 Input Module Working

In this input module of the project, we used 4 IR sensors which are interfaced
with Arduino andwork individually with respective to each other. In this we are
connecting the output pins of IR sensor to pins 2,4,7,8 of arduino to give status of
IR sensor.IR sensor senses the presence of a vehicle or a pedestrian on the road
and increases the intensity of LED street lamps on the road through output module.
All IR sensor works on 5V and arduino is working on less than 5V supply
(Battery or Laptop USB driver).

Fig 3.21: Input Module Diagram

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3.4 Output Module Working

In this output module of project, the digital output pins 6,9,10,11 of arduino
are taken as a input to ULN2003a driver which works as a switching circuit. This
ULN2003a output is connected to LED street lamps and increases the light
intensity when required.LDR is connected to analog pin A0 of arduino and helps
in switching between day,evening and night time modes. In this, ULN2003a is
working on 9V supply with is used to give to LED lamps.

Fig 3.22: Output Module Diagram

3.5 Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things is an emerging topic of technical, social, and

economic significance.

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and other everyday objects are being combined with Internet connectivity and powerful data
analytic capabilities that promise to transform the way we work, live, and play. Projections for
the impact of IoT on the Internet and economy are impressive, with some anticipating as many
as 100 billion connected IoT devices and a global economic impact of more than $11 trillion by
2025.

Fig 3.23: Internet of Things

At the same time, however, the Internet of Things raises significant challenges
that could stand in the way of realizing its potential benefits. Attention-grabbing
headlines about the hacking of Internet-connected devices, surveillance concerns,
and privacy fears already have captured public attention.The term Internet of
Things generally refers to scenarios where network connectivity and computing
capability extends to objects, sensors and everyday items not normally
considered computers, allowing these devices to generate, exchange and consume
data with minimal human intervention. There is, however, no single, universal
definition.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles,
buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The
IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical
world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy
and economic benefit; when IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the
technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical
systems,We have used python code to interface arduino to this cloud service
provider by providing the COM port and destination to address of application.
Firebase is a cloud services provider and backend as a service company based in
San Francisco, California. Firebase was founded in 2011 by Andrew Lee and
James Tamplin and launched with a realtime cloud database in April 2012.
Firebase's primary product is a realtime database which provides an API that
allows developers to store and sync data across multiple clients. The company was
acquired by Google in October 2014.

Fig 3.24: Firebase website

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Realtime Database:
Firebase provides a realtime database and backend as a service. The service provides
application developers an API that allows application data to be synchronized across
clients and stored on firebase's cloud. The company provides client libraries that enable
integration with Android, iOS, JavaScript, Java, Objective-C and Node.js applications.
Developers using the realtime database can secure their data by using the company's
server-side- enforced security rules.

Firebase Auth:
Firebase Auth is a service that can authenticate users using only client-side code. It
supports social login providers Facebook, GitHub, Twitter and Google. Additionally, it
includes a user management system whereby developers can enable user authentication
with email and password login stored with Firebase.

Hosting:
Firebase Hosting is a static asset web hosting service that launched on May 13, 2014. It
supports hosting static files such as CSS, HTML, JavaScript and other files that
do not change dynamically. The company states that Firebase Hosting grew out of
customer requests, developers were using Firebase for its real-time database but needed a
place to host their content.

For this project we follow following steps to introduce IoT and use it:
1. Firstly, we need to interface the arduino’s serial monitor to firebase application. For
this we need to use python to interface it by give source as COM port and
destination as App address.
2. Then we need to design an App where we want to show our real time data.

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 Fig 3.25: Firebase application front view
3. Firebase will automatically update the data and store it on its cloud service.

Fig 3.26: Firebase application inside view

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 CHAPTER 4

AREA OF APPLICATIONS

4.1 Area of applications

 It can be used in some clocks, alarms, and other electronic devices that are dependent on
sunlight.
 We can used it outside of house, corridors or industry area, which helps to save power.
 It can be used as a street light.
 In sea off-shore side we can use it as a dangerous sign.
 Photo resistors have many uses, most of which involve detecting the presence of light.
Street lights use photo resistors to detect whether it is day or night and turn the light on or
off accordingly.
 Photo resistors are also used in digital cameras to detect how much light camera sees and
adjust the picture quality accordingly.
 Smoke detection.
 Automatic lighting control.
 Burglar alarm systems.
 Camera (electronic shutter).
 Strobe (color temperature reading).

4.2 Advantages
 Solar street light is independent of grid as a result of this operating cost is much low.
 Maintenance cost is much low compared to conventional street light.
 Intensity of LED can be controlled effectively without changes in its light color.
 Risk of accidents is very low.
 It is environmental friendly, no harmful emissions.
 Longer life compared to conventional street lights.
 Power consumption is much lower.
 LDRs are sensitive, inexpensive and readily available devices. They have good power
and voltage handling capabilities, similar to those of a conventional resistor.

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  They are small enough to fit into virtually any electronic device and used all around the
world as a basis component in many electrical systems.
 Photo resistors convert light into electricity and are not dependent on any other force.
 Photo resistors are simply designed and are made from materials that are widely
available, allowing hundreds of thousands of units to be produced each year.
 A LDR may be connected either way round and no special precautions are required when
soldering.

4.3 Disadvantages

 Initial investment is very high.

 Rechargeable batteries have to be replaced from time to time.
 Non-availability of sunlight during rainy and winter seasons is a problem.
 Dust accumulation on the surface of panel creates a problem.
 It is sensitive to ambient light and require careful shielding.
 Can be more complicated to align detector pairs.
 Photo resistors are only sensitive to light and no other force can power it without risking
damage.
 Also, they are unable to detect low light levels and may take a few seconds to deliver a
charge while their electrons build up momentum.

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 CHAPTER 5

GANTT CHART

1. Introduction

Project management objective is to achieve project goals with effective

project organizing,planning, and resources controlling within a specified time
period. Project scope, project time,project budget and human resource were the
primary constraints in this research. The schedule of the project had been tabulated
on Gant Chart which use as the guideline in time management of this project.After
that, cost estimation on the component or device was performed to ensure minimal
project cost while keeping project to achieve the project objectives. Market
survey on different devicesupplier was done in this process. Then, the price of the
component was tabulated to compute calculate the final cost.

2. Project schedule

Project Gantt chart is shown in Table 5.1.In contrast to Gantt chart, project
Gantt chart shows a delay on task. This is due to the supplier of the current sensor
and microcontroller from overseas delayed the delivery of the component. In
addition, the shipping time of the component from overseas was about three weeks.
As microcontroller is the brain of system, so the other task component assembling
and software implementation were postponed.

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 Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Activity
Project
Finalization

Component
Survey

Circuit
Preparation

Hardware
Implementation

Software
Implementation

Testing and result

analysis

Report
Presentation

--- Expected Time

--- Actual Time

Table 5.1: Gantt Chart

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5.3 Cost estimation

Table 5.2 shows the cost estimation for Solar Smart Street light System with
IOT. The most expensive component in this system is Arduino. A higher
durability programmer is needed to monitor the LED performance. As far as stock
availability and price concern, Arduino UNO was selected in this project.
Meanwhile, the price for other components that use in system is affordable and
stock availability.

S. No. Component Price per Quantity Sub Total

Name Component(Rs.)
1. Jumper wires 4.6 50 230
2. Power LED strip 70 2 140
3. LM317 10 1 10
4. LEDs 2 10 20
5. Resistors 1 20 20
6. Potentiometer 5 5 25
7. Diodes 2 3 6
8. Capacitors 2 2 4
9. Solar panel 600 1 600
10. PCB 10 2 20
11. Male-Female 10 4 40
Berg
12. Arduino Board 600 1 600
13. ULN2003 15 1 15
14. ICs Bed 10 4 40
15. LDR 5 1 5
16. IR transmitter 5 8 40
and Receiver
17. Op-amp 741 10 4 40
Sub Total 1855

Table 5.2: Cost estimation chart

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 CHAPTER 6

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

6.1 Results and Discussions

The project aims were to reduce the side effects of the current lighting system and
find a solution
to save power. In this project the first thing to do is to prepare the inputs and
outputs of the
system to control the lights. The project shown in the figure has been implemented
and works as expected and will prove to be very useful.

Fig 6.1: Solar Smart Street Light without any vehicle

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Fig 6.2: Vehicle present at 1st Sensor

Fig 6.3: Vehicle present at 2nd Sensor

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 Fig 6.4: IoT display on web browser

6.2 Challenges
 Switching of LED Strips when vehicle is present based on the
voltage supply.
 Interfacing of Arduino to the web browser.
 Displaying serial monitor data of Arduino onto the web browser.

6.3 Limitations

 Delay in displaying the data on web browser.

 Variation Input voltage.
 The sensors used are not suitable for real life
setup.
 Power LED should be of greater voltage for
actual setup.

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 CHAPTER 7

FUTURE SCOPE

The above project i.e. Solar Smart Street Light System with IoT can be
powered from a battery, which can be charged during day time by harvesting the
solar energy through a solar cell. The solar energy harvested from sunlight can be
stored, inverted from DC voltages to AC voltage using sun tie converter.

The AC voltage can be stepped up and given to the electric grid. The AC
voltage from the electric grid can be stepped down, rectified and used for powering
the circuit. Meanwhile, the street light can also be powered by the A.C. voltage,
which is controlled by a relay switch connected to the switching part of the circuit.
The above mentioned strategy will enable us to harvest solar energy in an effective
way for the operation of the circuit and for powering the street light also.Using
this smart project, we can also estimate the speed of the vehicle, recognizing the
number plate, recognizing the accidents took place on roads etc.This Smart Street
light project not only helps in rural areas but also beneficial in urban areas too.As
we are moving towards more advancement we require more power so use of
renewable resources is useful and advantageous
.
With this project, we can even add smart parking of vehicle and it is even
useful for driverless cars. This project has a bright future not only to save power
but also reduced the calamities and even reduced the crime rate.

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CONCLUSION

The use of power electronics is increasing exponentially across various

sectors of human life. The components used in the project, like Arduino and
sensors are slowly becoming an indispensable part of our daily routines. So, it
is only fitting that we use them to improve efficiency in every walk of life.
Keeping in mind the urgent need for energy conservation, Solar Smart Street Light
System with IoT is an excellent and effective solution. It combines safe lighting
protocols with consumption of minimal amount of power. The energy savings, as
discussed before are phenomenal.

The future scope of this project expands into speed detection and
customizable area of illumination.An additional component which would lead to
better functioning of the concept would be the use of LED bulbs. Despite their high
initial costs, they are a viable option as they drastically reduce the power
consumption. They will aid in further saving of energy and reduction in operational
costs.

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 REFERENCES

1 http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5561845_do-ir-sensors-
work.html#ixzz310syLD6I
2 http://homepages.which.net/~paul.hills/Emc/BecBody.html
3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino
4 http://www.galco.com/comp/prod/sensor.htm
5 http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/LM324.html
6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things
7 http://www.internetsociety.org/doc/IoT-overview
8 https://www.firebase.com
9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase
10 http://www.main.org/polycosmos/glxywest/vimanas.htm-IndianFlying

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