Route Surveying

ROUTE SURVEYING
EARTHWORKS
Intended Learning Outcomes
1. Identify the methods in
calculating the area and volume
of cross sectional area for
earthworks
Intended Learning Outcomes
2. Determine the various types of

cross sectional areas used in
calculating areas and volumes
of earthworks
EARTHWORKS
Earthworks
Excavation
Earthworks
Embankment
Earthworks
Volume
Volume of Earthworks
𝐿
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
2
End Area Method

𝐿
𝑉𝑝 = 𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2
6
Prismoidal Formula
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑 − 𝐶𝑣
Prismoidal Formula
𝐿
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑑2 − 𝑑1
12
Prismoidal Correction
Earthworks
Area
AREA
COMPUTATIONS
Area Computations
Counting Squares
Method
Area Computations
Geometric
Method
Geometric Method
𝑏ℎ
𝐴=
2
Area of a Triangle
Geometric Method
2𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
Double Area of a Triangle

Geometric Method
𝑏1 + 𝑏2
𝐴=ℎ
2
Area of a Trapezoid
Geometric Method
2𝐴 = ℎ 𝑏1 + 𝑏2
Double Area of a Trapezoid

EXAMPLE
#1
Geometric Method
Geometric Method
5.7 x 4.0
= 22.8m 2
2A of Triangle AJK
Geometric Method
5.2 x (5.7+6.0)
= 60.8m 2
2A of Triangle ABJ
Geometric Method
9.3 x (5.2+4.2)
= 87.4m 2
2A of Trapezoid BCIJ
Geometric Method
15.0 x (4.2+4.7)
= 133.5m 2
2A of Trapezoid CDHI
Geometric Method
4.8 x (4.7+1.5)
= 29.8m 2
2A of Trapezoid DEGH
Geometric Method
1.5 x 4.5
= 6.8m 2
2A of Triangle EFG
Geometric Method
22.8 + 60.8 + 87.4 + 133.5

+ 29.8 + 6.8
= 341.1m 2
Total Double Area (2A)

Geometric Method
341.1/2
= 170.5m 2
Area of the Cross Section

Area Computations
Double Meridian Distance

Method
(DMD)
Double Meridian Distance (DMD)
elevations
(latitudes)
distance from centerline

(departures)
EXAMPLE
#2
if the path goes up, +lat.
if the path goes down, -lat.
Sign Convention for Latitudes

if the path goes right, +dep.
if the path goes left, -dep.
Sign Convention for Departure

Course Latitude Departure DMD Double Area (2A)
D–E +1.0 +4.0
Total
Double Area:
D–E +1.0 +4.0
E–F +1.5 +30.0
Total
Double Area:
D–E +1.0 +4.0
E–F +1.5 +30.0
F–I -1.5 +30.0
Total
Double Area:
D–E +1.0 +4.0
E–F +1.5 +30.0
F–I -1.5 +30.0
I–H -1.8 +7.0
Total
Double Area:
D–E +1.0 +4.0
E–F +1.5 +30.0
F–I -1.5 +30.0
I–H -1.8 +7.0
H–G -0.9 -22.0
Total
Double Area:
D–E +1.0 +4.0
E–F +1.5 +30.0
F–I -1.5 +30.0
I–H -1.8 +7.0
H–G -0.9 -22.0
G–A +0.8 -15.0
Total
Double Area:
D–E +1.0 +4.0
E–F +1.5 +30.0
F–I -1.5 +30.0
I–H -1.8 +7.0
H–G -0.9 -22.0
G–A +0.8 -15.0
A–B +0.1 -5.0
Total
Double Area:
D–E +1.0 +4.0
E–F +1.5 +30.0
F–I -1.5 +30.0
I–H -1.8 +7.0
H–G -0.9 -22.0
G–A +0.8 -15.0
A–B +0.1 -5.0
B–C -1.1 -15.0
Total
Double Area:
D–E +1.0 +4.0
E–F +1.5 +30.0
F–I -1.5 +30.0
I–H -1.8 +7.0
H–G -0.9 -22.0
G–A +0.8 -15.0
A–B +0.1 -5.0
B–C -1.1 -15.0
C–D +1.9 -14.0
Total
Double Area:
D–E +1.0 +4.0 4.0
E–F +1.5 +30.0 38.0
F–I -1.5 +30.0 98.0
I–H -1.8 +7.0 135.0
H–G -0.9 -22.0 120.0
G–A +0.8 -15.0 83.0
A–B +0.1 -5.0 63.0
B–C -1.1 -15.0 43.0
C–D +1.9 -14.0 14.0
Total
Double Area:
D–E +1.0 +4.0 4.0 4.0
E–F +1.5 +30.0 38.0 57.0
F–I -1.5 +30.0 98.0 -147.0
I–H -1.8 +7.0 135.0 -243.0
H–G -0.9 -22.0 120.0 -108.0
G–A +0.8 -15.0 83.0 66.4
A–B +0.1 -5.0 63.0 6.3
B–C -1.1 -15.0 43.0 -47.3
C–D +1.9 -14.0 14.0 26.6
Total 385.0
Double Area:
Double Meridian Distance
385m /2
2
= 192.50m 2
Area of the Cross Section

TYPES OF CROSS
SECTIONS
Different Cross Sections of Land
Area Computations
Three-Level
Section
EXAMPLE
#3
Three Level Section
Example #3
The following data are

cross-section notes of the
ground which will be
excavated for a roadway:
Three Level Section
Example #3
Station 4+120
8.00 0 9.20
+2.00 +3.20 +2.80
Three Level Section

Example #3
Station 4+160
9.50 0 10.70
+3.00 +2.60 +3.80
Three Level Section

Example #3
the base of the road is 10m

and the side slopes are
1.5:1
Three Level Section

Example #3
a.
find the volume of excavation
by end area method
Five Level Section

Example #3
𝑐1 𝑏
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 = 8 + 9.2 + 2 + 2.8
2 2
Three Level Section

Example #3
3.2 10
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 = 8 + 9.2 + 2 + 2.8
2 2
Three Level Section

Example #3
3.2 10
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 = 8 + 9.2 + 2 + 2.8
2 2
𝟐
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟓𝟐𝒎
Three Level Section

Example #3
2.6 10
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 = 9.5 + 10.7 + 3 + 3.8
2 2
Three Level Section

Example #3
2.6 10
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 = 9.5 + 10.7 + 3 + 3.8
2 2
𝟐
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟐𝟔𝒎
Three Level Section

Example #3
40
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 39.52 + 43.26
2
𝟑
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝒎
Three Level Section

Example #3
b.
compute the volume by
prismoidal formula
Five Level Section

Example #3
Station 4+120
8.00 0 9.20
+2.00 +3.20 +2.80
Station 4+160
9.50 0 10.70
+3.00 +2.60 +3.80
Three Level Section
Example #3
Station 4+140
Horizontal Distance
8.00+9.50 0+0 9.20+10.70
2 2 2
Vertical Distance
2.00+3.00 3.20+2.60 2.80+3.80
2 2 2
Three Level Section
Example #3
Station 4+140
8.75 0 9.95
+2.50 +2.90 +3.30
Three Level Section

Example #3
2.9 10
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 8.75 + 9.95 + 2.5 + 3.3
2 2
Three Level Section

Example #3
2.9 10
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 8.75 + 9.95 + 2.5 + 3.3
2 2
𝟐
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝒎
Three Level Section

Example #3
𝐿
𝑉𝑝 = 𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2
2
Three Level Section

Example #3
40
𝑉𝑝 = 39.52 + 4 41.62 + 43.26
2
Three Level Section

Example #3
40
𝑉𝑝 = 39.52 + 4 41.62 + 43.26
2
𝟑
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝒎
Three Level Section

Example #3
c.
determine the prismoidal
correction
Five Level Section

Example #3
𝐿
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑑2 − 𝑑1
12
Three Level Section

Example #3
𝑑1 = 8 + 9.20 = 17.2𝑚
Three Level Section

Example #3
𝑑1 = 8 + 9.20 = 17.2𝑚
𝑑2 = 9.5 + 10.7 = 20.2𝑚
Three Level Section

Example #3
𝑑1 = 8 + 9.20 = 17.2𝑚
𝑑2 = 9.5 + 10.7 = 20.2𝑚
40
𝐶𝑣 = 2.6 − 3.2 20.2 − 17.2
12
Three Level Section

Example #3
𝑑1 = 8 + 9.20 = 17.2𝑚
𝑑2 = 9.5 + 10.7 = 20.2𝑚
40
𝐶𝑣 = 2.6 − 3.2 20.2 − 17.2
12
𝐶𝑣 = −𝟔𝒎𝟑
Three Level Section
Area Computations
Special Case
Three-Level Section
Area Computations
Five-Level
Section
EXAMPLE
#4
Five Level Section
Example #4
it is required to determine the

earthwork volume on a portion
of road construction grading
work based on the following
cross-section notes:
Five Level Section
Example #4
Station 7+460
+0.32 +0.60 +1.92 +1.52 +1.32
4.14 3.50 0 3.50 6.14
Five Level Section

Example #4
Station 7+500
2.70 3.20 1.60 2.0 2.40
8.90 3.50 0 3.50 8.30
Five Level Section

Example #4
Example #4
a.
determine the area of the first
section
Five Level Section

Example #4
Area1
1 −3.5 −4.14 −3.5 0 3.5 6.14 3.5
2 0 0.32 0.60 1.92 1.52 1.32 0
Five Level Section

Example #4
Area1
−3.5𝑥0.32 + (−4.14𝑥0.6)
+ −3.5𝑥1.92 + (3.5𝑥1.32)
1
2
− 0.32𝑥 − 3.5 − (1.92𝑥3.5)
− 1.52𝑥6.14 − (1.32𝑥3.5)
Five Level Section
Example #4
Area1 = 12.63m 2
Five Level Section

Example #4
b.
determine the area of the
second section
Five Level Section

Example #4
Area2
1 −3.5 −8.9 −3.5 0 3.5 8.3 3.5
2 0 2.7 3.2 1.6 2 2.4 0
Five Level Section

Example #4
Area2
−3.5𝑥2.7 + (−8.9𝑥3.2)
+ −3.5𝑥1.6 + (3.5𝑥2.4)
1
2
− 2.7𝑥 − 3.5 − (1.6𝑥3.5)
− 2𝑥8.3 − (2.4𝑥3.5)
Five Level Section
Example #4
Area1 = 28.14m 2
Five Level Section

Example #4
c.
compute the volume of
excavation using end area
method
Five Level Section

Example #4
𝐿
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
2
Five Level Section

Example #4
40𝑚
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 12.63 + 28.14
2
Five Level Section

Example #4
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝟖𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟎𝒎𝟑
Five Level Section

Area Computations
Irregular
Section
Area Computations
Levelled
Section
CUT AND FILL
SECTIONS
EXAMPLE
#5
Cut and Fill Section
Example #5
Given the following cross-sections:
Base for Cut = 9m Sideslope = 1:1

Base for Fill = 8m Sideslope = 1.5:1

Example #5
Station 3+000
5.48 0 5.00
+0.98 +3.05 +0.50

Example #5
Station 3+060
6.76 0 4.63
+0.98 −1.22 −0.42

Example #5
the base of the road is 10m

and the side slopes are
1.5:1

Example #5
a.
compute the volume of cut
using end area method

Example #5
5.05 9
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 = 5.48 + 5 + 0.98 + 0.5
2 2

Example #5
5.05 9
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 = 5.48 + 5 + 0.98 + 0.5
2 2
𝟐
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟏𝒎

Example #5
1.22 8
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 = 6.76 + 4.63 + 1.84 + 0.42
2 2

Example #5
1.22 8
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 = 6.76 + 4.63 + 1.84 + 0.42
2 2
𝟐
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝒎

Example #5
42.86
𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 19.31
2
𝟑
𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 𝟒𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝒎

Example #5
b.
find the volume of fill using
end area method

Example #5
60 − 42.86
𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 0 + 11.47
2
𝟑
𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟑𝟎𝒎

EXAMPLE
#6
Example #6
From station 0+200 with center

height of 1.4m in fill, the ground line
makes a uniform slope of +5% to
station 0+260 whose center height
is 2.8m in cut.
Example #6
Assuming both sections to be

trapezoidal with a roadway of 10m
and side slope of 2:1

Example #6
a.
compute the grade of the
finished roadway

Example #6
1.20
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
60
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎

Example #6
b.
how far from station 0+200
will the filling extend?

Example #6
𝑥 60 − 𝑥
=
1.4 2.8
𝑥 = 𝟐𝟎𝒎

Example #6
c.
what is the elevation of the
section at station 0+250?

Example #6
𝑦 2.8
=
30 40
𝑦 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝒎

BORROW PIT
COMPUTATION
Borrow Pit
an area where material

(usually soil, gravel or sand)
has been dug for use at
another location
Borrow Pit
𝐴
𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑡 = ෍ ℎ1 + 2 ෍ ℎ2 + 3 ෍ ℎ3 + 4 ෍ ℎ4
4
Volume of Borrow Pit

Borrow Pit
Elevation (h1)
Borrow Pit
Elevation (h2)
Borrow Pit
Elevation (h3)
Borrow Pit
Elevation (h4)
Borrow Pit
𝐴
𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑡 = ෍ ℎ1 + 2 ෍ ℎ2 + 3 ෍ ℎ3 + 4 ෍ ℎ4
4

EXAMPLE
#7
Borrow Pit
Example #7
A 90m x 90m square lot is to be

divided into 9 square sections. The
following data are the elevations at
the corners of the square sections
on the ground surface of the lot.
Example #7
If the ground is to be leveled at

elevation 5m, find the total volume
of earthworks to be excavated.

Example #7
A = 3.3m B = 7.9m C = 10.8m D = 6.8m
E = 7.6m F = 9.2m G = 10.6m H = 8.6m
I = 7.2m J = 10.2m K = 9.4m L = 6.9m
M = 7.2m N = 6.2m O = 9.6m P = 8.9m

A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
A = 3.3m B = 7.9m C = 10.8m D = 6.8m
E = 7.6m F = 9.2m G = 10.6m H = 8.6m
I = 7.2m J = 10.2m K = 9.4m L = 6.9m
M = 7.2m N = 6.2m O = 9.6m P = 8.9m

Example #7
෍ ℎ1 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 𝐷 𝑀 𝑃

Example #7
෍ ℎ1 = 3.3 + 1.8 + 3.9 + 2.2

Example #7
෍ ℎ1 = 11.2m

Example #7
෍ ℎ2 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 𝐶 𝐻 𝐿 𝑂 𝑁 𝐼 𝐸

Example #7
෍ ℎ2 = 2.9 + 5.8 + 3.6 + 1.9
+ 4.6 + 1.2 + 2.2 + 2.6

Example #7
෍ ℎ2 = 24.8m

Example #7
෍ ℎ3 = 𝑁𝑂𝑁𝐸

Example #7
෍ ℎ4 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐹 𝐺 𝐾 𝐽

Example #7
෍ ℎ4 = 4.2 + 5.6 + 5.2 + 4.4

Example #7
෍ ℎ4 = 19.4m

Example #7
𝐴
𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑡 = ෍ ℎ1 + 2 ෍ ℎ2 + 3 ෍ ℎ3 + 4 ෍ ℎ4
4

Example #7
2
30
𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑡 = 11.2 + 2 24.8 + 4 19.4
4

Example #7
2
30
𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑡 = 11.2 + 2 24.8 + 4 19.4
4
𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑡 = 𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒎𝟑

Route Surveying - Earthworks

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2. Determine the various types of

End Area Method

Double Area of a Triangle

Double Area of a Trapezoid

22.8 + 60.8 + 87.4 + 133.5

Total Double Area (2A)

Area of the Cross Section

Double Meridian Distance

distance from centerline

if the path goes up, +lat.

if the path goes down, -lat.

Sign Convention for Latitudes

if the path goes right, +dep.

if the path goes left, -dep.

Sign Convention for Departure

Area of the Cross Section

The following data are

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

the base of the road is 10m

Three Level Section

Five Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Five Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Five Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

Three Level Section

it is required to determine the

Five Level Section

Five Level Section

Five Level Section

Five Level Section

Five Level Section

Five Level Section

Five Level Section

Five Level Section

Five Level Section

Five Level Section

Five Level Section

𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝟖𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟎𝒎𝟑

Five Level Section

Given the following cross-sections:

Base for Cut = 9m Sideslope = 1:1

Cut and Fill Section

Cut and Fill Section

Cut and Fill Section

the base of the road is 10m

Cut and Fill Section

Cut and Fill Section

Cut and Fill Section