Anthropology
● Is the systematic study of man from his
ontological underpinnings (​Ontology is the
philosophical study of the nature of being,
becoming, existence, or reality__basis, support)
● The study of man from the angle of his being
● Approaches
❖ Philosophical Anthropology proceeds
from phenomena to the causes and
intends to discover the ultimate reasons
of the phenomena. (From action to the
being of man)
NOTE: -----Philosophy is wisdom ; it is the fruit of
meditation than study .
-----The philosopher does not teach the
truth, but suggests the way to discover it.
❖ Sociological - how man adjusted to the
society, how man used the resources
around to benefit himself
Sociology - ​study of human social
relationships and institutions
➔ Culture can be loosely defined
as a set of beliefs, traditions, and
practices– ​Learned p ​ atterns for
thinking, feeling, and acting –
Transmitted across generations
– ​Adapts and changes​ overtime
❖ Psychological Anthropology - always
try to think about the possibility that
human activity is based not only in
personality or the nervous system but
also in a person's culture and social
environment.
➔ Examine the cultural influences
on individual psychology
➔ Studies the interaction of cultural
and mental processes
Phenomenology
● For Heidegger the method of ontology is
phenomenology. “Phenomenology,” he says, “is
the way of access to what is to become the
theme of ontology(​study of being​).” Being is to
be grasped by means of the phenomenological
method. However, being is always the being of
a being, and accordingly, it becomes accessible
only indirectly through some existing entity.
● eidegger claims that even though we seem to
understand being, its meaning is still veiled in
darkness. Therefore, we need to restate the
question of the meaning of being
● that is to say, the person becomes a ​thing, like
any other thing, whether that be a physical,
mental or spiritual thing. Accordingly, Heidegger
wants to go ​beneath these dichotomies to
capture the peculiarity of human existence that
precedes and encompasses both and all, not
fitting easily into the category of thinghood \
● Man’s existence is an existence in the ecstasies
of time. Man is therefore temporal. Man has a
beginning and therefore, has an end.
● Dasein’s being is ​not answerable to a
whatness​, to an essence, that precedes it, but,
rather, ​its essence lies in its existenc​e, through
which it makes various choices about what its
whatness is and will be, not by contemplating,
but by ​realizing them through living​: ​“The
question of existence never gets straightened
out except through existing itself.” (Heidegger,
2008, p.33) In other words, Dasein chooses
what it will be, and this is its essence. Or, more
accurately, it ​is i​ ts possibilities, which open it up
onto the future, ​and its activity of choosing, and
doing, one or the other as ways of being.
Dasein
● (to be fully dasein) Because I’m always working
out my ​whatness ​through the business of
existing, of doing and choosing and speaking
and thinking and interpreting and making,
● Being-in-the-world
❖ Dasein’s essence is its existence, and is
only worked out through its business of
existing, we are instantly turned to the
world in which Dasein ​dwells​, where this
business is carried out
● Care
❖ Those small arrangements one makes
when one sits down to work, making
sure everything is in its right place, need
to be taken not as a series of delineated
engagements with a score of individual
objects, but as the manipulation of a
single field in line with a single
concern/care. I​ n front of me is a world
that I have arranged and prepared in
line with a care of something I want to
do, a possibility I have chosen, and am
realizing by working through it, shuffling
around the useful matter of the Earth
accordingly.
● Thrownness
❖ Then, as thrownness, Dasein always
finds itself already in a certain spiritual
and material, historically conditioned
environment; in short, in the world, in
which ​the space of possibilities is always
somehow limited
NOTE: ​TEMPORALITY
● because its very being is rooted in temporality:
the original unity of the future, the past and the
present
● It is the phenomenon of original time, of the
time which “temporalizes” itself in the course of
Dasein’s existence.It is a movement through a
world as a space of possibilities.
● The “going back” to the possibilities that have
been (the past) in the moment of thrownness,
and their projection in the resolute movement
“coming towards” (the future) in the moment of
existence, which both take place in “being with”
others (the present) in the moment of
fallenness, provide for the original unity of the
future, the past, and the present which
constitutes authentic temporality.
TRANSCENDENCE
● ​About human struggle in life
● It speaks about the series of confrontation that
a human person has to face and undergo in
rder to form self as a person. It is about human
growing. It as going beyong boundaries and
limitations
 ● Human existence is never fixed. Whatever or
whoever we are at the moment is never a
finished product.
EXISTENCE
● It will be the real act of breaking through given
reality. I must therefore star fom existence, that
is, from my own existence.
● The being of existence is not an obj category
under which i can be classified.
● Existence is what i am, not something that i can
see or know. I will only ever see aspects of
myself, not my self itself.
● Jaspers ontology begins with a failure. And the
failure of antology gives me access to
existence, tha is, to my existence.
● By having the lost being, false being, i find true
being, the existence which leads to
transcendence
The self is authentic
Criticism, opinions and dreadful look can modify
a person’s ability to unveil their selves and
identities. It can clearly hide their true self
instantly just to blend in. The self has a greatest
impact to one’s life thus, self generally create
identity to have a good symbolism to ideology
and norms of a society. This means that the self
create another self inside the character of a self
to build a new harmonious relationship toward
others, people tend to disguise their self to hide
their anxiety and fear of being unwanted or
unqualified to fit in (Sigmund Freud). The
propensity of it is to build and adapt another
characteristics of a self to easily blend in a
centralized society and culture. Unconsciously,
we build a huge wall to hide our true feelings
and emotions to restructure our identity into
someone who is strong and independent to
gain the societies trust and respect. People
tend to follow orders, opinions and beliefs to
suitably blend in to the circumstances of our
surroundings and somehow we manage to
create our self-image through mimicking others’
behaviour to fully interact to everyone with at
ease condition. Society is the biggest enemy of
a self. The self defines the society as
something that could wreck and ruin someone's
life through the enormous power of social
medias and internet. As a result, people
become a great pretender and a liar in
describing their true self and eventually forget
what they really are. The self is now turning
table into someone who is an irrelevant and
unreasonable to take place in developing the
form of an individual or identity. It is irrelevant in
a sense that their characterization is like purely
figment or purely imagination and fabrication
and all those pretending and fabrication are just
mere pretenses. It shows that people create
their new and figmented image to justify their
stands and ambitions to be fit in and blend in
with everyone. This kind of thinking and
behaviour is formless and immaterial. The self
is substantial thus self is within us, within
ourselves from the day we'd born until the very
last step of our journey. The self is neither
boundless nor versatile. It is our inner
possession we need to enhance and embrace.
The self completes a person identity, it means
that we can only identify our identity if and only
if we already know to ourselves we already
possess the method of being authentic
(Descartes). Genuinely expressing true self is a
natural law by which people intends to deliver
and act without the hesitation of being judged
and criticized. Self is a natural law in a way that
self compromise to ventilate yourself freely and
independently, self is naturally secluded in
one's identity of a person. Consciousness
makes an identity more realistic and ideal in a
sense of tracking or tracing the limit of
characteristics of one's self. Versatility and
boundless methods are only used and practised
to defend and protect the identity of a person's
life. In some way self is boundless but self is
not boundless every time. It also have the
limitation and boundary to adjust and consider.
Self is substantial and authentic. It is genuinely
formulated through the experiences, yes it can
be but it is not every time and every second.
We can say that self as constantly changing but
our true self is within us and always remain in
us, the self is like a treasure chest that is
remain untouched and vulnerable but always
ready to discover and unlock. With that in mind,
the self is not constantly changing or adapting
to change, yet it is just merely growing and
learning because the self is vulnerable in all
things and forms so the tendency the self will
follow the expectations of everybody and try to
mimic everyone's behaviour. So the self is not
changing in every ways and experiences, the
self and identity only grow and learn as a
person's grows older and mature.