Project Report on

Fire Detection And Alarm System

Submitted by

Sitakanta Muduli(2001229130)
Mohammed Sarafat (2001229096)
Soumya Ranjan Jena (2001229134)

Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree
of B.Tech. in Computer Science & Engineering under
DRIEMS University

2020 - 2024

Under the Guidance of

Surajit Mohanty
Asso. Professor, Dept. of CSE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

DRIEMS(Autonomous),Tangi,Cuttack-754022
 Department of Computer Science & Engineering
School of Engineering and Technology , Tangi, Cuttack - 745022

Certificate

This is to certify that, this is a Bonafide Project report, titled “IoT Based Soil Monitoring
System”, done satisfactorily by, Sitakanta Muduli (2001229130), Mohammed Sarafat
(2001229096), Soumya Ranjan Jena (2001229134) in partial fulfillment of requirements
for the degree of B.Tech. in Computer Science & Engineering under DRIEMS University.

This Project report on the above-mentioned topic has not been submitted for any other
examination earlier before in this institution and does not form part of any other course
undergone by the candidate.

Prof. Surajit Mohanty Dr. Mamata Rath

Asso. Professor, Dept. of CSE Asso. Professor & Head
Guide Dept of CSE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our indebtedness to our guide Prof. Shekharesh Barik, of the Computer
Science & Engineering department who spared his valuable time to go through manuscript
and offer his scholar advice in the writing. His guidance, encouragement and all out help
have been invaluable to us. There is short of words to express our gratitude and thankfulness
to him.

We are grateful to all the teachers of Computer Science & Engineering department, 0for
their encouragement, advice and help.

At the outset, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Mamata Rath, H.O.D
of Computer Science & Engineering department for his moral support extended towards us
throughout the duration of this Project.

We are also thankful to our friends who have helped us directly or indirectly for the success
of this Project.

Sitakanta Muduli (2001229130)

Mohammed Sarafat (2001229096)
Soumya Ranjan Jena (2001229134)
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
 ABSTRACT
Fire is the one of the biggest tragedy that no one can be predicted. It can happen anytime
anywhere like office, school, college, market area, hotel etc. The fire incident always unwanted
and unpredictable. Because it's not only destroy people's live and life’s hood, it also loose of
human life. Fire incident not only burn the house, materials it also burn people life hood. Now-
a-days almost every people live in residential house, where all houses are connected to each
other in that case it's more difficult to handle fire tragedy. Once fire that occur in a house it will
spread quickly on the entire house if owner identify fire at the house but it will be less time to
save everything. Fire comes in a various ways like short-circuit, firecracker and other. So in
our project we will make a fire sensor or flame sensor. It will detect a fire. Fire sensor or flame
sensor is a circuit which is detect a fire and active with buzzer with siren sound. This sensor
detect the fire at a right time and prevent loss in a damage people or material.

Keywords: 5V relay, IR Sensor, Jumper Wire, Flame Sensor, DC Pump, Arduino UNO
 CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE NO.

LIST OF FIGURES I
CHAPTER 1 2-4
1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 LITRETURE SURVEY 3
1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION 3
1.3 MOTIVITION FOR WORK 4
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT 4
CHAPTER 2 5-15
2 INTERNET OF THINGS 5
2.1 INTERNET OF THINGS CHARACTERISTICS 5
2.1.1 INTER CONNECTIVITY AND SERVICES 5
2.1.2 HETEROGENEITY 7
2.1.3 ENORMOUS SCALE 6
2.1.4 DYNAMIC CHANGES 6
2.1.5 SAFETY 6
2.1.6 CONNECTIVITY 6
2.2 IOT APPLICATIONS 6
2.2.1 IOT IN HEALTHCARE 8
2.2.2 IOT IN SMART ENVIRONMENT 8
2.2.3 ROLE OF IOT IN INDUSTRIES 8
2.2.4 IOT IN AGRICULTURE 9
2.2.5 IOT IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY 10
2.3 IOT CHALLENGES 11
2.3.1 MOBILITY 11
2.3.2 POWER CONSUMPTION 11
2.3.3 SECURITY AND PRIVACY 11
 INTEROPERABILITY IN HETEROGENEOUS
2.3.4 12
ARCHITECTURE
2.4 PROMINENT IOT TECHNOLOGIES 12
2.4.1 LPWAN 12
2.4.2 LORAWAN 13
2.4.3 NB-IOT 13
2.4.4 BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY (BLE) 13
2.4.5 ZIGBEE 14
2.4.6 NFC 14
CHAPTER 3 16-24
3 SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS 16
3.1 PROPOSED MODEL 16
3.2 COMPONENT REQUIRED 16
3.2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT 16
3.2.1.1 ARDUINO UNO 16
3.2.1.2 IR FLAME SENSOR 20
3.2.1.3 BUZZER 22
3.2.1.4 MINI BREAD-BOARD 23
3.2.1.5 IR FLAME SENSOR 25
3.2.1.6 JUMPER WIRE 26
3.2.1.7 USB CABLE 28
3.2.1.8 MOTOR PUMP 29
3.2.1.9 RELAY MODULE
3.2.1.10 AC – DC ADAPTER
3.2.1.11 RUBBER PIPE

3.2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT 30

3.2.2.1 BLYNK APPLICATION 30
3.2.2.2 ARDUINO IDE 31
CHAPTER 4 32
4 WORKING PRINCIPLE 32
4.1 WORKING 32
4.2 SOURCE CODE 33
CHAPTER 5 35-35
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35
5.1 SNAPSHOT OF THE MODEL 35
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 36
REFERENCES 37-38
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 2.1 APPLICATION AREAS 9
Fig 3.1 PROPOSED MODEL 18
Fig 3.2 FLOW CHART 19
Fig 3.3 BREADBOARD 20
Fig 3.4 JUMPER WIRES 21
Fig 3.5 TYPES OF JUMPER WIRES 21
Fig 3.6 ARDUINO UNO 22
Fig 3.7 RELAY MODULE 23
Fig 3.8 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR 26
Fig 3.9 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR 27
Fig 3.10 GSM 29
Fig 3.11 MOTOR PUMP 30
Fig 3.12 BLYNK APPLICATION 31
Fig 3.13 ARDUINO IDE 31
Fig 4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 32
Fig 5.1 SNAPSHOT OF MODEL 35
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Every since human first began building structures of wood rather than stone, fire has been created
from stone. In history that every major city in the world has been largely burnt to the ground at
one time. In the history that nearly every major city in the world has been largely burnt to the
ground at one time or another in its history. An example of such fire outbreak was in Boston 1872.
Fire comes in a various ways like short circuit, firecracker and others. So in our project we will
make a fire sensor or flame sensor. It will detect a fire. Fire sensor or flame sensor is a circuit
which is detect a fire and active with buzzer with siren sound. This sensor detect the fire at a right
time and prevent loss in a damage people or material. A Flame sensor has a devices that working
to decent and warn people through audio when detect fire. These sensor active automatically from
detect fire. Flame sensor is very useful for security. In this project we will design fire detector
device using flame sensor and arundio. A Flame sensor is a one kind of detector which is mainly
designed for detect fire. The sensor response is faster than compare with speed of fire spread. If
we are focusing on fire detection technology, we all are know 3 major characteristic of fire that
are particle matter, heat and light. There are 3 major types of flame detector are currently available
: IR, UV and combination of UV and IR. Fire alarm electronic devices are known as horns in the
United States and Canada, and can be either continuous or set to different codes. Fire alarm
warning devices can also be set to different volume levels. Manually actuated devices; also known
as fire alarm boxes, manual pull stations, or simply pull stations, break glass stations, and (in
Europe) call points. Devices for manual fire alarm activation are installed to be readily located
(near the exits), identified, and operated. They are usually actuated by means of physical
interaction, such as pulling a lever or breaking glass. Automatically actuated devices can take many
forms intended to respond to any number of detectable physical changes associated with fire:
convicted thermal energy; heat detector, products of combustion; smoke detector, radiant energy;
flame detector, combustion gases; fire gas detector, and release of extinguishing agents; water-
flow detector. The newest innovations can use cameras and computer algorithms to analyse the

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visible effects of fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection
methods.

1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

To increase the fire detection capability, 1Cappellinietal introduce the color video to recognize the
fire flame from smokes. Recent color-video based researches, such as Yamagishi and Yamaguchi
propose some enhanced color image processing techniques for achieving a real-time detection of
fire flame. However, the above methods all focus on recognition of a fire but can’t provide any
information about whether the flame will burn up or low. This is very important when the
commercial cost is considered, since human operators must manually validate each false alarm.
Ever process the color video input to identify a burning jet fuel tire through the spectral, spatial,
and temporal properties of fire events. But it requires a complex decision procedure for validating
a fire burning and some constraints, such as a stationary camera and specific environment. To
reduce false alarm rate in forest-fire detection, 3Arme develop a complex hybrid system with
multiple inputs provided by the visual camera, the infrared camera, meteorological sensors and a
geographical information database. Without losing the generality, a hybrid approach always brings
a higher cost and maintenance on combination. This motivates that the proposed firedetection
method is aimed at general purpose, high reliable and low cost features. To achieve fully automatic
surveillance of fires, this paper presents an intelligent real-time fire detection method with a 2-
stage decision strategy based on color video processing. The first decision stage is to check if there
is a existing fire by extracting fire pixels from visual images. In color image processing, the RGB
(red, green, blue) color model has less computational complexity than other color models and
hence is adopted to describe fire pixels. In contrast to some works from the literature, the goal of
this paper is not to identify fire pixels in a given image or video frame, but to determine if fire
occurs in the frame. The goal is generic event detection for automatic classification.

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1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION
Fire is the one of the biggest tragedy that no one can be predicted. It can happen anytime anywhere
like office , school, college, market area, hotel etc. The fire incident always unwanted and
unpredictable. Because it's not only destroy people's live and life’s hood , it also loose of human
life. Fire incident not only burn the house , materials it also burn people life hood. Now-a-days
almost every people live in residential house ,where all houses are connected to each other in that
case it's more difficult to handle fire tragedy . Once fire that occur in a house it will spread quickly
on the entire house if owner identify fire at the house but it will be less time to save everything.
Without fire detection system in case of fire outbreak everything destroy quickly.

1.2 MOTIVATION FOR THE WORK

Here we design and implement a fire detection system . It work as a fire fighter system. It’s
contains with fire sensor with mini buzzer , it works as a alarm . It’s early detect the fire and still
be have time for safe evacuation .fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to
detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide
or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke
detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such
as manual call points or pull stations.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

Describe the purpose of the fire alarm system using Arduino. List the parts and explain the
operation of the fire alarm system . Describe how a fire alarm system operates with buzzer
and Arduino .The fire alarm system warns people when fire , carbon monoxide or other fire related
emergencies are detected . By detecting a fire quickly and accurately (i.e., by not sacrificing speed
or causing false alarms) and providing early warning notification, a firedetection system can limit
the emission of toxic products created by combustion, as well as global-warming gases produced
by the fire itself.

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 CHAPTER 2

INTERNET OF THINGS

Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of things. These things could be any object that we see
in our daily life. These objects are not limited to electronic devices or some high-end technology
products but could include objects that we won’t normally think of them as electronic like dustbins,
chairs, clothes etc. It’s a network of smart objects in which the objects are capable of sharing
resources and data with other objects. The data collected from the objects is further analyzed to
extract the useful information. The smart objects are equipped with some sort of sensors,
processing powers and an ability to communicate to other objects. IoT has provided many benefits
to improve the quality of life, where smart objects are used to simply our daily errands.

2.1 INTERNET OF THINGS CHARACTERISTICS:

There are the following characteristics of IoT as follows. Let’s discuss it one by one.

2.1.1 INTER CONNECTIVITY AND SERVICES

As long as IoT is concerned, IoT devices can be inter-linked with the worldwide information and
communication foundation. Things-related services such as privacy protection, semantic
consistency between physical things and their virtual interlinked items within the constraints of
objects are offered by IoT. Technologies continue to develop both in the real world and in the
information world to provide things-related services.

2.1.2 HETEROGENEITY

The IoT devices are heterogeneous in nature. Various devices can communicate with each other
due to this property. The devices that make use of different hardware platforms, networks,
technologies can communicate with each other due to this feature. IoT system includes
connectivity of various devices, platforms and operating systems interlinked by different protocols.

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IoT provides connectivity between different devices which have different power constraints,
vendors and are designed for different purposes. The goal of IoT is to provide seamless machine
to machine, machine to human and human to human connectivity, so it must be able to connect
different things and networks.

2.1.3 ENORMOUS SCALE

The number of devices that are inter connected and need to be tracked and handled would be at
least an order of magnitude greater than the internet devices currently connected. It’ll become even
more complex to manage the massive amount of data produced by these devices and using this
data and its interpretation for different application purposes.

2.1.4 DYNAMIC CHANGES

The IoT devices are dynamic i.e., rapidly changing in nature. The state of devices varies with time.
For example, the devices may be in sleep/wake state, connected/ disconnected. The number of
devices at a time can also change. Some new devices can be added in the network, while other
might leave the network. IoT devices are able to adapt to the changing needs. For instance, security
cameras can adapt their modes according to the time of the day. The device’s connectivity with
other devices may vary during different time intervals such that it’s connected to one set of devices
at one instance, and to another set at another instance, so to ensure security, efficient cryptography
systems and good security protocols are needed.

2.1.5 SAFETY

While we avail numerous benefits from IoT, an important concern ‘safety’ should also be
considered. Whether we are creators or receivers of IoT, we must ensure safety. It includes the
safety of our physical well-being as well as our private data. This also includes ensuring the safety
of communication endpoints, networks, data being communicated across the paths, thus creating
a security standard that will be able to scale.

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2.1.6 CONNECTIVITY

Connectivity entitles attainability and compatibility. Network availability refers to be able to

receive on the network and compatibility refers to be able to use and produce data. New
possibilities for IoT can be generated by bringing together the routine objects and connecting the
smart gadgets and applications.
2.2 IOT APPLICATIONS:

IoT has numerous and diverse applications which cover almost all areas in our day-to-day tasks.
It covers many domains such as transportation, agriculture, healthcare, smart industry, supply
chain, environment and energy as shown in Figure 2. Some of the applications of IoT are

Fig. 2.1: Applications Areas

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2.2.1 IOT IN HEALTHCARE

IoT has numerous applications in healthcare. It can be used to monitor and indicate various health
indicators.
Patient Monitoring – Patients can be monitored for various conditions like heart rate, blood
pressure, glucose level etc. inside hospitals.
Medical Cold Storage – Various medicines, vaccines could be stored and their conditions can be
monitored, like when they’ll expire etc.
Fall Detection – Assistance could be provided for elderly or handicapped people if they fall,
timely assistance could be provided to them.
Dental – Toothbrush connected by means of Bluetooth to a Smartphone app can analyse brushing
habits.
Physical Activity Monitoring – Sensors placed on some gadget like watch, that a person could
wear, it can monitor how many steps he walked, heart rate etc.

2.2.2 IOT IN SMART ENVIRONMENT

Weather monitoring – Climate changes such as humidity, pressure, temperature and rain can be
monitored.
Water Quality Monitoring – Quality of water can be monitored, that is, whether it’s safe for
humans to consume it.
Prevention of Natural Disasters – River levels could be monitored for early flood detection,
similarly landslides and other natural disasters could be predicted.
Air Quality Monitoring – Quality of air can be monitored and measures could be taken to control
the emission of CO2 and other toxic gases by vehicles, factories and industries.
Forest Fire Detection – Different fire conditions such as combustion gases can be monitored to
generate an early alert.
Protecting Wildlife – Wild animals can be traced and their location can be determined through
tracking collars, which use GPS to track location and GSM for communication.

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2.2.3 ROLE OF IOT IN INDUSTRIES

Explosive and Dangerous Gases – IoT can be utilized to detect gas leakages in manufacturing
areas, in the vicinity of chemical plants and indoor mines. Harmful gases and oxygen levels in
chemical plants can be monitored and controlled to ensure safety for both workers and products.
Water, Oil and Gas levels Monitoring – The levels of oxygen, water and oil can be monitored
in storage tanks and containers.
Maintenance and Repair – Early predictions can be made for component malfunctions and
maintenance service can be set automatically before the actual component failure.
Managing fleet of cars – The fleet of cars can be monitored for any corporation. It can monitor
its performance and can process the data to choose the one that needs maintenance.
Temperature Monitoring – The temperature inside industries, mines and other work places can
be monitored to generate an alert, if the temperature exceeds to ensure the overall safety of workers
and workplace.
Ozone Detection – The presence of ozone levels could be detected in food industries during the
process of drying meat.
Indoor Air Quality Surveillance – The quality of air can be monitored inside workplaces to
ensure general safety of workers and goods.
Rescue Operations – Factory workers who may have been stuck in underground units due to
natural disasters such as earthquake, landslides, explosion or some other natural calamity may be
saved, thorough deployment of IoT resources that can accurately track their location.

2.2.4 IOT IN AGRICULTURE

IoT has vast applications in agriculture, some of them are as follows:

Green House Monitoring – The climate conditions can be monitored and controlled for green
house to maximize the production of vegetables and fruits, and their quality can also be monitored
by providing favourable environmental conditions.
Animal Tracking – Animals grazing in open fields and pastures can be identified and located.
Air Quality Monitoring – The quality of air can be monitored to detect any harmful or toxic gases
that may emit from waste material.

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Field Monitoring – The condition of fields can be monitored via different sensors, the data can
then be processed, and the farmer could be informed that a particular piece of land requires special
care.
Pest Control – Different mechanisms can be incorporated to control the pests in crops, to ensure
quality of crops.
Water Management – The water can be managed efficiently to minimize water wastage by
making use of different sensors.
Soil Management – The condition of soil can be monitored such as measuring the PH levels,
salinity, moisture content etc. so that the farmer sow the seeds according to the soil level.
RFID tags and Sensors – Using RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) tags and sensors will
help identifying and recognizing the diseases that occurred in plants or crops. The farmer can
access the information from a remote location and can take the necessary actions, to save the crops.

2.2.5 IOT IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Vehicle maintenance – The on-board units installed on cars can provide diagnosis of the car
condition and can help the driver to find faults in the engine or some other parts. The safety
measures could also be ensured, like seat belt check, drowsiness detection, over speeding etc.
Vehicle Tracking – The locations of vehicles can be tracked easily by simply installing IoT based
trackers on the vehicles.
Entertainment with Connected cars – The connected cars become a centre of Infotainment. It
creates a pleasant experience for the user. The apps on dash board can provide updates on traffic
conditions, information about the current trip, latest games and internet add the fun element to the
trip.
Collision Detection – In case of a vehicular mishap or accident, vibration sensors installed in the
cars can detect the accident. The information can then be communicated to provide aid to the
victims.
Fire detection – The fire sensors installed in the vehicles can be used to detect the presence of
flame or fire. On detection of fire the fire rescue system could be triggered or concerned authorities
can be notified.

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Automated toll and fine payments – Every vehicle will have an RFID tag and on every toll booth,
the sensors will scan the car and a predefined amount will be deducted from the owner’s bank
account associated with that automobile.
Driving Insights – Different sensors like accelerometer, Gyroscope, GPS etc. can be used to
analyse the driving patterns of the driver.
Geo Fencing and Speed Monitoring – The system could indicate the driver if he has gone out of
the bounds of predefined geographical area or is over speeding by comparing it with the predefined
threshold limit.
Driver Identification – Bio metrics can be used to authenticate the driver. Bio metrics may
include, fingerprints, face recognition or voice. The driver voice could also be used to provide
voice commands to the navigation systems. Bio metric data can also be used for anti-theft
protection to ensure maximum security.

2.3 IOT CHALLENGES

IoT improves the quality of our life, due to its numerous applications. However due to its security
and privacy issues, it’s likely that it’ll be less adopted by the users. IoT has vast uses and benefits
in different sectors and solves many problems, but still, it has various challenges and limitations.
One of the main challenges faced by IoT is maintaining privacy and security of user’s data. IoT is
a large-scale network, which includes many manufacturers, industries, and it may vary in different
applications according to the user’s need. Such large-scale deployment of service, needs to be in
the boundaries of a certain standard. IoT will be developed in a step-by-step procedure. Various
challenges faced by IoT need to be addressed. These challenges may include power consumption,
architecture challenge, heterogeneity, mobility, interoperability etc. Some of the challenges of IoT
are discussed below:

2.3.1 MOBILITY

One of the major issues to implement IoT is mobility, because IoT is expected to offer services to
the mobile users as well. It continuously needs to connect the users, in order to provide better
services. It is unable to provide the services to the mobile users when it needs to transfer from one

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gate to another. Mobility is one of the prominent characteristics of IoT devices, thus the devices
need to join the nearby networks without any previous configuration. Thus, good security
mechanisms need to be implemented to make the IoT devices compatible with mobility.

2.3.2 POWER CONSUMPTION

Power drainage of devices is one important challenge in IoT. IoT is concerned with how it can
interlink things in a compatible fashion, while watching out for the energy constraints because
communication is one of the most power consuming tasks. Computing is involved in every aspect
of human lives, so power consumption becomes an unavoidable issue. Some mechanisms should
be introduced to have IoT devices which consume less energy. In order to use the IoT devices, it’s
need of time that problem of storing power in devices should be solved. The energy capacity of
IoT devices is limited and they have to be replaced after some time, however some devices
consume a lot of power and they can’t be recharged. Low bandwidth connections should be used,
in order to extend the battery life.

2.3.3 SECURITY AND PRIVACY

To provide and avail services throughout the day in an IoT environment, the things and people are
connected with each other. However, the communication over internet is prone to security
breaches, since the devices are not equipped with good security mechanisms. Different devices are
connected with each other and data is shared among them instantly, thus a mechanism is needed
to ensure data integrity and confidentiality. The network of IoT not only consists of things, but
also crucial data and high value gadgets which further creates hurdles to ensure security. The main
issues arise due to implementation through remote clouds which are connected with other
interlinked systems, user’s personal data etc. In order to make IoT more usable in real world it’s
security issues must be solved. The IoT network is estimated to deal with a exponentially growing
number of inter-connected devices. These objects will exchange information; thus, their
interactions must be secure to ensure data integrity. The heterogeneous nature of IoT, where
different types of devices, located at different places will interact, further makes it complex for the
deployment of an efficient and scalable security algorithm.

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2.3.4 INTEROPERABILITY IN HETEROGENEOUS ARCHITECTURE

Interoperability is prominent challenge as far as IoT network is concerned. This is mainly due to
heterogeneous nature of the IoT devices which have varying protocols, data formats, platforms
etc. Internet connectivity requires that the connected devices are able to communicate in the
language understood by all of them, thus IoT systems need to handle the interoperability issues.
IoT platforms connect various devices that may include different sensors, access points etc. Each
platform may make use of different formats for availing different services and resources.
Therefore, it’s quite a challenge to provide services via such diverse platforms. IoT interoperability
can be classified into device interoperability, syntactic interoperability, networking
interoperability, semantic interoperability and platform interoperability. Many approaches have
been proposed by researchers and industry to handle the interoperability issues, but still these
approaches don’t cover all aspects of interoperability. The collaboration between different vendors
could also help in solving the interoperability issues.

2.4 PROMINENT IOT TECHNOLOGIES

IoT consists of a large network of interconnected things that communicate and exchange data. IoT
is able to transform any real-life object into a computing device that can sense and communicate.
It consists of a large network of heterogeneous devices consisting different sensors and actuators
attached to various daily life objects. IoT has turned the traditional internet where only human to
human services were offered into a network where real-life objects can communicate and exchange
data. Different wireless and wired platforms can be used by the smart devices for communication
purpose. Wireless IoT utilizes different wireless protocols for communication. These technologies
include LoRaWAN, Near Field Communication (NFC), ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Bluetooth Low
Energy (BLE) and Z-Wave. Some prominent wireless communication protocols used in IoT are
discussed below:

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2.4.1 LPWAN

Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) is a wireless communication technology. The main
characteristics of LPWAN technologies are large communication range, long battery life and low-
cost devices. In the LPWAN technology, there are two categories, namely, Long Range (LoRa)
and narrow band (NB-IoT). Lora is an unlicensed long range low power wireless technology which
improves network performance, reduces device cost and supports large number of devices. NB-
IoT is a licensed narrowband technology which provides improved performance in terms of range,
reliability, QoS (Quality of Service) and latency.

2.4.2 LoRaWAN

Long Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a Low-Power, Wide-Area Network (LPWAN)

which has adequate capacity and communication range with low power consumption and cost. It
offers core IoT requirements such as secure communication, mobility etc. It also reduces the
complexity involved in communication due to heterogeneous nature of IoT by providing seamless
interoperability. It’s a wireless communication protocol developed by Lora Alliance. LoRaWAN
standard supports two security layers, to ensure application and network security. Device
authentication is supported by network layer security, whereas security of application data is
ensured by application layer security. LoRaWAN classifies end devices into three categories
namely A, B and C. Class A devices are in sleep mode most of the time and are energy efficient.
LoRa gateway sends time synchronized beacons to Class B devices which enables them to open
extra receive windows. Class C devices are able to receive data at any time except for the time
when data is being transmitted. A typical LoRaWAN network has three types of entities, namely,
Gateways (GWs), End Devices (EDs), and Network Server (NS). LoRaWAN proved efficient in
typical IoT applications such as smart metering and environmental monitoring. LoRaWAN
provides high flexibility, scalability, security and throughput.

2.4.3 NB-IoT

NB-IoT is a licensed narrowband technology and is time slotted synchronous protocol. It supports
low complexity and low throughput Internet of Things. NB-IoT is built using existing LTE (Long

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Term Evolution) characteristics. Its network architecture is based on LTE network with little
modifications to cater the needs of large network of users. NB-IoT requires a minimum bandwidth
of 180 kHz to perform. It has four downlink physical layer channels, namely, broadcast channel,
synchronization channel, control channel and the data channel. NB-IoT is preferred by applications
that require high QoS and low latency.

2.4.4 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) developed Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology in the
4.0 version of the Bluetooth. It’s also called Bluetooth Smart. It’s energy efficient and has low
device costs. Its main characteristics include low energy consumption, easier setup and installation,
and supporting star topology. It’s protocol stack consists link layer, physical layer and Logical
Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP). The stack is classified into Controller and Host.
The Controller is responsible to implement the link and physical layer, whereas the Host is
responsible to implement the upper layers. The low energy consumption feature of BLE makes it
a suitable protocol for many applications such as wearables, health monitoring apps, home
appliances etc.

2.4.5 ZigBee

ZigBee is a wireless communication technology defined by the ZigBee Alliance. It provides

seamless interoperability between devices from different vendors. The ZigBee protocol stack is
built up on IEEE 802.15.4 standard. To ensure secure communication it provides two types of keys
namely, network key and multiple link key. The network key is shared by all the nodes in network,
whereas the multiple link key is only shared among the communicating nodes. ZigBee supports
different types of topologies like tree, star and mesh network topology. It’s suitable for those
applications and devices that require low data consumption, good battery life and maximum
security.

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2.4.6 NFC

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range communication technology, which operates on

electromagnetic fields at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and a distance of about 10cm. The devices in
a NFC network communicate by generating fields. NFC contains a tag which has data that can be
read only or the device can rewrite it later on. NFC operates in three modes. NFC technology
makes it simpler to exchange digital content, making transactions and connecting electronic
gadgets with a simple touch. It’s configuration and setup is easier to implement and it does not
require line of sight.

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 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

3.1 PROPO

FLAME SENSOR

CONNECT
WITH USB ARDUINO
CABLE

MINI
BUZZER

Fig 3.1 Proposed Model

The main aim of this technology to avoid accident, which occurs by fire. Here the flame sensor
connects with the Arduino then the Arduino connects with these equipment.

3.2 REQUIREMENTS
As we are going to done a IOT base project here we have both software and hardware requirements.

3.2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.2.1.1 BEARDBOARD
A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it. These holes let you
easily insert electronic components to prototype (meaning to build and test an early version of) an
electronic circuit, like this one with a battery, switch, resistor, and an LED (light-emitting diode).
A breadboard (sometimes called a plug block) is used for building temporary circuits. It is useful
to designers because it allows components to be removed and replaced easily. It is useful to the
person who wants to build a circuit to demonstrate its action, then to reuse the components in
another circuit.

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 Fig 3.3 Breadboard

3.2.1.2 JUMPER WIRES

A jumper wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, DuPont wire) is an electrical wire, or group
of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply
"tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other
prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without soldering.

Fig. 3.4 Jumper Wires

Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in a
breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.

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TYPES OF JUMPER WIRES

Fig.3.5 Types of Jumper Wires

Jumper wires come in three versions:

• Male-to-male jumper

• Male-to-female jumper

• Female-to-female jumper

3.2.1.3 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. If this is your first
experience tinkering with the platform, the UNO is the most robust board you can start playing
with. The UNO is the most used and documented board of the whole Arduino family.

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 Fig 3.6 Arduino Uno

GENERAL PIN FUNCTION

• LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the
LED is on, when the pin is low, it is off.
• VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/ Genuino board when it is using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power
jack, access it through this pin.
• 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector (5V),
or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage the board.
• 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
• GND: Ground pins.

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 • IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuine board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF
pin voltage and select the appropriate power source, or enable voltage translators on
the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
• Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields that block the one on the board.

3.2.1.4 RELAY MODULE

The pin configuration of the 5V relay module is shown below. This module includes 6-pins
where each pin and its functionality are discussed below.

Fig 3.7 Relay Module

Normally Open (NO): This pin is normally open unless we provide a signal to the relay
modules signal pin. So, the common contact pin smashes its link through the NC pin to make a
connection through the NO pin

Common Contact: This pin is used to connect through the load that we desire to switch by
using the module.

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Normally Closed (NC): This NC pin is connected through the COM pin to form a closed circuit.
However, this NC connection will break once the relay is switched through providing an active
high/low signal toward the signal pin from a microcontroller.

Signal Pin: The signal pin is mainly used for controlling the relay. This pin works in two cases
like active low otherwise active high. So, in active low case, the relay activates once we provide
an active low signal toward the signal pin, whereas, in an active high case, the relay will trigger
once we provide a high signal toward the signal pin.

However, these modules generally work on an active high signal which will strengthen the relay
coil to make contact with the common terminal with the normally open terminal.

5V VCC: This pin needs 5V DC to work. So 5V DC power supply is provided to this pin.

Ground: This pin connects the GND terminal of the power supply.

ADVANTAGES:

The advantages of the relay module include the following.

• A remote device can be controlled easily

• It is triggered with less current but it can also trigger high power machines
• Easily contacts can be changed
• At a time, several contacts can be controlled using a single signal
• Activating part can be isolated
• It can switch AC or DC
• At high temperatures, it works very well

DISADVANTAGES:

The disadvantages of the relay module include the following.

• When contacts of relay modules are used overtime then they may damage
• Noise can be generated through the opening & closing of the contacts.

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 • Time taken for switching is High

APPLICATIONS:

Relay modules are used in different applications which include the following.

• Used in over voltage/under voltage protection system

• Speed control of motors through start-delta converters
• Automatic electrical appliances
• AC voltage load switching using less voltage DC
• Delivery of Isolated power
• Home automation projects
• Switching with High Current

3.2.1.5 IR FLAME SENSOR

The Flame sensor module is also know as IR sensor module. It's sensitive to wavelengths of IR
which are emitted from fire. The flame sensor is designed to detect and respond the presence fire.
This sensor work with microcontroller unit. Flame sensor conduct high quality with low price. It's
absolutely fit for arundio. It's use to connect with breadboard with the help of jumper wires. It's
has 60 degree detection angle. Flame sensor contains DC Power supply .
It contains RoHS compliant.
The sensor contains two types of output that are analog and digital .It's also contain one LED light
which indicate or on where the flame is detect. The range of light wavelength 760nm 1100nm

Fig.3.8 IR Sensor

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The sensor configuration with 4 pins. The pins are shown below :pin configuration of this sensor
is shown below

• Pin1 (VCC pin): Voltage supply rages from 3.3V to 5.3V

• Pin2 (GND): This is a ground pin
• Pin3 (AOUT): This is an analog output pin (MCU.IO)

• Pin4 (DOUT): This is a digital output pin (MCU.IO)

Specifications:

• On-board LM393 voltage comparator chip and infrared sensing probe.

• Support 5V/3.3V voltage input.
• On-board signal output indication, output effective signal is high level, and the
• same time the indicator light up, output signal can directly connect with
microcontroller IO.
• Signal detection sensitivity can be adjusted.
• Reserved a line voltage compare circuit (P3 is leaded out).
• PCB size: 30(mm) x15(mm)

3.2.1.6 BUZZER

Mini buzzer is also known as sounder . It's commonly two forms mage - piezo buzzers and another
one is magnetic buzzers . It's small as size with plastic h The buzzer consists of an outside case
with two pins to attach it to power and ground. When current is applied to the buzzer it causes the
ceramic disk to contract or expand. Changing the This then causes the surrounding disc to vibrate.
That's the sound that you hear. PUI has the AI-3035, a piezoelectric buzzer rated for 2-5 Volt
operation, nominal 3 Volts, and with a maximum current requirement of 9 mA. The dimensions
are 30 mm diameter, 20.5 mm height excluding leads. To reduce the sound of the buzzer, measure
the resistance of the buzzer, then place a resistor the same value as the buzzer in series with it, see

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how much this drops the volume. The more resistance to quieter the buzzer should be. If the buzzer
does not work with half the value try a value lower in resistance. The purpose of the buzzer test is
to test functions of the buzzers installed in a computer. Typically, the buzzer test is done by
controlling the buzzer to sound a continuous buzzing sound while a test engineer listens to the
buzzer with ears to determine if the buzzer is in working condition. Sensor-Buzzer is a passive
buzzer. Like a magnetic speaker, it needs voltage with different frequency so that it can make
sound accordingly. The pitch becomes louder when the frequency gets higher. All buzzers with
internal oscillators have polarity because they have small circuit built into them while the buzzers
with only Piezo disks can be operated both ways. Buzzer contains two terminals positive and
negative .

The working voltage of buzzer is dc 5v with 2 pole terminals. It’s very convenient for connecting.
It's also low wastage with high voice pressure. That's the sound that you hear. It's use to connect
short pin to ground and other connect with 5 voltage level .

Fig.3.9 Buzzer

3.2.1.8 MOTOR PUMP

Micro DC 3-6V Micro Submersible Pump Mini water pump For Fountain Garden Mini water
circulation System DIY project. This is a low cost, small size Submersible Pump Motor which can
be operated from a 3 ~ 6V power supply. It can take up to 120 litres per hour with very low current

Page | 24
consumption of 220mA. Just connect tube pipe to the motor outlet, submerge it in water and power
it. Make sure that the water level is always higher than the motor. Dry run may damage the motor
due to heating and it will also produce noise.

Specifications:-

• Operating Voltage : 3 ~ 6V
• Operating Current : 130 ~ 220mA
• Flow Rate : 80 ~ 120 L/H
• Maximum Lift : 40 ~ 110 mm
• Continuous Working Life : 500 hours
• Driving Mode : DC, Magnetic Driving
• Material : Engineering Plastic
• Outlet Outside Diameter : 7.5 mm
• Outlet Inside Diameter : 5 mm

Fig.3.10 DC Pump

Page | 25
3.2.2 USB CABLE

The term USB stands for “Universal serial bus”. USB cable assemblies are some of the most
popular cable types available , used mostly to connect computers to peripheral devices such as
cameras , camcorders ,printers, scanners , and more.

Fig. 3.11 USB CABLE

3.2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.2.2.1 ARDUINO IDE
The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to the board.
This software can be used with any Arduino board.

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 Fig. 3.12 Arduino IDE

3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 3.13 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Page | 27
3.4 SOURCE CODE

#define SENSOR_PIN 2
#define BUZZER_PIN 3
#define RELAY_PIN 4
#define SPRINKLER_START_DELAY 5000
#define SPRINKLER_ON_TIME 3000
unsigned long previousTime = millis();

void setup() {
pinMode(RELAY_PIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(BUZZER_PIN, OUTPUT); // Set the buzzer pin as an output
pinMode(SENSOR_PIN, INPUT);
}

void loop() {
int sensorValue = digitalRead(SENSOR_PIN);
if (sensorValue == LOW) {
digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, HIGH); // Turn the buzzer ON

if (millis() - previousTime > SPRINKLER_START_DELAY) {

digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, LOW);
delay(SPRINKLER_ON_TIME);
}
} else {
digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, LOW); // Turn the buzzer OFF
digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, HIGH);
previousTime = millis();
}
}

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 CHAPTER 5
RESULTS & DISCUSSION

This circuit is simulated by pushing the push button switch just by the relay, that’s why by
actuating the common of the relay that was formerly in the normally closed contact region moving
to the open terminals, resulting in the connection of the terminal one (1) of the 78L05 voltage
regulator to the normally open relay connected to pin 2 of the Arduino. A 5V has connected the
input high of the Arduino from the voltage regulator to the Arduino digital input, to makes the
Arduino to experience change of state from zero (0) to one (1). The arduino uno immediately
actuates the other sensors which connects and that causes the alarms to be triggered. Then the
algorithm (programming) is watching out for change of state from low level to a high level, sensing
of that results to ON the LED (Light Emitting Diode) emitting light in the particular location that
receive the high (1). So in the one way in which the sensors that detected a smoke and triggered
an alarm can be known is through virtual inspection of the LED on the smoke detector that is ON.

5.1 SNAPSHOT OF MODEL

Fig. 5.1: Snapshot of Model

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 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
The developed prototype in this work is made for a user to control the fire alarm system remotely.
This helps the user if he/she is not in the building or even unaware of an emergency condition. The
use of this prototype will avoid unpredictable situations or any critical situations from occurring
in the residential areas without the awareness of the resident. The home alert system is observed
to be functional by triggering the fire extinguisher.. Though the prototype was able to extinguish
the fire the portability can be significantly improved by efficient assimilation of the different
modules. This system should also take care that each module of it can be easily replaced by a better
sensor and equipment with updated technology. The developed prototype in this work is made for
a user to control the fire alarm system remotely. This helps the user if he/she is not in the building
or even unaware of emergency condition. The use of this prototype will avoid the unpredictable
situation or any critical situation from occurring in the residential areas without awareness of the
resident. The home alert system is observed to be functional by triggering the fire extinguisher.
The use of coupled sensor of temperature sensor and smoke detector was found to be more
appropriate than the use of only one of them. Though the prototype was able to extinguish the fire
but the portability can be significantly improved by an efficient assimilation of the different
modules. This system should also take care that each module of it can be easily replaced by a better
sensor and equipment with updated technology. The microcontroller can be programmed with the
contact number of local authorities of fire brigade. The proposed prototype can be applied in smart
cities (e.g. houses, hostels, hotel industries, factories) due to its flexibility and simplicity in
handling.

Page | 30
 REFERENCES

1. Adekunle A., Umanah I.I., Ibe K.E. and Imonikosaye M.R. (2018) Statistical analysis of fire
outbreaks in homes and public buildings in Nigeria. A Case Study of Lagos State, (pp. 21 - 30)

2. BNPB.,Defenisi Bencana. bnpb.go.id. 2021. Available online:

https://bnpb.go.id/definisibencana (accessed on 25 May 2021).(In Bahasa)

3. Kodur, V.; Kumar, P.; Rafi, M.M. Fire hazard in buildings: Review, assessment and strategies
for improving fire safety. PSU Res.Rev. 2019, 4, 1–23

4. Ding, L.; Khan, F.; Ji, J. Risk-based safety measure allocation to prevent and mitigate storage
fire hazards. Process. Saf. Environ.Prot. 2020, 135, 282–293.

5. Zandamela, A.A. An Approach to Smart Home Security System Using Ardunio. Electr.
Eng. Int. J. 2017, 4, 1–18.

6. Saeed, F.; Paul, A.; Rehman, A.; Hong, W.H.; Seo, H. IoT-Based Intelligent Modeling of
Smart Home Environment for Fire Prevention and Safety. J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2018, 7,
11

7. Kamelia, L.; Ismail, N.; Firmansyah, A.A. Fire disaster early detection system in residential
areas. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2019, 1402,044001

8. https://www,elprocus.com/flame-sensor-working-and-its-application

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