See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/335443910

Network Modeling, Simulation and Analysis in MATLAB Network Modeling,

Simulation and Analysis in MATLAB

Book · August 2019

DOI: 10.1002/9781119631477

CITATIONS READS

0 397

5 authors, including:

Dac-Nhuong Le Pramod Singh Rathore

Haiphong University, Haiphong, Vietnam ACERC
153 PUBLICATIONS   452 CITATIONS    57 PUBLICATIONS   11 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Jyotir Moy Chatterjee

Lord Buddha Education Foundation Kathmandu Nepal
61 PUBLICATIONS   131 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Resource allocation for distributed virtual servers View project

Clustered Comparative Analysis of Security Sensor Discrimination Data View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Dac-Nhuong Le on 28 August 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Network Modeling, Simulation and
Analysis in MATLAB
 Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener (martin@scrivenerpublishing.com)
Phillip Carmical (pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)
Network Modeling, Simulation and
Analysis in MATLAB

Theory and Practices

Dac-Nhuong Le
Haiphong University, Haiphong, Vietnam

Abhishek Kumar Pandey

ACERC, Visiting faculty, Mdsu, Ajmer Rajasthan, India

Sairam Tadepalli
AWS Architect, Python Developer, India

Pramod Singh Rathore

ACERC, Visiting Faculty, Mdsu Ajmer Rajasthan, India

Jyotir Moy Chatterjee

Lord Buddha Education Foundation (APUTI), Kathmandu, Nepal
This edition first published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
© 2019 Scrivener Publishing LLC
For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-
wise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title
is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Wiley Global Headquarters

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley prod-
ucts visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no rep-
resentations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and
specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchant-
ability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representa-
tives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization,
website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further informa-
tion does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organiza-
tion, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the
understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and
strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist
where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other
commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared
between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-63143-9

Cover image: Pixabay.Com

Cover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Contents

List of Figures xi
List of Tables xv
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Acronyms xxiii
1 Introduction to Modeling, Simulations and Analysis 1
1.1 MATLAB Modeling and Simulation 2
1.2 Computer Networks Performance Modeling and Simulation 4
1.2.1 Computer-Based Models 4
1.2.2 Computer Network Simulation 5
1.3 Discrete-Event Simulation for MATLAB 6
1.3.1 Terminology and Components of Discrete-Event Simulation 7
1.3.2 The Principle of Discrete-Event Simulation 8
1.3.3 ESTA Algorithm 9
1.3.4 ANALYSIS: Determination of Time to Attain Steady State
Condition for MATLAB 11
1.4 Simulation Software Selection for MATLAB 11
1.5 Simulation Tools Based on High Performance 12
1.5.1 Network Model 13
1.5.2 Network Simulators 15
1.6 Conclusion 22
References 23
2 Introduction to MATLAB Programming 25
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Basic Features 27
2.2.1 Features of MATLAB 27
2.2.2 Uses of MATLAB 27
2.3 Notation, Syntax, and Operations 27
2.3.1 Practical Examples for MATLAB 27
2.3.2 Use of Semicolon (;) in MATLAB 28

v
vi Contents

2.3.3 Adding Comments 29

2.3.4 Commonly Utilized Operators and Special Characters 29
2.3.5 Unique Variables and Constants 30
2.3.6 Sparing Process 30
2.3.7 MATLAB Decisions 30
2.3.8 MATLAB Loops 31
2.4 Import and Export Operations 32
2.4.1 Import Data in MATLAB 32
2.4.2 Export Data in MATLAB 38
2.5 Elements 40
2.5.1 Commands 40
2.5.2 MATLAB Basics 41
2.5.3 Creating Matrices 42
2.5.4 Framework Operations 42
2.5.5 Using M-Files 44
2.6 Plotting 47
2.6.1 Including Various Types of Graphs 48
2.6.2 Creation of a Multiple Number of Functions in a Similar Graph 49
2.6.3 Creating a Graph According to Various Colors 50
2.7 Uncommon Function 51
2.8 Executable Files Generation 52
2.9 Calling and Accumulating Executable Documents 54
2.10 Calling Objects from External Programs 55
2.11 JAVA Classes 56
2.12 The Guide 56
2.12.1 Open a New User Interface 57
2.12.2 Guide Window Size Setting 58
2.12.3 Design the User Interface 58
2.12.4 Adjust the Components 59
2.12.5 Mark the Push Buttons 60
2.12.6 Menu Items-Rundown Pop-Up 61
2.12.7 Static Test Alteration Procedure in MATLAB 61
2.12.8 Spare the Layout 62
2.12.9 Behavior of the App 63
2.12.10 Produce Data to Plot in MATLAB 63
2.12.11 Pop-Up Menu Characteristics 65
2.12.12 Behavior of Push Button 66
2.13 Effective Programming through MATLAB 67
2.13.1 Condition 68
2.13.2 Practice Programs 68
2.13.3 Specific Functions in MATLAB 69
2.14 Clones Process Using MATLAB 69
2.14.1 GNU Octave 69
2.14.2 Scilab 70
2.14.3 Sage 70
 Contents vii

2.15 Parallel MATLAB System 71

2.15.1 Run a Batch Job 71
2.15.2 Run a Batch Parallel Loop 72
2.15.3 Current Folder Browser - Run Script as Batch Job 73
2.16 Conclusion 74
References 75
3 Digital Communication System Simulation Using MATLAB 77
3.1 Introduction to Digital Communication 78
3.1.1 Data Transmission 78
3.1.2 Example 79
3.1.3 The Conversion of Analog and Digital Signals 80
3.1.4 Information, Bandwidth, and Noise 82
3.2 Simulation of Rayleigh Fading Model 83
3.2.1 Rayleigh Fading Basics 83
3.2.2 Rayleigh Fading 84
3.3 BPSK Modulation and Demodulation 86
3.3.1 BPSK Modulation 86
3.3.2 BPSK Demodulation 87
3.4 QPSK Modulation and Demodulation 89
3.4.1 QPSK Transmitter 90
3.4.2 QPSK Receiver 93
3.4.3 Performance Simulation over AWGN 93
3.5 Image Error Rate vs Signal-to-Noise Ratio 94
3.5.1 M-QAM Modulation 94
3.5.2 Baseband Rectangular M-QAM Modulator 95
3.6 Recreation of OFDM Framework 99
3.6.1 Figuring (Es /N0 ) or (Eb /N0 ) for OFDM Framework 101
3.6.2 Impact of Cyclic Prefix on Es /N 101
3.6.3 Effect of Unused Subcarriers on Es/N 102
3.6.4 Arrangement of Subcarriers 103
3.6.5 MATLAB Sample Code 103
3.7 Conclusion 108
References 109
4 Statistical Analysis of Network Data Using MATLAB 111
4.1 Introduction to Association Networks 112
4.2 Time Series, Stationary, Time Series Decomposition, De-trending 114
4.2.1 Time Series Analysis 114
4.2.2 Stationarity 115
4.2.3 Time Series Decomposition 117
4.2.4 De-trending 118
4.3 Autocorrelation, Test for Independence, Linear Autoregressive Models 124
4.3.1 Autocorrelation 124
4.3.2 ACF and IACF Parameters 126
4.3.3 Test of Independence 128
viii Contents

4.3.4 Linear Autoregressive Models 135

4.3.5 Linear Prediction and Autoregressive Modeling 137
4.4 Mutual Information and Test for Independence 139
4.4.1 Testing the Significance of the Null Hypothesis I(X; Y ) = 0 139
4.4.2 Producing the Mutual Information Distribution from Surrogates 141
4.5 Spurious Cross-Correlation, Vector Autoregressive Models and Dynamic
Regression Models 143
4.5.1 Cross Correlation 143
4.5.2 Vector Autoregression (VAR) Models 146
4.5.3 Coupled Dynamical Systems 149
4.6 Conclusion 150
References 150
5 Network Routing Simulation Using MATLAB 155
5.1 Evaluation of Granger Causality Measures on Known Systems 156
5.1.1 A Historical Viewpoint 158
5.1.2 Application to Recreated Information 164
5.1.3 Application to FMRI BOLD Information from a Visuospatial
Consideration Undertaking 170
5.2 Demand Modeling and Performance Measurement 173
5.2.1 Objectives 173
5.2.2 Approach to Model Development 174
5.2.3 Development of Models 175
5.2.4 Outline of Findings from Phase Two: Model Validation 176
5.3 Universal Algorithms and Sequential Algorithms 178
5.3.1 Genetic Algorithm for Improvement Utilizing MATLAB 178
5.3.2 Masses Diversity-Measure-Run, Prosperity Scaling 182
5.4 Acoustic-Centric and Radio-Centric Algorithms 190
5.5 AODV Routing Protocol 194
5.5.1 Keeping Up Sequence Numbers 196
5.5.2 Association Breaks 196
5.5.3 Neighborhood Repairs 197
5.5.4 Security Considerations 197
5.6 Conclusion 203
References 204
6 Wireless Network Simulation Using MATLAB 209
6.1 Radio Propagation for Shadowing Methods 210
6.1.1 Radio Propagation Modeling 210
6.1.2 Partition Dependence 210
6.1.3 Small-Scale Blurring 210
6.1.4 Free-Space Propagation 211
6.1.5 Ray Tracing 212
6.1.6 Indoor Propagation 220
6.1.7 Classic Empirical Models 221
6.1.8 COST 231-Hata Model 221
6.1.9 COST 231-Walfish-Ikegami Model 222
 Contents ix

6.1.10 Erceg Model 224

6.1.11 Multiple Slope Models 225
6.2 Mobility: Arbitrary Waypoint Demonstrates 234
6.2.1 Random Waypoint Model 234
6.2.2 Regular Problems with Random Waypoint Model 235
6.2.3 Irregular Waypoint on the Border (RWPB) 235
6.2.4 Markovian Waypoint Model 235
6.3 PHY: SNR-Based Bundle Catches, Communication, Dynamic
Transmission Rate and Power 235
6.3.1 MAC: IEEE 802.11 236
6.3.2 IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS Exchange 237
6.4 NET: Ad Hoc Routing 238
6.4.1 Dynamic Destination Sequenced Distance Vector 240
6.4.2 Wireless Routing Protocol 243
6.4.3 Global State Routing 243
6.4.4 Fisheye State Routing 244
6.4.5 Hierarchical State Routing 244
6.4.6 Zone-Based Hierarchical Link State Routing Protocol 245
6.4.7 Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing Protocol 246
6.4.8 Cluster-Based Routing Protocols 247
6.4.9 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing 248
6.4.10 Dynamic Source Routing Protocol 249
6.4.11 Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm 250
6.4.12 Associativity-based Routing 252
6.4.13 Signal Stability Routing 253
6.5 APP: Overlay Routing Protocols 254
6.5.1 System/Application Designs, Optimizations, and Implementations
on Overlay Networks 254
6.5.2 Routing Overlays for VoIP 255
6.5.3 Measurement, Modeling, and Improvement of BitTorrent Overlays 256
6.6 Conclusion 259
References 260
7 Mobility Modeling for Vehicular Communication Networks Using MATLAB 267
7.1 Vehicle Network Toolbox 268
7.1.1 Transmit and Receive CAN Messages 268
7.1.2 Examine Received Messages 271
7.1.3 CAN Message Reception Callback Function 272
7.2 Network Management (NM) 274
7.2.1 Plan Your Network Installation 274
7.2.2 Planning Your Network Installation 275
7.2.3 Setting Up a Remote Client Access Configuration 275
7.2.4 Setting Up Local Client Access Configuration 275
7.3 Interaction Layer 277
7.3.1 Directing Protocols in MANET 278
7.3.2 Specially Appointed On-Demand Distance Vector 278
x Contents

7.3.3 Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) 278

7.3.4 Diagram of Mobility Model 279
7.3.5 Results and Analysis 280
7.3.6 Association Variation Results 282
7.4 Transport Protocols 285
7.4.1 TCP Transport Protocol 285
7.4.2 User Datagram Protocol, or UDP 286
7.4.3 Reliable Data Protocol, or RDP 286
7.4.4 Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP 286
7.5 Conclusion 287
References 288
8 Case Studies and Sample Codes 291
8.1 Case Determination and Structure 292
8.1.1 Exhibiting Analysis 293
8.1.2 Case Example 293
8.1.3 The Best Strategy 293
8.1.4 Impediment of the Technique 293
8.1.5 Sorts of Contextual Investigations 294
8.1.6 Relevant Examinations in Business 294
8.1.7 Summing Up from Logical Investigations 294
8.1.8 History 295
8.1.9 Related Vocations 295
8.2 Case Study 1: Gas Online 296
8.2.1 Load Data into Project 296
8.2.2 Construct Boundary Models 296
8.3 Case Study 2 302
8.3.1 Case 1: Create a Credit Scorecard Dissent 302
8.3.2 Case 2: Binning Information 304
8.4 Case Study 3: Random Waypoint Mobility Model 306
8.5 Case Study 4: Node localization in Wireless Sensor Network 312
8.6 Case Study 5: LEACH Routing Protocol for a WSN 325
8.7 Conclusion 334
References 334
 List of Figures

1.1 System modeling and simulation scheme. 5

1.2 Network simulator abstraction. 6
1.3 Discrete-event simulation. 7
1.4 Principles of discrete-event simulation and the system state changes only at
discrete point’s ti in time during the simulation. 8
1.5 Flow chart explaining a discrete-event test system. 10
1.6 Wireless sensor network model. 13
1.7 Tier-based node model. 14
2.1 MathWorks MATLAB R2018b 26
2.2 MATLAB decision. 30
2.3 MATLAB loops. 31
2.4 MATLAB elements. 41
2.5 Create an M-File. 45
2.6 How to add new toolbox to MATLAB. 47
2.7 Initializing deploy tool in MATLAB. 53
2.8 Initializing standalone application. 53
2.9 Initilazing toolboxes required. 54
2.10 Inspecting MATLAB GUI. 63
2.11 Simple GUI. 65
2.12 Selecting callback options. 65
2.13 Selecting callback options 2. 67
2.14 Running script as batch job. 74
3.1 Data transmission system. 78
3.2 Time domain and frequency domain representation of a signal. 79
3.3 Analog-to-digital conversion. 81
3.4 Upper panel: Periodic sampling of an analog signal. Bottom panel:
Quantization of a sampled signal. 81
3.5 Simulation results. 85
3.6 BPSK modulator. 86
3.7 BPSK demodulator. 87
3.8 Sampling and results. 89
3.9 Waveform simulation model for QPSK modulation. 90
3.10 Timing diagram for BPSK and QPSK modulations. 92
3.11 Waveform simulation model for QPSK demodulation. 93
3.12 Simulated QPSK waveforms at the transmitter side. 94
3.13 M-QAM modulator. 95

xi
xii List of Figures

3.14 M-QAM simulation model. 96

3.15 Samples of in-phase component. 98
3.16 An OFDM communication architecture with a cyclic prefix. 99
3.17 Effect of cyclic prefix on Es /N0 . 101
3.18 Assignment of OFDM subcarriers. 103
3.19 Eb /N0 Vs BER for BPSKOFDM over AWGN. 107
3.20 OFDM essential Tx-Rx chain. 108
3.21 BER results. 108
4.1 Flowchart of association rules implementation. 112
4.2 (a) ARN for contact lens data with target node as hard; (b) ARN for
contact lens data with target node as soft. 113
4.3 Schematic diagram showing the activity method of communication in a
software with ARN. 113
4.4 Time series plot for adjusted AUTOSALE/CPI. 116
4.5 Time series chart with obtained output form. 117
4.6 Output of wave configeration. 125
4.7 Error rates identification. 130
4.8 Density estimate for power spectral. 137
4.9 Density estimate for periodogram spectral. 138
4.10 Plottings of the estimate. 140
4.11 Markov plottings. 142
4.12 Parameters of new functions. 144
4.13 Replot status. 145
4.14 VAR models. 146
5.1 Each middle purpose of the structure is related to a signal. Edges between
focus remain for reliance (shared data) between the signs. 156
5.2 Basic driving cases that can incite fake unmistakable check of huge
Granger causality. 162
5.3 Granger causality patterns between simulated ROIs. 166
5.4 Comparison of model estimation by LASSO-GC and pairwise GC. 167
5.5 Correlation of LASSO-GC and pairwise-GC techniques in recouping the
summary measurement. 169
5.6 Correlation of LASSO-GC and pairwise-GC techniques in recuperating the
W summary measurement. 170
5.7 Examination of network designs with LASSO-GC and connection measures. 171
5.8 Utilitarian availability examination of dorsal attention network and visual
occipital cortex in visualspatial consideration. 173
5.9 Different phases of approach in attributes. 177
5.10 GAs in MATLAB’s Optimization Toolbox. 180
5.11 Rastrigin’s function optimization with the default setting. 181
5.12 Rastrigin’s function optimization with the default setting, except Stopping
Criteria-Stall Generations set 100 and initial range set [1; 1.1]. 182
5.13 Rastrigin’s function optimization with the default setting, except Stopping
Criteria-Stall Generations set 100 and initial range set [1; 1.1]. 183
5.14 Rastrigin’s function optimization with the default setting, except Stopping
Criteria-Stall Generations set 100 and initial range set [1; 2]. 183
 List of Figures xiii

5.15 Lower raw fitness value. 184

5.16 Higher raw fitness value. 185
5.17 Stochastic uniform selection method. 185
5.18 Elite count 10. 186
5.19 Elite count 3. 186
5.20 Elite count 1. 187
5.21 Estimation of frequency relation to error over time. 193
5.22 Radiation readings for distributed beamforming. 194
6.1 Spherical free-space propagation: power transmitted over the air radiates
spherically, with different gain in different directions. A portion of that
power is received on an active aperture area Ae of the receiving antenna. 211
6.2 Ray model geometry. 213
6.3 Simple propagation models: free-space one-slope direct line of sight, and
two-ray with direct ray and ground reflected ray. In some places, signal
adds constructively, in others phase differences cause deep fades. 214
6.4 Vertical polarization ground reflection coefficient. 215
6.5 Horizontal polarization ground reflection coefficient. 216
6.6 Six-ray model (R0;R1;R2) and ten-ray model (R0 to R4) geometry: each line
hides two rays, one direct, the other bouncing off the ground. 217
6.7 Ray tracing plots of received signal power indicator 20log|Σi=Ni=0 pi| as a
function of log d0 for N {0, 2, 3, 5} for a typical suburban case with street
width of 20 feet, and the average distance from the street to the home of
wt = 10 feet (so ws = 40 feet). 218
6.8 Ray-tracing geometry for a street corridor; some rays escape the corridor
through gaps between homes. 218
6.9 Ray-tracing power levels down a street, with gaps between homes. 219
6.10 Beam following impinging on home dividers. 219
6.11 Angles of incidence illuminating homes in an urban corridor. 220
6.12 Demonstration of street orientation angle φ for use in COST 231 Walfish-
Ikegami model. 223
6.13 Tree foliage attenuation as a function of frequency. 226
6.14 COST-231 indoor penetration loss model. 230
6.15 Penetration odd into private structures, total thickness dispersion. 231
6.16 In-building loss for residential buildings: measurement campaigns
published for different frequencies, in different residential areas. 232
6.17 In-building loss for urban office buildings and high-rises: measurement
campaigns published for different frequencies, in different urban areas. 232
6.18 Random waypoint model. 234
6.19 MAC layers in IEEE 802.11 standard. 236
6.20 RTS/CTS mechanism. 237
6.21 Ad hoc routing protocols. 239
6.22 Example of distance vector routing. 240
6.23 Accuracy of information in FSR. 244
6.24 An example of clustering in HSR. 245
6.25 Example of CGSR routing from node 1 to node 12. 246
6.26 Example of CBRP protocol. 247
xiv List of Figures

6.27 Route discovery in AODV. 248

6.28 Creation of record route in DSRP. 249
6.29 Example of route creation in TORA. 251
6.30 Re-establishing route on failure of link 5-7. The new reference level is node 5. 251
6.31 Associativity-based routing. 252
6.32 An illustrative example of overlay networks. 255
6.33 A sample overlay network. 257
6.34 Overlay network broken up into logical layers. 257
6.35 Overlay network over the Internet. 258
7.1 Timestamp identification. 271
7.2 Execute the callback function. 273
7.3 Remote client access configuration setup. 275
7.4 Local client access configuration setup. 276
7.5 PDR vs Node Mobility. 280
7.6 Packet Loss Rate vs Node Mobility. 281
7.7 Routing Overhead vs Node Mobility. 281
7.8 Average End-to-End Delay vs Node Mobility. 282
7.9 Packet Delivery Ratio vs Number of Connections. 282
7.10 Routing Overhead vs Number of Connections. 283
7.11 Packet Loss Rate vs Number of Connections. 283
7.12 Average End-to-End Delay vs Number of Connections. 284
8.1 Two-stage model of torque against spark. 301
8.2 ResStatus plot. 303
8.3 CustIncome plot. 304
8.4 CustIncome plot. 305
8.5 TmAtAddress plot. 305
8.6 ResStatus plot. 305
8.7 EmpStatus plot. 306
8.8 Random waypoint mobility model. 306
8.9 The location of target and anchor nodes in WSN. 313
8.10 (a) Simulated path loss model; (b) Histogram of simulated RSS noise
modeled as Gaussian mixture. 324
8.11 RMSE vs N (number of anchors). 324
8.12 CDF vs error. 325
8.13 Cluster formation in LEACH. 325
8.14 Steady-state phase in LEACH. 327
8.15 LEACH simulation. 333
 List of Tables

1.1 Summary of the most important network simulators. 15

2.1 Operators and special characters. 29
2.2 Unique variables and constants. 30
2.3 Variables and constants. 31
2.4 Articulations. 32
2.5 Loop control statements. 32
2.6 Low-level file I/O functions. 35
2.7 Framework operations. 42
2.8 Setting colors. 50
2.9 Calling objects functions. 55
2.10 Java class functions. 56
4.1 MeansRT and error rates under each condition. 131
4.2 Relations between different networks and test sessions. 132
4.3 Techniques related to VARM. 147
5.1 The fraction of non-zero coefficients in each of the 4 submatrices. 165
5.2 Methodologies related to operations. 189
5.3 Filtering mechanisms for different models in structural problems. 191
6.1 Relative permittivity. 216
6.2 Values for COST 231 Hata and modified Hata models. 221
6.3 Values of a(hM ) for COST 231 Hata model according to city size. 221
6.4 Values of CM for COST 231 Hata model according to city size. 222
6.5 Values for COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model. 223
6.6 Values for Erceg model. 224
6.7 Values for Erceg model parameters in various terrain categories. 224
6.8 Vegetation loss caused by tree foliage reported for various frequencies:
single-tree model loss in dB, and dB/m loss. 226
6.9 TGn channel models A to F are used to model MIMO systems in a
different environment, with different RMS delay spreads. 228
6.10 TGn channel models A to F use two slopes n1 = 2 near transmitter and
different values of n2 beyond a critical distance d0 . 228
6.11 Building penetration loss from COST-231 model. 230
6.12 Private structures penetration loss: middle odd (μi ) and standard deviation
(σi ) from exploratory outcomes announced for different frequencies. 231
6.13 Penetration loss into vehicles: median loss (μv ) and standard deviation (σv )
from experimental results reported at various frequencies. 233
7.1 Parameter values in simulation. 279

xv
 Foreword

In addition to modeling and simulating systems, this book provides a better understand-
ing of how real-world systems function. This enables us to predict the behavior of sys-
tems before they are actually built and to accurately analyze them under various operating
conditions. This book provides comprehensive, state-of-the-art coverage of all the essential
aspects of modeling and simulation both physical and conceptual systems. Various real-life
examples are included, which show how simulation plays a crucial role in understanding
real-world systems. We also explain how to effectively use MATLAB to apply the modeling
and simulation techniques presented successfully.
After introducing the underlying philosophy of the systems, the book offers step-by-
step procedures for modeling with practical examples, and codes different types of sys-
tems using modeling techniques such as the Rayleigh fading model, BPSK modulation and
demodulation, QPSK modulation and demodulation, etc.
This book will prepare both undergraduate and graduate students for advanced modeling
and simulation courses, and will help them carry out useful simulation studies. Moreover,
postgraduate students should be able to comprehend and conduct simulation research after
completing this book.

xvii
 Preface

This book is organized into eight chapters. In Chapter 1 a detailed overview is provided on
how MATLAB can be used for network simulation and modeling. Then various types of
simulation are described, followed by their working principles and different terminologies,
along with the algorithms governing these simulations. The chapter also describes the selec-
tion of various software simulations for MATLAB, and the simulation tools based on high
performance, followed by the different network models. This chapter will effectively help
readers understand the concepts more clearly and provide them with a clear understanding
of how to perform these tasks in MATLAB.
In Chapter 2, the power of MATLAB for computational mathematics is shown, followed
by a detailed description of the features. A detailed discussion of various areas of MATLAB
use is provided. We also discuss multiple notations, operators, and syntax and give hands-on
practical examples along with various loop structures and decision controls, import, and
export operations, using and creating M-files, different types of plotting and graphs, etc.
Also explained are the various clones of MATLAB. This chapter will effectively help readers
understand the workings and uses as well as applications of MATLAB more clearly.
In Chapter 3, we explain how digital communication system simulations can be per-
formed using MATLAB. A detailed introduction to digital communications, i.e, data trans-
mission, is provided along with an example. Next, a detailed explanation of
simulations of Rayleigh fading model, BPSK modulation and demodulation, QPSK
(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulation and demodulation is given, along with their
MATLAB coding, and the output is shown as well. We image error rate vs signal-to-noise
ratio and OFDM with sample MATLAB coding and their output.
In Chapter 4, we explain how to perform statistical analysis of network data utilizing
MATLAB starting from affiliation systems/networks with examples. Time series analysis,
statistical stationarity, time series decomposition, de-trending, curve fitting, digital filtering,
recurrence reaction, and the connection between recurrence reaction to spline parameter
are also explained. Next, details are provided about autocorrelation, test for independence,
linear autoregressive models, etc.
In Chapter 5, we explain how network routing simulations can be done using MATLAB.
Additionally, deep insights are provided about the evaluation of Granger causality measures
on known systems, along with results. We explain the application to fMRI BOLD (Blood-
Oxygenation-Level-Dependent) information from a visuospatial consideration undertaking
followed by various model development approaches, models validation, universal algo-
rithms, and sequential algorithms, acoustic-centric and radio-centric algorithms, AODV
routing protocols, etc.

xix
xx Preface

In Chapter 6, we explain how wireless network simulations can be done using MATLAB.
We explain how shadowing methods are used for radio propagation, two-ray model, indoor
propagation, classical empirical model, Hata model, Walfisch-Ikegami model, Erceg model,
multi-slope model, dispersive model, 3GPP SCM, MAC: IEEE 802.11 (CSMA/CA, virtual
carrier sense, and RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK), NET-ad hoc routing, APP-overlay routing pro-
tocols, etc.
In Chapter 7, we explain various layers and protocols such as Vehicle Network Toolbox.
In this toolbox, an explanation is given on how to make a receiving channel, how to access
a chain, how to start a channel, how to transmit a message, etc. Next, the topic of network
management (NM) is presented, in which a detailed explanation is given of network instal-
lation planning, setting up a remote client access configuration, interaction layer, direct-
ing protocols in MANET, along with their results and analysis, and transport layer with
protocols.
In Chapter 8, a detailed explanation is provided of various real-time scenarios by using
case studies taken from multiple real-time situations with their sample codes and result
from analysis for a better understanding of how MATLAB performed in these situations
and how it can solve critical simulation problems in detail.

Dr. Dac-Nhuong Le
Deputy-Head, Faculty of Information Technology
Haiphong University, Haiphong, Vietnam
Abhishek K. Pandey
Assistant Professor (Computer Science Engineering)
ACERC, Visiting faculty, Mdsu, Ajmer Rajasthan, India
Sairam Tadepalli
Junior Data Scientist, AWS Architect, Python Developer
Pramod Singh Rathore
Assistant Professor (Computer Science Engineering)
ACERC, Visiting faculty, Mdsu Ajmer Rajasthan, India
Jyotir Moy Chatterjee
Assistant Professor (IT)
Lord Buddha Education Foundation (APUTI), Kathmandu, Nepal
 Acknowledgments

First of all, I would like to thank the authors for contributing their chapters to this book.
Without their contributions, this book would not have been possible. Thanks to all my
associates for sharing my happiness at the start of this project and following up with their
encouragement when it seemed to be too difficult to complete.
I want to acknowledge and thank the most important people in my life, my grandfather,
grandmother, and finally thanks to my wife. This book has been a long-cherished dream
of mine which would not have been turned into reality without the support and love of
these fantastic people, who encouraged me despite my not giving them the proper time and
attention. I am also grateful to my best associates for their blessings and unconditional love,
patience, and encouragement.

Dac-Nhuong Le
Deputy-Head, Faculty of Information Technology
Haiphong University, Haiphong, Vietnam

Writing a book is harder than I thought and more rewarding than I could have ever
imagined. First and foremost, I would like to thank my father Mr. Krishan Dev Pandey for
being the coolest father ever and my mother Mrs. Veena Pandey for allowing me to follow
my ambitions throughout my childhood. They taught me discipline, tough love, manners,
respect, and so much more that has helped me succeed in life. Also, I would like to express
my gratitude to my elder sister Mrs. Arpna Tripathi, who always stood by me during every
struggle and all my successes. She has been my inspiration and motivation for continuing
to improve my knowledge and move my career forward. Also, I’m eternally grateful to my
wife, Mrs. Kajal Pandey, for standing beside me throughout my career and the writing of
this book. I also thank my wonderful son, Aarudra Pandey, for always making me smile
and for understanding on those weekend mornings when I was writing this book instead of
playing games with him. I hope that one day he can read it and understand why I spent so
much time in front of my computer. Last but not the least, I want to thank my friends who
always backed me up during both good and bad days and everyone who ever said anything
positive to me or taught me something. I heard it all, and it meant something.

Abhishek K. Pandey
Assistant Professor (Computer Science Engineering)
ACERC, Visiting faculty, Mdsu, Ajmer Rajasthan, India.

xxi
 Acronyms

AAL Ambient Assistive Learning

ABR Associativity Based Routing
ACK Acknowledgement
AODV Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
ASK Amplitude-Shift Keying
ANT Attention Network Test
ASW Apparent Source Width
ARIMA Autoregressive Integrated-Moving-Average
AR Auto Regressive
AS Autonomous System
ASAP AS-Aware Peer-relay Protocol
B.A.T.M.A.N Better Approach To Mobile Adhoc Networking
BPSK Double Phase Shift Keying
BOLD Blood-Oxygenation-Level-Dependent
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CSMA/CA Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect
CLPC Cross-Layer setup approach for Power Control
CTS Clear to Send
CRLB Cramer-Rao Lower Bound
CBRP Cluster based Routing Protocol
CGSR Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing
DSR Dynamic Source Routing
DAN Dorsal Attention Network
DREAM Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
DSDV Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing
DSRP Dynamic Source Routing Protocol
DRP Dynamic Routing Protocol
DHT Distributed Hash Table
ECG Electrocardiogram
EEG Electroencephalogram
FMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
FEF Frontal Eye Field
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FFT Fast Fourier Transform

xxiii
xxiv Acronyms

FSR Fisheye State Routing

GC Granger Causality
GA Genetic Algorithm
GM-SDP Gaussian Mixture-SemiDefinite Programming
GUI Graphical User Interface
GSR Global State Routing
IACF Interaural Cross correlation Function
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication
JiST Java in Simulation Time
LASSO Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator
LEACH Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy
LOS Line of Sight
LCC Least Cluster Change
LUT Look-Up-Table
M-QAM M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
MWP Markovian Waypoint Model
MANET Mobile Ad-hoc Network
MVAR Multivariate Vector Auto Regressive
MIMO Multiple In, Multiple Out
MWP Markovian Waypoint Model
MRL Message Retransmission List
MUEL Minimize Usage Extend Life
NM Network Management
NS Network Simulator
NHST Null Hypothesis Significance Testing
NLOS Non Line of Sight
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation
OLSR Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
OS Operating System
OMNET Object-Oriented Modular Discrete Event Simulator
PAN Personal Area Network
PHY Physical Layer
P2P Peer-to-Peer
PLL Phase Locked Loop
PSK Phase-Shift Keying
PROWLER Probabilistic Wireless Network Simulator
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
RWPB Irregular Waypoint on the Border
RWP Arbitrary Waypoint
RWPB Discretionary Waypoint on the Periphery
RERR Route Error
RREP Route Reply
RPGM Reference Point Group Mobility Model
RDP Reliable Data Protocol
 Acronyms xxv

ROI Region of Interest

RON Solid Overlay Networks
RTS Request to Send
RREQ Route Request
RT Response Time
RFC Request for Comments
RSS Received Signal Strength
RMSE Root Mean Square Error
SSR Signal Stability Routing
SSF Scalable Simulation Framework
SNAP Simulation Analysis Platform
SST Signal Stability Table
SRP Static Routing Protocol
SCM Spatial Channel Model
SDP Semidefinite Programming
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SwaP Weight and Power
SWANS Scalable Wireless Ad hoc Network Simulator
TORA Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TTL Time to Live
TOSSIM Tiny Operating System Sensor Network
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
UDP User Datagram Protocol
VAR Vector Autoregression
VANET Vehicular Ad hoc Network
VOC Visual Occipital Cortex
VPN Virtual Private Network
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
ZRP Zone Routing Protocol
ZHLS Zone-based Hierarchical Link State Routing Protocol
WRP Wireless Routing Protocol
WLS Weighed Least Square
WSN Wireless Sensor Network
WOE Weight of Evidence
WIMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

View publication stats